본 연구는 복수노조 하에서 건설업에서의 교섭창구단일화 및 소수노조 보호제 도의 운영실태를 분석하여 개선방안을 모색하였다. 나아가 교섭창구단일화제 도가 형식이 아닌 실질적인 의미에서 소수노조의 노동3권을 보장하고 사용자 의 경영권과도 균형을 이루기 위한 제도로 자리매김하도록 교섭창구단일화제 도 전반에서 소수노조 노동3권 강화를 위한 실질적인 개선방안을 도출하였다.

The purpose of this study is twofold: First, to develop new sustainable design methods (aligned with ethnic elements and traditional culture) combined with three-dimensional digital clothing technology throughout the design process, which can be presented as guideline materials for various fashion designs to be developed in contemporary sensibilities. Second, it is the intention to produce creative fashion designs by incorporating the characteristics and methods of Miao’s Huangping batik dyeing technique and to present various possibilities in the fashion design field. The overall design characteristics sought by Miao minority are in line with the complex terrain and the ecological and climatic conditions. Miaoist batik dyeing (registered as part of Chinese national intangible cultural heritage) features unique production methods and patterns. The study results are as follows. First, this attempt has enabled understanding of the national costume culture as Chinese Miao’s traditional cultural heritage to be promoted, while the direction of contemporary design development using traditional elements has been presented. Second, the study demonstrated new and innovative expressions and styles relying on three-dimensional digital contouring technology and identified the possibility of developing various designs. Third, it was confirmed that the dyed batik pattern design created by the three-dimensional digital contouring technology could be recombined or expanded as digital printing to express the traditional ethnic designs in a practical manner utilizing digital printing techniques based on traditional characteristics.

This study aims to develop fashion designs that combine atlas fabric with the characteristics of Uygur costume to modernize the costume of the Xinjiang Uygur. Research contents and methods are as follows. First, based on previous studies, research analysis was conducted on the cultural background, clothing characteristics, and material of Uygur clothing. Second, based on such research contents, designs combining the characteristics of Uygur costume and atlas fabric were presented. Third, to analyze the utilization of atlas fabric and examine fabric characteristics, material was gathered from collections on domestic and foreign web sites. Through field explorations of local museums in the Xinjiang area, minority group culture was observed in more detail. Based on collection of traditional clothing and analysis of its characteristics, fashion designs that apply contemporary trends were developed. General silhouettes without any restrictions to the waist and decorations made using embroidery were often used. Atlas silk, developed in China using Ikat weaving methods, is an important traditional clothing fabric of the minority group Xinjiang. Based on such data collection analysis, the produced works highlighted traditional ethnic characteristics by extracting classical patterns of atlas fabric, modifying or partially expanding them, combining them with hand knitting, and adding contemporary sensations, thus providing confirmations of the possibility of popularizing classic patterns in more practical manners.

The study investigates Atlas fabrics, the Ikat weaving method used by the Uygur People in Xinjiang, China. Based on domestic and foreign papers and other literature, different cultural characteristics of Ikat fabrics from various regions are compared. Following a theoretical investigation, characteristics of fabrics from the Indian Patola, Indonesian Ikat, Japanese Kasuri, and Uzbekistan Adras are summarized and compared with the characteristics of pattern, color, and manufacturing process of Atlas silk from Xinjiang China (also an Ikat fabric). The results are as follows. First, although the weaving process used for Ikat fabrics differs from country to country according to different national cultures, lifestyles, colors, patterns, and usage methods, they are all Ikat dyed fabrics. Therefore, they are all regarded as precious objects symbolizing a certain social status, and are used as a gift for special occasions, such as weddings. Second, the form of the pattern varies. Indian Patola has clear outlines and regular patterns, while the patterns of Japanese Kasuri are mainly inspired by folk life ideas. Indonesian Ikat contains influences from indigenous tribes, and Uzbekistan’s and China’s Atlas textiles are influenced by geography, religion, and national culture, including bright colors and pattern designs inspired by plants, musical instruments, and geometric figures. Finally, the patterns and colors of Xinjiang Atlas fabrics present strong ethnic characteristics. Unlike the Uzbekistan fabric which is mostly influenced by Islam, human and animal patterns would not feature in Xinjiang Atlas patterns, which mostly consist of long strips, repeated in a neat and orderly form.

