This study develops integrated evaluation indicators for demand responsive transport (DRT) operation services from a road traffic service perspective. The purpose is to support sustainable and efficient DRT service provision by considering the perspectives of users, operators, and local communities, while also reflecting road-based operational issues such as pick-up/drop-off management, curbside stopping, transfer-node linkage, and parking-demand reduction. While previous evaluations have often focused on operational efficiency, platform performance, ridership records, or user satisfaction, this study attempts to establish a comprehensive framework applicable to various DRT service types. DRT services were classified into four types according to temporal and spatial variability: shuttle-bus type, pre-call reservation type, real-time call reservation type, and dynamic call reservation type. Candidate evaluation indicators were derived through reviews of domestic and international DRT operation cases, public transport service-quality studies, MaaS performance studies, accessibility and equity evaluation studies, and existing evaluation practices. An analytic hierarchy process (AHP) survey was conducted with experts from research institutes, local governments, public agencies, and academia to identify the relative importance of indicators. The results indicate that convenience of booking methods and user satisfaction are mandatory common indicators for all DRT types. Safety, barrier-free service provision, driver courtesy and professionalism, revenue per operating cost, and operation time were identified as optional common indicators. In addition, arrival information change rate, changes in the number of users, operation distance, ride distance, service utilization rate, and parking space saving effect were suggested as type-specific indicators. The proposed indicators can support integrated monitoring of DRT operation services and provide practical information for service improvement, policy decisions, efficient public subsidy support, and road-space management.

본 연구는 선박의 충돌 위험요인을 도출하고, 이를 통합 평가할 수 있는 정량적 지표 체계를 구축하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 대 다수의 충돌위험 평가모델은 공간적 지표에 치중하여 상대속력에 따른 시간적 접근성과 국제해상충돌예방규칙(COLREGs) 기반의 상황적 관계를 반영하는 데 한계가 있었다. 이를 보완하기 위해 선박충돌 위험요인에 대한 연계 분석을 통하여 선박안전영역 중첩률, 조우상황, 상대속력을 핵심 평가지표로 설정하였다. 각 지표의 위험도를 평가지표로 활용하기 위하여 정규화하여 위험도를 산정하고 실무적 타당성 을 확보하고자 전문가 그룹을 대상으로 총점배분법(Constant Sum Method)을 시행하여 정량적 가중치를 산정하였으며, 이를 통합한 위험도 산출 모델인 MTRAS(Maritime Traffic Risk Assessment Based on Weighted Ship Domain)를 설계하였다. 제안된 지표는 기존 방식보다 정밀한 위 험 탐지 성능을 보였으며, 상대속력과 위험도 간의 비선형적 상관관계를 적용하여 모델의 실효성을 강화하였다. 본 연구는 전문가의 직관 적 판단을 정량적으로 체계화하였다는 점에서 차별성을 가지며, 향후 해상교통관제 및 항로 안전성 평가의 핵심 지표로 활용될 것으로 기대된다.

녹색해운항로(Green Shipping Corridor, GSC)는 단순한 탄소감축 수단을 넘어, 국제 해운산업의 구조적 전환을 이끄는 핵심 플랫폼 으로 주목받고 있다. 본 연구는 메탄올, 암모니아, 수소 등 주요 대체연료의 글로벌 생산·공급망, 벙커링 인프라, 기술 성숙도, 정책 환경을 분석하고, 이를 기반으로 한국형 녹색해운항로(K-GSC) 구축을 위한 전략과 실행 프레임워크를 제시하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 특히 유럽의 GSC 추진 사례를 중심으로 연료별 전환 특성과 정책 연계를 비교·분석한 결과, 연료공급, 선대전환, 항만 인프라, 금융·인센티브, 규제·안 전을 연계하는 플랫폼형 추진 구조의 필요성을 도출하였다. 또한, 메탄올은 단기 과도기 연료, 암모니아는 중장거리 무탄소 연료, 수소는 장기 탈탄소 핵심 에너지원으로 기능함을 확인하고, 이에 따라 이중 포트폴리오 기반의 단계적 연료 전환 전략을 제안하였다. 본 연구는 기술–정책–인프라를 연계한 통합 실행 모델을 통해, K-GSC 구축을 위한 정책 설계, 인프라 투자 우선순위 설정, 민간 참여 유도 등에서 실질적 시사점을 제공한다.

