A computational analysis was performed to study the thermal characteristics within the injection molding process of polygon mirrors in LiDAR systems. Such polygon mirrors are significantly influenced by the geometric shape of the injection mold as well as temperature and operating conditions. The analysis included the temperature distribution, heat flux, and variations in heat transfer rate of the polygon mirror from initial conditions. From the beginning of the injection process, temperature of the polygon mirror changes rapidly, leading to conductive heat transfer to the mold. There are large variations in the mirror temperature change depending on local position, and surface heat flux are affected by internal cooling path. These results are expected to be used as thermal design data for various polygon mirror processes.

Hydrogen is considered as one of the most promising future energy carriers due to its noteworthy advantages of renewable and high calorific value. The long-term storage of liquid hydrogen with low heat leakage is essential for future deep space exploration. Because of low critical temperature and volatility, liquid hydrogen tank poses severe requirements to multi-layer insulation (MLI). In order to reduce heat leak into tank, vapor cooled shield (VCS) was set up to cool MLI by retrieving the heat of discharged cryogenic gas hydrogen. This paper presents an parametric study on insulation system in liquid hydrogen storage vessel with MLI and VCS. Thermal model was developed, and heat transfer analysis by varying VCS position was conducted. Temperature and heat flux distributions along time passing were derived, and effect of VCS position on insulation performance was investigated.

PURPOSES : In this study, we propose a mini-trench method, which involves using warm mix Guss mastic asphalt as a backfill material and an installation temperature of 160 ℃. The method is verified via a heat transfer analysis of a pavement using the finite element method. METHODS : First, the density, thermal conductivity, and specific heat required for heat transfer analysis were determined based on previous studies. Subsequently, the boundary conditions for convection and radiation to perform the heat transfer analysis were determined. The pavement temperature, which is the initial condition of the analysis, was determined based on the summer pavement temperature distribution using the temperature prediction program of the Korean pavement Research Program. Heat transfer analysis was performed by determining the temperature of the backfill material based on 160 °C and 200 °C for the heat load temperatures. The temperature change was observed on the backfill surface, and the temperature change of the conduit was observed directly. RESULTS : When the pavement surface temperature for traffic opening is 50 °C, the backfill thickness ranges from 50 to 250 mm, the warm mix Guss mastic asphalt requires 2 h to 5 h, 15 min until traffic opening, and the hot mix Guss mastic asphalt requires 2 h, 30 min to 6 h, 40 min until traffic opening. The limit temperature of the conduit evaluated based on KS C 8454 shows that the warm mix Guss mastic asphalt does not satisfy the standard when the backfill concrete cover is 50 mm thick, whereas the hot mix Guss mastic asphalt does not satisfy the standard when the concrete cover is 50 and 100 mm thick. CONCLUSIONS : The backfill depth of the mini-trench using warm mix Guss mastic asphalt as a backfill material should be less than 100 mm, considering the traffic opening time. Meanwhile, the thickness of the backfill concrete should be 100 mm or less.

Research is being actively conducted on the continuous thin plate casting method, which is used to manufacture magnesium alloy plate for plastic processing. This study applied a heat transfer solidification analysis method to the melt drag process. The heat transfer coefficient between the molten magnesium alloy metal and the roll in the thin plate manufacturing process using the melt drag method has not been clearly established until now, and the results were used to determine the temperature change. The estimated heat transfer coefficient for a roll speed of 30 m/min was 1.33 × 105 W/m2·K, which was very large compared to the heat transfer coefficient used in the solidification analysis of general aluminum castings. The heat transfer coefficient between the molten metal and the roll estimated in the range of the roll speed of 5 to 90 m/min was 1.42 × 105 to 8.95 × 104 W/m2·K. The cooling rate was calculated using a method based on the results of deriving the temperature change of the molten metal and the roll, using the estimated heat transfer coefficient. The DAS was estimated from the relationship between the cooling rate and DAS, and compared with the experimental value. When the magnesium alloy is manufactured by the melt drag method, the cooling rate of the thin plate is in the range of about 1.4 × 103 to 1.0 × 104 K/s.

