The aim of this study was to investigate the hypoglycemic effects of saengshik in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and to explore the potential of three commercially available saengshik products (BS, LS, WS) as an alternative diabetic meal. Blood glucose levels were measured at 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 minutes after the ingestion of experimental materials. In experiment 1, the amount of experimental materials remained the same. We measured blood glucose-related biomarkers as the area under the blood glucose response curve (AUC), glycemic index (GI), maximum concentration (Cmax), and time to reach maximum concentration (Tmax). AUC and Cmax of the experimental group showed significant differences compared to the control group, while GI and Tmax did not show significant differences among the groups but were lower in the experimental group compared to the control group. In experiment 2, carbohydrates were adjusted to the same amount. We measured blood glucose-related biomarkers in the same manner as Experiment 1 and obtained similar results. These hypoglycemic effects appear to be attributed to phytochemicals and dietary fiber found in whole, unrefined grains. These results suggest that saengshik exerts hypoglycemic effects by modulation of glucose-related biomarkers.

Graphene is a suitable transducer for wearable sensors because of its high conductivity, large specific surface area, flexibility, and other unique considerable features. Using a simple, fast galvanic pulse electrodeposition approach, a unique nonenzymatic glucose amperometric electrode was successfully developed based on well-distributed fine Cu nanoparticles anchored on the surface of 3D structure laser-induced graphene. The fabricated electrode allows glucose detection with a sensitivity of 2665 μA/mM/cm2, a response time of less than 5 s, a linear range of 0.03–4.5 mM, and a LOD of 0.023 μM. It also detects glucose selectively in the presence of interfering species such as ascorbic acid and urea. These provide the designed electrode the advantages for glucose sensing in saliva with 97% accuracy and present it among the best saliva-range non-enzymatic glucose sensors reported to date for real-life diagnostic applications.

The conditions for minimizing dyes and additives when dyeing cellulose fibers such as linen, ramie, and hemp fabrics were obtained using glucose, an organic reducing agent. Dyeability and colorfastness were measured through repeated dyeing. The overall surface dyeing concentration followed the linen>hemp>ramie order, and most of the colors were in the range of PB (PurpleBlue). As the glucose concentration increased, the blue series was strengthened, and the color was dark and clear. It was determined that glucose the concentration of 4g/L was appropriate for minimizing the amount of dye. When the dyeing temperature was 30℃, the surface dyeing concentration was the highest, and the color was dark and clear. Although the dyeing concentration increased as NaOH concentration increased, 3g/L (pH 12.37) was considered appropriate for the minimum NaOH concentration, which becomes gradual after the dyeing concentration increased rapidly. It was found that the surface dyeing concentration, when repeated six times for 5 min, was better than that of dyeing once for 30 min. Washing, rubbing, and perspiration colorfastness were all found to be excellent in grades 4–4-5, and colorfastness to light was excellent in grades 5 of linen and hemp and grade 4 of ramie.

This study was designed to evaluate antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects of ethanol extracts of Taraxacum mongolicum (T.m.) on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to five groups: normal (NC), STZ-control (DC), and three experimental groups. Diabetes was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats with a single intravenous injection [45 mg/kg body weight (b.w.)] of STZ. An ethanol extract of T.m. was orally given to diabetic rats for 14 days. Three experimental groups were additionally treated with T.m. extract at doses of 1 g/kg b.w./day for T.m.-1, 2 g/kg b.w./day for T.m.-2, and 3 g/kg b.w./day for T.m.-3. Oral administration of T.m.-2 significantly increased their body weights. T.m.-1 and T.m.-2 significantly decreased aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels than DC. T.m.-1 and T.m.-2 group significantly decreased blood glucose levels. Total cholesterol, triglycerides, and free fatty acids were significantly decreased whereas high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was significantly increased in groups treated with T.m. extract than those in the DC group. These results support the fact that administration of T.m. extract can reduce hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia risk in diabetic rats.