Modern warfare demands a high level of coordination and interoperability among multiple combat vehicles and crew members operating in dynamic and complex environments. Traditional training methods are often limited in scalability, flexibility, and cost-efficiency, making it challenging to effectively prepare forces for future battlefield scenarios. To address these limitations, this study presents the development of a Multiple Combat Vehicle Integrated Training Device, a next-generation simulation-based training system. The MCITD integrates advanced technologies such as Extended Reality, Digital Twin modeling, and Artificial Intelligence to deliver immersive, interactive, and highly realistic training experiences. The system allows for simultaneous training of multiple crew members in a networked environment that replicates real-world combat conditions, including terrain, weather, and adversary behavior. Key system components, including the simulation module, network communication framework, battlefield environment generator, and performance analysis engine, are discussed in detail. Potential application scenarios such as large-scale land operations, urban warfare, and multinational joint training exercises are also explored. The MCITD aims to enhance combat readiness, mission success, and training efficiency by providing a cost-effective, scalable, and adaptable solution for future-oriented military training programs.

This preliminary study examined how a professional development (PD) program supported Korean EFL teachers in integrating generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) into collaborative reading and writing instruction. Fifteen in-service secondary school teachers participated in an 11-session PD program that introduced GenAI-supported instructional models and guided teachers to adapt them through micro-teaching, reflection, and classroom application. Data were collected through pre- and postintervention surveys and three rounds of reflective journals. Quantitative findings revealed no significant improvement in perceived ease of using GenAI for collaborative reading. However, teachers reported significantly greater ease of use in collaborative writing, presentation, and form-focused instruction (FFI). Qualitative results identified recurring challenges—such as role imbalance, copy-and-paste reliance, and lack of scaffolding—which prompted teachers to revise the pre-existing instructional models into more structured ones (e.g., Expert Jigsaw Reading, role-based writing cycles). The findings demonstrate how PD programs can develop teacher agency by translating abstract GenAI principles into classroom-ready, pedagogically sustainable practices.

This study aims to advance Korea’s aquatic ecosystem assessment framework by developing and validating an Integrated Assessment Index (IAI) that synthesizes three biological indicators: the Diatom Assessment Index (DAI), the Benthic Macroinvertebrate Assessment Index (BAI), and the Fish Assessment Index (FAI). Using biomonitoring data collected from 2019 to 2021, three integration methods: the minimum grade method, most frequent grade method, and arithmetic mean method, were compared. The arithmetic mean method demonstrated the highest suitability and was adopted as the final integration approach. The resulting IAI showed stronger correlations with major water quality factors (BOD, TN, TP) than individual biological indices, indicating its enhanced capacity to capture both water quality gradients and ecological response patterns across biological assemblages. Application of the IAI to aquatic ecosystem assessment data from 2016 to 2023 revealed that the overall ecological condition of Korean rivers remained at a “fair (C)” level. Approximately half of the sites were classified as good to very good (A~B), while around 20% were rated as poor to very poor (D~E). Annual cycle analysis further indicated that first-year surveys within each monitoring phase exhibited higher proportions of good conditions, whereas second- and third-year surveys showed increasing frequencies of fair conditions, suggesting cumulative environmental stressors or progressive habitat alteration. Mid-sized basin target standards achievement analysis showed a clear discrepancy between waterquality and biological outcomes. While BOD and TP targets were met at relatively high rates, IAI achievement rates were the lowest across all major river basins (18~33%). This indicates that current water quality centered management goals insufficiently reflect actual ecological conditions. The results highlight that improvements in physico-chemical factors alone are insufficient for biological recovery and that habitat structure, flow regime, and substrate conditions are critical drivers of ecological integrity. Overall, the IAI effectively integrates biological and physico-chemical information, offering a more comprehensive quantification of river aquatic ecosystem health than single metric approaches. The index demonstrates strong potential as a practical tool for future policy applications, including mid-sized basin target management, ecological restoration prioritization, and integrated water resource planning.