Dry storage is a predominantly used method as a spent nuclear fuel storage system after spent nuclear fuel is cooled in the spent fuel pool. Spent nuclear fuel is highly radioactive and it generates heat called decay heat originated by fission products and radiation. Therefore, temperature of spent nuclear fuel should be predicted whether its cladding temperature is maintained under 400°C, which is the allowable temperature limit of cladding in a dry storage. ANSYS Fluent and COBRA-SFS are predominantly used computational method to investigate the temperature of spent nuclear fuels in a dry storage. Herein, thermal analysis results with the methods were compared based on a Single Assembly Heat Transfer Test, which is a heat test with an electrically heated model of a single PWR fuel assembly in a dry cask performed at the Pacific Northwest Laboratory. Decay heat was 1kW and backfill gas was air. Fix temperature boundary condition is applied to inner shell according to measured temperature. In case of peak cladding temperature (PCT), Fluent predicted 240–284°C, while COBRA-SFS gave 243–292°C. The discrepancy between the codes is under 2.5%. The location where PCT took place was 3.65 m from the bottom of the assembly in both results. However, temperature difference between the upper and lower region of the assembly based on the Fluent was smaller than the temperature difference based on the COBRA-SFS. It means the heat was well transferred in an axial direction with Fluent compared to COBRA-SFS. In lower plenum region where air was naturally circulated, COBRASFS had disadvantages compared to Fluent because it modeled the lower plenum by single node, so it was hard to simulate convection heat transfer by natural circulation. natural circulation speed of air in a center region of the assembly was 0.07–0.1 m·s−1 in both cases.

Due to environmental pollution, regulations on existing petroleum-based fuels are increasing day by day. LNG is in the spotlight as an eco-friendly fuel that does not emit NOx or SOx, but its boiling point is -163°C, so it needs to be handled with care. Materials that can be used at the above temperature are defined by IMO through the IGC Code. Among them, 9% nickel steel has great advantages in yield strength and tensile strength under cryogenic conditions, but it is difficult to use in arc welding such as FCAW for various reasons. This study is a study to apply fiber laser welding to solve this problem. As a previous study, this study conducted a study to find a welding heat source. After performing bead on plate welding, the optimal heat source was derived by analyzing the shape of the bead and adjusting the parameters of the heat source model. In this case, by applying the multi-island genetic algorithm, which is a global optimization algorithm, not the intuition of the researcher, accurate results could be derived in a wide range.

The enhancement of heat transfer in cooling system of cylindrical lithium-ion battery pack is numerically investigated by installing fins on the cooling plate. Battery Design StudioⓇ software is used for modeling electro-chemical heat generation in the battery and the conjugated heat transfer is analyzed with the commercial package STAR-CCM+. The result shows that installing fins on the cooling plate increases the convective heat transfer on the surface and thus lowers the maximum temperature of the battery pack. As the length and thickness of the fins increase, heat transfer in the battery pack improves. Considering the geometry and airflow of the battery pack, the optimal values for the length and thickness of the fin are both 2mm. As the convective heat transfer coefficient of the surface increases, the maximum temperature of the battery pack is greatly reduced and the temperature gradient is greatly improved.

While the vehicle has a wide front view, making it easy to recognize obstacles while driving, the rear side has a narrow view and the inconvenience of having to turn its head to check. A side mirror developed to address this discomfort is mounted outside the front door of a passenger car and used to identify rear objects. In this study, heat transfer analysis was performed and analyzed in order to obtain optimal defrost conditions using regression analysis method for removing mirror condensation and frost. As a result of this study, the coefficient of determination, R2, which represents the regression to the total variation through regression analysis, showed a good reliability of 85.3%. Comparing the predicted and interpreted values of the maximum temperature distribution in the regression equation established in this study, it was included in the 95% confidence interval, enabling the prediction of the maximum temperature distribution over the heat conduction time.

In this analysis, the analytical model was verified through the normal mode analysis of the piston for the 2.9 liter IDI (indirect injection) engine. Heat transfer analysis was carried out by selecting two cases of applied temperature using the validated model. The first case was a condition of 350℃ on the piston upper surface and 100℃ on the piston body and inner wall. In the second case, the conditions were set to give a temperature of 400℃ on the upper surface of the piston and 100℃ on the piston body and the inner wall. In addition, the temperature distribution due to heat transfer was obtained for the pistons with boundary conditions of two cases, and then the thermal stress distribution due to thermal expansion was obtained using the input. Using this analysis result, the thermal stress caused by thermal expansion due to the thermal conduction of the piston is examined and used as the basic data for design.