The study investigated the chemical components, antioxidant activities, and glucose-regulating enzyme activities of red chicory (Cichorium intybus L.). On a dry weight the contents of moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude ash, crude fiber, and carbohydrate were 7.36, 28.0, 4.33, 19.63, 10.84 and 40.52%. The contents of mineral were Na (772.39 mg/100 g), K (5,686.03 mg/100 g), Mg (307.48 mg/100 g), Ca (804.94 mg/100 g), Fe (8.61 mg/100 g), and P (1,145.24 mg/100 g). Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll (793.80, 363.06, 1,156.86 mg/100 g,), total carotenoid (171.82 mg/100 g), and anthocyanin (79.49 mg/100 g) contents were measured. Antioxidant activities were analyzed for water and 70% ethanol extract. The polyphenol contents 23.67, 32.58 GAE mg/g, and flavonoid contents were 18.15, 28.76 RE mg/g, respectively. The DPPH scavenging activity IC50 was 694.48, 76.12, μg/mL, and the ABTS scavenging activity IC50 1,154.90, 566.00 μg/mL, respectively. In reducing power, the 70% ethanol extract showed a higher reducing power. In α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition activity IC50, the 70% ethanol extract (5.87, 17.91 mg/mL, respectively) showed a higher than water extract (8.87, 100 < mg/mL, respectively). This study is expected to provide basic data for developing functional food ingredients for red chicory.

In this work, a simple nonenzymatic glucose sensor has been proposed based on coconut shell charcoal (CSC) modified nickel foil as working electrode in a three-electrode electrochemical cell. Charcoal was prepared by the pyrolysis of coconut shells. The most important advantages of coconut shells are cost-effectiveness and their abundance in nature. The morphology and phase of the CSC powder were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The electrochemical performance of the CSC powder coated Nickel foil electrode was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The sensor shows a higher sensitivity of 2.992 mA cm−2 mM−1 in the linear range of 0.5–5.5 mM and slightly lower sensitivity of 1.1526 mA cm−2 mM−1 in the range of 7–18.5 mM glucose concentration with a detection limit of 0.2 mM. The anti-interference property of CSC powder also was investigated and found that the response of interfering species was less significant compared to glucose response. The proposed sensor offers good sensitivity, wide linear range, and a very low response to interfering biomolecules.

Excessive intake of sodium caused by high salt diet promotes the expression of inflammatory cytokines and differentiation of helper T cells resulting in inflammatory responses. High-glucose diet also contributes to the pathogenesis of periodontitis by inducing changes in the oral microbiome and reducing salivation. However, the effect of a high-salt and glucose diet (HSGD) on the prognosis of periodontitis remains unclear. In this study, a rat model of experimental periodontitis was established by periodic insertion of absorbable sutures containing Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum strains into the right gingival sulcus to analyze the effect of HSGD on the incidence and progression of periodontitis. The alveolar bone heights (ABH) was measured with microcomputed tomography imaging of the HSGD- and general diet (GD)-treated groups. The right ABH was significantly decreased compared to the left in both groups at 4 weeks after induction of inflammation; however, no significant difference was noted between the groups. Notably, the ABH in the HSGD-treated group was significantly decreased at 8 weeks after induction of inflammation, whereas in the GD-treated group, an increase in the ABH was observed; a significant difference of the ABH was noted between the two groups (p < 0.05). At 12 weeks, recovery of the alveolar bone was observed in both groups, with no significant differences in ABH between the two groups. These findings indicate that the intake of excessive sodium attenuates the recovery rate of the alveolar bone even after the local infectant is removed. In addition, this study demonstrates the use of HSGD in establishing a new animal model of periodontitis.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Atractylodes lancea (A.l.) in a dose-dependent manner on lipid levels and plasma glucose in diabetic rats induced with streptozotocin (STZ). The Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly classified into five groups: normal, STZ-control and three experimental groups [A.l.-1, diabetic treated with ethanolic extract of A.l. (1 g/kg b.w.), A.l.-2, diabetic administered with ethanolic extract of A.l. (2 g/kg b.w.), and A.l.-3, diabetic administered with ethanolic extract of A.l. (3 g/kg b.w.)]. The normal and STZ-control group were fed an AIN-93 diet and the three experimental groups were administered with A.l. extract at doses of 1, 2, and 3 g/kg b.w./day, respectively, for 14 days. The plasma glucose levels in all the experimental groups were significantly lower than the STZ-control group after 14 days of treatment. The total cholesterol of the A.l.-3 and triglyceride levels, atherogenic index (AI) of all three experimental groups were significantly lower than the STZ-control group. The ALT and AST activities at A.l.-2, A.l.-3 were significantly lower than the STZ-control group. This result that demonstrate the administration of Atractylodes lancea can reduce hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia risk in diabetic rats.