본 연구는 경계선지능아동(BIF)의 사회적응 역량 향상을 위해 일상생활 중 심의 통합 프로그램을 개발하고 그 효과를 검증하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이 를 위해 문헌고찰, 프로그램 구성 원리 도출, 활동내용 구성, 전문가 타당성 검토, 프로그램 수정 및 보완, 프로그램 실시, 프로그램 평가의 단계를 거쳐 사회적 기술, 일상생활 관리, 건강관리, 경제관리, 중독예방의 다섯 영역으로 구성된 일상생활 통합 프로그램을 개발하였다. 프로그램의 효과를 검증하기 위해 대구지역아동센터 40개소에 소속된 BIF아동 151명을 대상으로 8주간 주 1회, 40분씩 프로그램을 운영하였으며, 단일집단 사전-사후 검사를 실시 하여 영역별 변화를 분석하였다. 그 결과, 사회적 기술(t=-7.33, p<.001), 일 상생활 관리(t=-7.44, p<.001), 건강관리(t=-7.98, p<.001), 경제관리 (t=-6.57, p<.001), 중독예방 관리(t=3.23, p<.05)의 전 영역에서 유의미한 효과가 나타났다. 다만 중독예방 관리는 다른 영역과 비교하여 상대적으로 낮은 향상도를 보였다. 이러한 결과는 본 프로그램이 BIF 아동의 사회·심리 적 기능 향상에 실질적인 효과가 있음을 보여주며, 일상생활 기술 중심의 통 합적 접근이 효과적인 중재로 작용했음을 시사한다.

본 연구는 재가노인복지센터를 기반으로 한 노노케어 통합 치유 프로그램을 개발하고, 그 구성 원리와 회기별 모형을 탐색 적으로 제시하는 데 목적이 있다. 연구 방법으로는 문헌연구와 전문가 검토를 병행하여 노노케어의 개념과 치유 가능성을 분석 하고, 재가노인복지센터 환경과 요양보호사의 역할을 반영해 프로 그램의 핵심 요소를 도출하였다. 연구 결과, 프로그램은 상호 치 유성·현장 적합성·통합성 세 원리에 기초해 총 12회기로 설계되 었다. 초기 단계는 관계 형성과 기초 진단, 중기 단계는 신체·정 서·사회 기능 회복 활동, 후기 단계는 성과 공유와 지역사회 참 여로 구성된다. 주요 활동에는 스트레칭, 생활 자립 훈련, 회상 치료, 예술치유, 또래 상담, 지역사회 연계 활동이 포함된다. 기 대 효과는 첫째, 신체 기능 회복을 통한 자립성 강화, 둘째, 정 서 안정과 자아존중감 증진, 셋째, 사회적 고립 완화와 공동체 소속감 확대, 넷째, 요양보호사의 업무 부담 경감이다. 따라서 본 연구는 노노케어를 제도적 기반 위에서 통합 치유 프로그램 으로 구체화함으로써 학문적·실천적 기여를 가진다. 다만 본 연 구는 탐색적 성격의 문헌연구와 전문가 검토에 의존했으므로, 향 후 실제 적용과 효과성 검증을 위한 후속연구가 필요하다.

Most engines for small vessels operating in coastal waters, such as fishing boats, are equipped with a reduction gear to reduce the engine's rotational speed. Small vessels are equipped with engines of fixed output and reduction gears of single reduction ratio only. This paper is a study on the development of a two-stage reducer capable of controlling the reduction ratio according to the light and full load conditions of a ship. Because the torque and rotational speed delivered to the propeller can be flexibly adjusted, the engine load can be maintained appropriately. In addition, because the engine room space is limited, the development of a two-stage reducer with an integrated power take off (PTO) was pursued to minimize the volume. Through this development, we were able to confirm a reduction in fuel consumption rate because we did not have to consume a lot of fuel to maintain maximum output. Reducing fuel consumption can result in reduced harmful exhaust emissions. Additionally, it can be expected that the frequency of failures that may occur due to overload can be reduced.

This study developed an integrated performance evaluation framework for rural development Official Development Assistance (ODA) projects in Korea and validated its effectiveness through practical application. Based on the FAO’s SAFA (Sustainability Assessment of Food and Agriculture Systems) Tool, the framework enables a balanced assessment across economic, social, environmental, and governance dimensions. The methodology incorporates the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) to measure the importance and performance of objectives and indicators. The developed framework serves as a tool for Project Design Matrix (PDM) development, monitoring, and evaluation throughout the project’s planning, implementation, and completion phases. During planning, it systematically incorporates stakeholder input in setting objectives and indicators. During implementation, it facilitates real-time monitoring for immediate decision-making and resource reallocation. At completion, it supports comprehensive performance evaluation. Application of the framework to the “Rural Development Programme in Tuyen Quang Province, Vietnam” demonstrated its effectiveness in systematizing excessive indicators and clarifying the hierarchical and logical connections between objectives. This performance evaluation framework can enhance project transparency and accountability by overcoming the limitations of current PDM approaches and providing systematic methods for incorporating stakeholder feedback. It is particularly applicable to multi-sectoral rural development programs and is expected to contribute to integrated development in target areas. However, validation through a single case study presents limitations, necessitating future application across diverse regions and project types to verify generalizability.