Based on the relevant theories of campus culture, this paper takes the construction of universities in minority areas in China as well as the actual situation of the universities in the ethnic minority areas in China and the campus culture of neighboring countries as examples. The multi-cultural background of campus culture in ethnic minority areas is comprehensively analyzed. Through a large number of facts investigation and data research, the challenges, problems and measures to deal with campus culture construction are discussed and studied effectively. And make positive efforts to promote the construction of campus culture in ethnic minority area. Yanbian region is the main inhabited area of Korean nationality in China, which is located in the east of Jilin Province, bordering with Russia, North Korea, South Korea and Japan. It is the meeting point of the regional economy, population, and geographical center of gravity of Northeast Asia, and it is the hub for air, sea and land transport in Asia and Europe. Yanbian University is the only comprehensive university with distinct national characteristics in Yanbian area. Taking Yanbian University as the research object, it has certain representativeness to carry out the campus cultural construction under the multi cultural background, and also has certain reference function to the campus culture construction of the comprehensive universities in other ethnic regions. The conclusion will provide reference for strengthening the construction of campus culture in ethnic minority areas.

Existing literature provides strong evidence to suggest that e-commerce adoption is subject to the effect of culture. In this stream, researchers adopting Hofstede’s framework (1980) conceptualise culture at the aggregate level, and thus they assume country’s cultural homogeneity. Yet, the argument emerges that this view does not seem to be appropriate anymore, as every country having its unique mix of ethnic groups portrays cultural diversity (Cleveland and Laroche, 2007). Research exploring the adoption of e-commerce by ethnic minority consumers however, is scarce (Lacka and Yip, 2018). Considering growing migration levels, and particularly intra-European migration as well as the increase of ethnic consumers internet use (Kizgin et al, 2018), the investigation of migrants’ attitudes and behavioural intentions toward adopting e-commerce, as well as factors affecting adoption decision are important research topics for researchers, practitioners and policy makers. Although technology adoption has been extensively researched, previous studies on e-commerce adoption suffer from two limitations, which this study aims to address. First, most research on e-commerce adoption considers consumers to be a homogeneous group. However, within group differences exist, and they have an impact on the e-commerce adoption decision. So far however, only a handful of studies have explored the role of consumers’ individual characteristics on behavioural intentions to adopt e-commerce (e.g. Hasan 2010). Second, although the effect of culture on e-commerce adoption has been extensively studied, the simultaneous impact of various cultural influences that migrants are subject to has not been examined. To address these research gaps, the aim of this research is to assess the role of individual characteristics in e-commence adoption, and to reveal the impact of contact with heritage and host cultures on ethnic minority consumers’ attitudes towards behavioural intentions to adopt e-commerce.

대표적인 사회적 약자인 장애인들은 범죄의 표적이 되어 가장 기본적인 생존 및 안전의 문제를 위협받는 경우가 많다. 이 글은 발달장애인에 대한 범죄의 심각성을 알리고 범죄 발생의 맥락을 파악하여 범죄피해 예방을 위한 조치들을 마련하기 위한 탐색적 연구이다. 범죄피해에 가장 취약하다고 볼 수 있는 발달장애인 을 중심으로 범죄피해와 관련된 위험 요소들을 탐구하고 이해하는 작업에 초점을 맞추었다. 장애인 대상의 범죄는 반복성, 장기성, 비가시성 등의 특성을 가지고 있으며, 장애의 직접효과, 사회적으로 매개된 장애의 효과, 피해의 촉진, 피해의 유인, 인식된 취약성 등이 범죄피해의 중요한 요인이 되고 있다. 범죄는 가해자, 피해자, 환경의 상호작용 속에서 발생한다. 사회적 관심의 확충을 통하여 장애인 범죄 피해의 가시성을 높 이고, 관련 정보를 축적하고, 위험 요소를 확인하는 등 계속적인 노력이 필요하다. 범죄피해를 최소화하는 실천적 조치를 마련하는 것은 사회적 약자의 삶의 질을 향상시키기 위해서 뿐만 아니라 전체 사회의 질을 높이기 위해서도 반드시 요청되는 작업이다.