본 연구의 목적은 내당능장애를 유도한 쥐들을 대상으로 다른 운동 강도의 지구성 및 저항 성 운동을 중재하여 당뇨관련 혈액인자들에 미치는 영향을 비교 분석하는데 있다. 37주령 C57BL/6 쥐 54마리를 (1) 일반식이대조군(CO, n=9), (2) 내당능장애군(IGT, n=9), (3) 내당능장애 + VO2max 50% 지구성운동군(IGT50A, n=9), (4) 내당능장애 + VO2max 75% 지구성운동군(IGT75A, n=9), (5) 내당능 장애 + 1RM의 50% 저항성운동군(IGT50R, n=9), 그리고 (6) 내당능장애 + 1RM의 75% 저항성운동군(IGT75R, n=9)으로 분류하였다. 지구성 운동 프로그램은 동물 실험용 트레드밀을 사용하여 주5일, 1일 40분씩 8주간 트레드밀운동을 실시하였다. 저항성 운동은 주5일 8주간 사다리 저항 운동을 반복사이 2분간의 휴식을 주어 총 8번의 Climbing을 실시하였다. 운동 프로그램 후 인슐린은 통계적으로 모든 그룹간의 차이가 없었다. 공복 혈당은 대조군보다 IGT 유도군들에서 통계적으로 유의하게 높게 나타났으며, 운동군들간의 차이는 없었으나 IGT군이 IGT75R군에 비해 유의하게 높은 수치를 보였다. HOMA-IR은 대조군과 IGT군에서만 유의한 차이를 보였다. 당화혈색소 검사에서는 IGT군이 다른 모든 집단들에 비해 높은 수치를 보였으며, IGT75A군과 IGT50R군에서 유의한 차이를 보였다. 총 콜레스 테롤은 대조군이 내당능장애 유도군들과 비교하여 유의하게 낮은 수치를 보여주었다. 반면 중성지방은 그룹간의 차이가 없었다. HDL-C는 지구성 운동군들이 대조군과 IGT군에 비해 유의하게 높은 수치를 보였으나 저항성 운동군들과의 차이는 없었다. LDL-C는 대조군이 IGT군과 운동군들에 비해 유의하게 낮은 수치를 보였으며, IGT75A군은 IGT군과 IGT50R군에 비해 낮은 수치를 보였다. 결론적으로 75%의 저항성 운동은 혈당에 보다 긍정적인 영향을 주었으며, 75%의 지구성 운동은 당화혈색소와 LDL-C 의 감소에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 지구성 운동은 저항성 운동에 비해 HDL-C 의 증가에 보다 효과적임을 보여주었다.

Tartary buckwheat has established itself as a functional food source because of its basic nutrition and phenolic compound contents, such as dietary fiber (DF) and rutin (RU). However, little information has been obtained concerning the comparative effects of DF and RU on the in vitro and in vivo glucose responses of tartary buckwheat flour. Moreover, the relationship between the flour’s in vitro starch digestibility and its components’ blood glucose response is not well-known. This study found that DF and RU reduced rapidly digestible starch (RDS) by 37.32→33.88% and 41.71→30.28%, whereas they increased resistant starch (RS) by 30.47→31.46% and 28.41→36.78%, respectively. Furthermore, RU had a lower glycemic index (GI) compared to DF. The regression equation for the in vitro and in vivo data from RU exhibited positive correlation (R 2 = 0.99); however, DF did not display positive correlation, which indicates that the in vitro and in vivo GI mechanisms by DF and RU are different.

녹두(Phaseolus aureus L.)가 당뇨 유발 흰쥐에 있어서 혈당 및 지질성분, 단백질, 전해질 농 도 등에 미치는 영향을 확인하기 위하여 기본 식이를 섭취시킨 BD군, 기본 식이군에 5% 녹두 급여군 (BM군), 당뇨 유발 실험군(BS군)과 BS군에 5% 녹두를 섭취시킨 실험군(SM군)으로 나누어 실험을 수행 하였다. 혈청 지질성분(총 콜레스테롤, LDL-콜레스테롤, 중성지질, 인지질, 유리 콜레스테롤, 콜레스테롤 에스테르), 혈당 및 유리지방산(non esterified fatty acid, NEFA)의 농도와 동맥경화지수 (atherosclerotic index, AI), 심혈관 위험지수(cardiac risk factor, CRF)는 당뇨 유발군에서 여타 실험군과 비교하였을 때 유의적인 차이를 보이며 증가를 나타내었고(p<0.05), 5% 녹두 급여군에서 감소되는 것으로 나타났다. 당뇨유발군인 BS군에 비해 5% 녹두를 첨가시킨 SM군에서 고밀도 지단백 콜레스테롤 (high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, HDL-콜레스테롤) 및 총 콜레스테롤에 대한 HDL-콜레스테롤의 농도 비는 유의적인 차이를 보이며 증가를 나타내었다(p<0.05). 혈청 단백질 농도에 있어서, 당뇨 유발 군(BS군)에 5% 녹두를 급여(SM군)한 흰쥐의 혈청 알부민(albumin) 농도와 알부민/글로불린 비 (albumin/globulin ratio, A/G 비)는 증가 하는 것으로 관찰되었다. 나트륨(Na) 및 염소(Cl)는 SM군에 서 BS군 보다 농도가 감소된 것으로 확인하였다. 이상의 결과, 5% 녹두는 흰쥐의 혈당 및 지질대사 기 능 개선에 도움이 되는 것으로 판단된다.