The improvement of heat transfer in water cooling passage of lithium-ion battery is numerically studied by employing trapezoidal vortex generators. Battery Design StudioⓇ software is used for modeling electro-chemical heat generation in the battery. The conjugated heat transfer is analyzed with the commercial package STAR-CCM+ in terms of inlet flow velocities. The result shows that vortex generator enhances the convective heat transfer by developing thermal boundary layers and secondary flows in downstream, which results in reducing the average temperature of the battery by about 1℃. The heat transfer is enhanced for the whole inlet velocity, while the pressure loss sharply increases at more than inlet velocity of 0.1m/s. The optimum inlet velocity is around 0.1m/s for in terms of the heat transfer and pressure loss.

환경풍동 내 공기의 온도와 속도 변화에 대한 공기 유동과 전열 특성을 분석하기 위하여 수치해석을 수행하였다. 풍동 시험부 내 각 단면의 평균 속도, 균일도, 그리고 대류 열전달계수는 노즐 출구의 온도와 속도에 따라 큰 영향을 받게 된다. 노즐 출구로부 터 멀어질수록 평균 속도와 균일도가 점차 감소하고, 노즐 출구의 속도가 50km/h일 때 공기온도가 -40~60oC까지 변화함에 따라 단면 평균 속도와 균일도가 각각 약 12.9%와 13.5% 정도까지 증가하였다. 또한 시험부 바닥의 대류 열전달계수는 50~150km/h의 속도 변화에 대해 약 59.7%까지 증가하였으며, 공기의 온도와 속도가 증가함에 따라 시험부 열 유속도 함께 증가하였다. 본 연구에서 수행한 결과들은 최적의 환경풍동 설계에 필요한 주요 설계 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

교량에서의 화재는 최근까지도 빈번하게 발생되고 있으며, 특히 케이블교량에서 화재가 발생될 시 케이블에 높은 온도상승으로 인해 케이블에 손상 및 파단이 발생될 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 케이블교량에서 발생될 수 있는 화재 시나리오를 설정하였다. 또한 실물차량 화재실험 결과를 토대로 화재강도모델을 제안하여 대상교량 케이블의 열전달 해석을 수행하였다. 해석 결과 단면적이 작은 케이블에서 더 높은 온도상승이 발생되며, 유조차를 제외한 차종의 경우 내화 성능 기준을 초과하지 않는 결과를 나타내었다. 유조차 화재의 경우 갓길에서 발생될 때 최소 단면적 케이블에서 내화 성능 기준을 초과하는 결과 를 보이며, 기준을 초과하는 케이블의 높이는 약 14m로 나타나 이에 따른 대책 및 내화 보강의 필요성을 확인하였다. 본 연구결과를 통해 케이블교량에서 화재가 발생될 때 케이블의 온도변화에 대한 간접적인 평가가 가능한 것을 확인하였으며, 향후 화재 발생 시 바람에 영향을 고려한 열전달 해석과 케이블의 온도상승 시 교량의 사용성에 대한 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

A numerical approach for ventilated disc brake with holes is carried out to investigate the effect of holes on the heat transfer characteristics. The numerical simulation code STAR-CCM+ is utilized to calculate flow and temperature fields with polyhedral meshes. The steady state results show that the holes make the flow velocity on the outer surface increasing, which induce the improvement of convective heat transfer on the outer surface. In the ventilated channel with holes, the convective heat transfer can be reduced due to the inflow of hot air through holes. In unsteady state, the disc has reached the highest temperature in 1,8s since the brake was engaged. The surface of disc without holes has maximum temperatures along the ventilated channels, while the surface temperatures of dis with holes are uniform.