The BCBJ (Back Contact and Back Junction) or back-lit solar cell design eliminates shading loss by placing the pn junction and metal electrode contacts all on one side that faces away from the sun. However, as the electron-hole generation sites now are located very far from the pn junction, loss by minority-carrier recombination can be a significant issue. Utilizing Medici, a 2-dimensional semiconductor device simulation tool, the interdependency between the substrate thickness and the minority-carrier recombination lifetime was studied in terms of how these factors affect the solar cell power output. Qualitatively speaking, the results indicate that a very high quality substrate with a long recombination lifetime is needed to maintain the maximum power generation. The quantitative value of the recombination lifetime of minority-carriers, i.e., electrons in p-type substrates, required in the BCBJ cell is about one order of magnitude longer than that in the front-lit cell, i.e., 5 × 10−4 sec vs. 5 × 10−5 sec. Regardless of substrate thickness up to 150 μm, the power output in the BCBJ cell stays at nearly the maximum value of about 1.8 × 10−2 W·cm−2, or 18 mW·cm−2, as long as the recombination lifetime is 5 × 10−4 s or longer. The output power, however, declines steeply to as low as 10 mW·cm−2 when the recombination lifetime becomes significantly shorter than 5 × 10−4 sec. Substrate thinning is found to be not as effective as in the front-lit case in stemming the decline in the output power. In view of these results, for BCBJ applications, the substrate needs to be only mono-crystalline Si of very high quality. This bars the use of poly-crystalline Si, which is gaining wider acceptance in standard front-lit solar cells.

In photovoltaic power generation where minority carrier generation via light absorption is competing against minority carrier recombination, the substrate thickness and material quality are interdependent, and appropriate combination of the two variables is important in obtaining the maximum output power generation. Medici, a two-dimensional semiconductor device simulation tool, is used to investigate the interdependency in relation to the maximum power output in front-lit Si solar cells. Qualitatively, the results indicate that a high quality substrate must be thick and that a low quality substrate must be thin in order to achieve the maximum power generation in the respective materials. The dividing point is 70 μm/5 × 10−6 sec. That is, for materials with a minority carrier recombination lifetime longer than 5 × 10−6 sec, the substrate must be thicker than 70 μm, while for materials with a lifetime shorter than 5 × 10−6 sec, the substrate must be thinner than 70 μm. In substrate fabrication, the thinner the wafer, the lower the cost of material, but the higher the cost of wafer fabrication. Thus, the optimum thickness/lifetime combinations are defined in this study along with the substrate cost considerations as part of the factors to be considered in material selection.

이 연구는『이것이 인간인가』를 소수자 문학의 가장 우수한 사례 가운데 하나로 읽으며, 우리 시대 소수자 문학의 가능성을 시사 받고자 한다.『이것이 인간인가』는 종교적 모티프가 풍부한 텍스트이다. 그러나 이 연구는 특정 모티프 보다는 인간의 존재, 신의 존재가 광범위하게 모독되는 종교적 상황을 더 주목했다. 이 논문에서 소수자 문학은 인간의 부재, 신의 부재, 나아가 문학 부재의 극한상황에서 탄생한 또 하나의 문학의 이름이다. 따라서 소수자 문학은 기존의 주류 문학에 대한 단순한 반동을 넘어 질적으로 새로운 문학이다. 이 시론은 레비가 단순히 소수자-‘이기’의 한 객체가 아니라, 소수자-‘되기’의 주인공이 되는 과정을 분석했다. 레비의 문제작은 단지 홀로코스트의 증언을 넘어 종교적 깊이에까지 닻을 내리고 있는 인간 존재의 심연에 대한 뛰어난 통찰과 물음으로 읽을 수 있다. 이처럼 소수자 문학의 가치는 결국, 문학이란 과연 무엇인가의 물음을 활성화하는 데 있다고 할 수 있다.