본 연구는 만 65세 이상 85세 이하의 제2형 당뇨병 비만 여성 노인을 대상으로 12주간 복합운동 후 irisin, 신체조성 및 당 대사에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 복합운동군(n=20), 대조군(n=16)으로 구분하여 실시하였다. 복합운동 프로그램은 야외 걷기 운동과 탄성 밴드 운동을 12주간 주 3회, 1회 60분 간 실시하였으며, 야외 걷기 운동의 운동강도는 중강도(RPE 5~6)로 수행되었으며, 탄성 밴드 운동은 1~4주는 저강도(OMNI-RES 3~4), 5~8주는 중강도(OMNI-RES 5~6), 9~12주는 고강도(OMNI-RES 7~8)로 점진적으로 운동강도를 증가시켰다. 그 결과 복합운동군의 irisin이 유의하게 증가하였고(p<.001), 체지방률은 유의하게 감소하였으며(p<.001), 골격근량은 유의하게 증가하였다(p<.001). 당 대사 관련 인자 중 HbA1c(p=.020), 혈당(p<.001)은 유의하게 감소하였고, HOMA-β는 유의하게 증가하였다(p<.001). Irisin의 변화는 체지방률의 변화와 부적 상관이 있는 것으로 나타났고(r=-.423, p=.010), 유산소성 지구력 변화와 정적 상관이 있었다(r=.355, p=.034). 또한, HbA1c(r=-.351, p=.036)와 혈당(r=-.424, p=.010)의 변화는 부적 상관이 있었으며, HOMA-β는 정적 상관이 있는 것으로 나타났다(r=.411, p=.013). 결론적 으로 규칙적인 복합운동의 실천은 제2형 당뇨병 비만 여성노인의 혈중 irisin의 수준을 증가하고, 신체조성 변화에 긍정적인 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 당화혈색소, 공복혈당 및 인슐린 분비능을 개선하여 당 대사 조절 능력에 도움을 주어 당뇨 예방 및 관리를 위해 효과적인 운동으로 권장될 것으로 사료된다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different types of exercise training on neurodegeneration and cognitive function in mice with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Thirty-six male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to the control (CO, n = 9) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT, n = 27) groups. The IGT group consumed 45% high fat diet for 4 weeks and received 40 mg/kg of streptozotocin twice in the lower abdomen to induce IGT. After the IGT induction period, the IGT group was subdivided into IGT + sedentary (IGT, n = 9), IGT + endurance exercise (IGTE, n = 9), and IGT + resistance exercise (IGTR, n = 9). The IGTE and IGTR groups performed treadmill and ladder climbing exercises 5 times per week for 8 weeks, respectively. Fasting glucose and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were significantly higher in IGT group than in CO, IGTE, and IGTR groups (p < 0.05). HOMA-IR was significantly higher in IGT group than CO group (p < 0.05). Hippocampal catalase (CAT) was significantly lower in IGT group than in CO group (p < 0.05), while beta-amyloid (Aβ) was significantly higher in IGT group than in CO group (p < 0.05). Hippocampal tau was significantly higher in IGT group than in CO, IGTE, and IGTR groups (p < 0.05). The Y-maze test performance for cognitive function was significantly lower in IGT group than in CO, IGTE, and IGTR groups (p <0.05). These results suggest that IGT induces neurodegeneration and negatively affects cognitive function, while regular exercise may be effective in alleviating neurodegeneration and cognitive decline regardless of exercise type.

The hand held voltammetry systems searched diabetic assay using glucose sensor of fluorine nafion doped carbon nanotube electrode (FCNE). An inexpensive graphite carbon pencil was used as an Ag/AgCl reference and Pt counter electrode. Upon combining and using three electrode systems, optimum square wave (SW) stripping results were attained to 1.0-9.0 ug/L with 8 points. Statistic RSD precision was of 6.02 % with n=15 in 0.1 mg/L glucose. After a total of 200 second accumulation times, analytical detection limit of 0.8 ug/L was obtained. This developed technique was applied to urine samples from diabetic patients urine for fluid analysis, it was determined that the sensor can be used with a diagnostics in the ex vivo of live cells and non treated biological fluid.