Ohmic heating is one of advanced thermal processing techniques which utilize conversion of electrical energy into heat. In our study, a feasibility of ohmic heating was tested to cook instant rice cake to improve energy efficacy as an alternative heating methods of conventional electrical kettle. Ohmic heating was conducted using customized ohmic cell (7.5×4.5×9.5 cm) equipped with titanium electrodes. Instant rice cakes in soup were ohmically heated up to 100°C at different electric fields (9, 12, 15 & 18 V/cm) and temperature holding times (60, 80, 100 & 120 s). Thermocouple was placed into both soup and rice cake to evaluate the temperature profile and energy efficacy. Temperature, voltage and current across the sample were measured and recorded at every 3 s using data acquisition system (DAQ). Mathematical model was developed to calculate the internal energy generation rate (QR, W). Internal energy generation rate (QR, W) was integrated versus temperature come-up time (s) to compute the total internal energy dose (ET, J) using MATLBA software. For energy efficacy (Eff), it was calculated ratio of total internal energy dose (ET, J) to heat quantity (Qh, J). During ohmic heating, temperature come-up time was significantly reduced as a function of elevated electric field (P<0.05). For example, 9V/cm of electric field showed 6.2±0.4 min of temperature come-up time up to 100°C. Higher electric field at 18 V/cm reduced temperature come-up time to 1.9±0.1 min. The electric field of 15 V/cm showed the best energy efficacy as 0.78 which meant 78% of electrical energy was converted into thermal energy for heating. In the texture profile analysis, the most preferable harness was found as 6.191 N at 15 V/cm and 100 s holding time. Our study showed the potential of ohmic heating to cook instant rice cakes for home meal replacement (HMR) and outdoor foods.

In this study, the heat flow characteristics of wave heat exchanger was investigated by being applied to the white smoke reduction system. Through numerical analysis, the heat transfer and flow characteristics of the wave heat exchanger with the change of inlet condition of air-side and water-side were analyzed. To investigate the temperature, the absolute humidity, heat transfer rate, pressure drop and turbulence characteristics of the wave heat exchanger, the simulation analysis was conducted by using the commercial computational fluid dynamics software (Solidworks Flow Simulation) under uniform flow conditions. As the inflow rate of air decreased and the inflow temperature of water increased, the heat transfer coefficient of the wave heat exchanger decreased. When the experimental conditions of water-side were the same, the air outlet temperature and absolute humidity of the wave heat exchanger increased with increasing inflow rate of air. To reduce the white smoke, the air outlet temperature and absolute humidity of the wave heat exchanger must be reduced. Therefore, the lower the air velocity and the water inflow temperature into the wave heat exchanger, the more effective it is.

PURPOSES :Conductive and convective heat transfer simulations for an asphalt mixture were made by using discrete element method (DEM) and similarity principle.METHODS :In this research, virtual specimens composed of discrete element method particles were generated according to four different predetermined particle size distribution curves. Temperature variations of the four different particles for a given condition were estimated and were compared with measurements and analytical solutions.RESULTS :The virtual specimen with mixed particles and with the smallest particle show very good agreement with laboratory test results and analytical solutions. As particle size decreases, better heat transfer simulation can be performed due to smaller void ratio and more contact points and areas. In addition, by utilizing the similarity principle of thermal properties and corresponding time unit, analytical time can be drastically reduced.CONCLUSIONS :It is concluded that the DEM asphalt mixture specimens with similarity principle could be used to predict the temperature variation for a given condition. It is observed that the void ratio has critical effect on prediction of temperature variation. Comparing the prediction for a 4 mm particle specimen with a mixed particle specimen, it is also concluded that predicting the mixed particle specimen temperature is much more efficient considering the number of particles that are directly associated with computational time in DEM analysis.

Numerical models of composite floor systems with various thickness of phase change material and sizes of circular spacers were developed based on finite element analysis. In order to perform a heat transfer analysis, thermal properties of steels were determined and those of phase change material were estimated from experiment results. In addition, the thermal insulation performance of composite floor systems with respect to different thickness of phase change material and sizes of circular spacers was predicted. To verify the validity of analysis, analysis results were compared with vertical furnace fire test results of equivalent conditions. As a result, available thicknesses of phase change material and sizes of circular spacers were proposed to satisfy the thermal insulation criteria of Korean Standards.