본 연구는 법무부에서 지정한 마약사범 전담교정시설의 마약사범을 대상으로 운영 할 수 있는 통합적 프로그램(회복이음 과정)을 구성하고 개발하여 그 효과성을 조사하 였다. 이를 위해 현장 전문가 및 마약재활 전공 교수 등의 TF 개발집단을 구성하였으 며 최근 마약재활 연구 동향과 담당자 및 수용자 인터뷰 등을 종합하여 160시간의 약 3개월의 통합적 프로그램의 매뉴얼을 구성하였다. 서울지역과 경상지역의 교도소 에서 실험집단 20명과 통제집단 20명을 선발하였으며 그 대상에 대한 사전･사후 차 이검증을 실시하였다. 그 결과 실험 집단에 있어 심리치료 프로그램 후 통계적으로 유 의한 효과가 나타났으며, 무처치 통제집단과 비교도 차이가 있었다. 추후 연구에서는 샘플을 확대하고, 질적 자료를 추가하여 프로그램의 효과성을 판단할 필요가 있으며 그 결과에 따라 프로그램을 보완 발전해야 할 필요도 있어 보인다. 몇 가지 제한점을 극복하고 프로그램의 질적 향상을 위해 이 도구의 적합성과 프로그램 내용의 구성에 대해서도 건강한 논의가 지속되어야 할 것이다.

This study aims to develop a Commercial Vehicle Integrated Traffic Safety System utilizing Connected Intelligent Transportation Systems (C-ITS) technology. This system provides functionalities for accident prevention and efficient traffic management through vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communications. The key findings suggest that the integrated system using C-ITS can offer functions for traffic safety and preliminary stages of autonomous driving. It is anticipated that by applying vehicle and Information and Communication Technology (ICT) technologies, traffic safety issues and driver convenience can be enhanced.

The study aim was to develop and test the effects of integrated simulation pertaining to patients with schizophrenia using a hypertensive crisis module for nursing students. Methods: This pilot study with seven undergraduate nursing students used a single group, pre-post test design. Integrated simulation pertaining to patients with schizophrenia using a hypertensive crisis module was developed based on the ADDIE model (i.e., Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation), expert meetings with subject professors, a literature review, a preliminary survey, and focus group interviews. Data were collected and measured for general characteristics of the study participants, critical thinking disposition, problem-solving, clinical judgment, self-efficacy, simulation design, and simulation effectiveness. Qualitative contents were analyzed through focus group interviews. Results: No statistically significant differences were found in class design, critical thinking disposition, problem-solving, clinical judgment, and self-efficacy after applying the integrated simulation module. Based on the data obtained from the focus group interviews of study participants, the following four categories were established: “Integrating knowledge and applying it to practice,” “Nursing in unexpected situations,” “Challenged to be an expert,” and “Ensuring receptive and psychological safety in simulation practice.” Conclusion: An integrated simulation module was developed to integrate the nursing problems associated with individual subjects beyond the scope of one subject, and the effect was verified by applying it

효율적인 산림관리와 경영이 이루어지기 위해서는 일정한 공간단위를 가지는 산림의 구획(Zoning)이 정의되어야 한다. 현재 국유림은 임･소반 기준으로, 공･사유림은 필지 단위를 기준으로 공간을 구획하여 활용하고 있다. 이러한 이원적인 공간구획체 계는 통일된 산림계획, 경영, 관리가 어려우며 장기적인 공간단위의 정보 구축과 생성, 관리에도 어려움을 끼칠 수 있다. 이에, 본 연구에서는 DEM(Digital Elevation Model) 기반으로 추출한 산줄기 유역을 소개하고 활용성 검토를 위해 현재 산림관리 단위인 임･소반도, 경영계획구, 산지/산림 관련 주제도와 중첩 분석을 수행하였다. 이를 통해 표준산림관리단위의 대안으로 제안한 각 규모별 산림유역 단위의 공간적 적합성을 검토하고 산림관리, 산림 디지털 공간자료 구축 및 관리 등의 분야에서 산줄기 내포 유역 기반 표준산림관리단위의 활용 방안을 제안하였다.