NaF를 용량별로 Sprague Dawley계 수컷 흰쥐에 경구 투여했을 때, 체중 및 장기 중량, 혈청 지질성분, 혈당 및 단백질 함량과 기본식이를 급여한 대조군인 BD군을 비롯하여 기본식이에 농도별 NaF를 경구 투여한 군들로 나누어 5주간 실험 사육한 결과, 흰쥐의 체중 증가량은 NF25군, NF30군 및 NF50군에서 대조군보다 유의적인 차이를 보이며 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 각 장기무게에서의 변화 중 간장과 심장에서는 대조군에 비해 NaF 경구 투여 군에서 낮게 나타나는 경향이 관찰 되었으며(p<0.05), 폐, 뇌, 신장, 비장 및 고환에서의 각 군의 장기무게는 유의적인 차이가 없었다(p<0.05). 혈청 중 총 콜레스테롤, LDL 콜레스테롤, 유리 콜레스테롤, 중성지방, 인지질, 혈당 농도는 대조군보다 NaF 경구 투여한 군에서 NaF 농도가 높아짐에 따라 증가하였고, HDL 콜레스테롤 농도는 NaF 농도에 따라 점차 감소하는 것으로 관찰되었다. 혈청 중 총 단백질은 NF50군에서 유의적인 차이를 보이며 낮게 나타났으나 나머지 군에서 유의적 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났으며(p<0.05), 알부민 농도와 글로불린 농도 또한 NF50군에서 가장 낮은 결과치로 나타났다. 반면 알부민/글로불린 비는 NaF 농도와 관계가 없는 것으로 관찰되었다. 따라서 일정 이상 농도의 NaF 경구 투여는 흰쥐의 체중 및 지질성분을 증가시키는 것으로 판단되며, 이는 비만 및 이상지질혈증을 초래할 수 있을 것으로 추정된다.

Krill (Euphausia superba)과 NaF가 Sprague Dawley계 수컷 흰쥐의 체중 및 장기 중량, 혈청 지질성분 및 단백질 함량에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 기본식이를 급여한 대조군인 BD군을 비롯하여 기본식이에 NaF 10 mg을 경구 투여한 BF군, 10%(KF10군), 20%(KF20군), 30%(KF30군)의 krill meal을 첨가 식이에 NaF 10 mg 경구 투여한 군으로 군당 6마리씩 5가지 군으로 나누어 5주간 사육한 결과는 다음과 같다. 흰쥐의 체중은 식이의 krill meal 함량이 증가함에 따라 감소하였고, 대조군인 BD군에 비해 NaF를 경구 투여한 BF군에서 낮게 관찰되었다. 각 장기무게에서의 변화는 간에서 BD 군에 비해 NaF 경구 투여 군에서 유의적으로 낮게 나타났으며(p<0.05), 고환에서의 무게는 KF10군을 제외한 NaF 경구 투여 군에서 높은 것으로 관찰되었다. 심장, 폐, 뇌, 신장, 췌장에서의 각 군의 장기무게는 유의적인 차이가 없었다(p<0.05). 혈청 중 total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, free cholesterol, triglyceride, phospholipid, 혈당 농도는 대조군인 BD군보다 BF군에서 높았지만, krill meal 함량이 증가함에 따라 감소하였고, HDL cholesterol 농도는 BD군보다 BF군에서 낮았으며 krill meal 함량에 따라 점차 증가하는 것으로 관찰되었다. 혈청 중 total protein은 각 군에서 유의적 차이(p<0.05)가 없는 것으로 나타났으며, albumin 농도와 albumin/globulin ratio는 BD군과 BF군은 비슷한 결과가 나타났으나 krill meal 섭취 군에서 감소되었다. Globulin 농도는 KF10군, KF20군, KF30군, BD군, BF군 순으로 높게 관찰되었다. 이와 같은 결과로 미루어 보아, krill meal 식이는 NaF 경구 투여한 흰쥐의 체중, 혈청 지질성분 및 혈당 조절 효과가 있는 것으로 사료된다.

In vivo assay of glucose detection was described using a skin tattoo film electrode (STF), and the probe was made from carbon nano tube paste modification film paper. Here in the square-wave stripping anodic working range obtained of 20-100 mgL-1 within an accumulation time of 0 seconds only in sea water electrolyte solutions of pH 7.0. The relative standard deviations of 50 mg glucose that were observed of 0.14 % (n=12), respectively, using optimum stripping accumulation of 30 sec, the low detection limit (S/N) was pegged at 15.8 mg/L. The developed results can be applied to the detect of in vivo skin sensing in real time. Which confirms the results are usable for in vitro or vivo diagnostic clinical analysis.