With Spivak’s term “subaltern” the purpose of this paper is to present a relationship between post-colonialism and feminism in Irish literature, and to demonstrate the feminine images represented in modern Irish contemporary texts. The Irish literary society tends to regard the minority women as the inferior one in the process of de-colonization. But the feminie writing is try to overcome the established attitude in post-colonial literature. At this juncture, Heaney, rather than focusing on particular events from colonialism to post-colonialism, concentrates primarily on the receptivity, remembering subaltern’s life, history, territory, and tongue of native women. His writing is not from the post-colonial literary tradition but from the native receptivity toward the women's life and its reality. Finally, through the reception of the feminine writing with the appropriated de-colonial writing, we should address “the women” represented in post-colonial text as the subaltern subjectivity.

The purpose of this article is to examine the necessity and the possibility of sociolinguistic approach to minority in Korea. Firstly, this article defines the concept of ‘minority’ and looks around its socio-historical background and implication. And then, several types of minority can be divided on the basis of its formative period and birthplace. As the next step, two forms of sociolinguistic approach to minority, that is, ‘linguistic human right approach’ and ‘linguistic citizenship approach’ are presented. This article cannot provide a detailed analysis and an alternative, but affords an opportunity to point out the significance and the limit of these two approaches. Finally, this article is concluded by proposing the cultural restructurization of the diversity and the uniformity in Korean society which includes its minority, and by presenting some sociolinguistic tasks related to the abolition of discrimination against minority and guarantee of its linguistic right.

본 연구에서는 거래비용이론을 기반으로 하여 해외합작투자 소유지분 (다수지분 대 소수지분) 결정요인을 거래자산특유성과 불확실성으로 구분하여 이론적모형을 정립하였고, 이 모형을 이용하여 한국기업의 제조업분야 해외합작투자 소유지분 결정요인을 도출하였다. 본 연구 결과에 따르면 한국기업의 경우 평판이 높은 기업일수록 해외합작투자에 있어서 다수지분을 선호하는 것으로 분석되었고, 국가위험이 높은 국가에 진입하거나 본국과 문화적거리가 큰 국가에 진입하는 경우 한국기업은 소수지분을 선호하는 것으로 분석되었다. 그러나 기존의 연구결과와 달리 독점적지식을 많이 축적하였거나 본사의 규모가 큰 한국기업의 경우 해외합작투자에 있어서 소수지분을 선호하는 것으로 나타났다. 해외사업경험과 합작법인의 규모는 한국기업의 해외합작투자 소유지분 의사결정에는 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 밝혀졌다.

This study aims to examine the relationship of the four factors that increase the protection of minority shareholder investment. The factors are non-controlling shareholders, corporate governance, free cash flow, and shareholder wealth. The data for this study is obtained from the 2017 annual reports of 136 Thai public companies listed in the Market of Alternative Investment of Thailand (MAI). The analysis uses a multiple regression model to determine which factors encourage and which inhibit the protection of minority shareholder investment. The study tests four hypotheses. The results rejected H1 because non-controlling shareholders have negatively correlated with minority shareholder investment protection (beta -0.155 and p-value 0.050). The results accepted H2, H3 and H4 as follows. H2: corporate governance has positively correlated with minority shareholder investment protection (beta 0.17 and p-value 0.031). H3: free cash flow has positively correlated with minority shareholder investment protection (beta 0.214 and p-value 0.007). H4: shareholder wealth has positively correlated with minority shareholder investment protection (beta 0.318 and p-value 0.000). The major findings suggest strong minority shareholder investment protection was enhanced by increasing corporate governance, free cash flow and shareholder wealth. The protection of minority shareholder investment needs to reduce non-controlling shareholding pattern.

This research investigates the impact of vocational training on wages of ethnic minority labors in emerging countries; Vietnam is the case study. The study uses secondary data from 2014 to 2018 collected through Vietnam Household Living Standards Surveys (VHLSS) conducted by the General Statistics Office. In order to analyze the impact of vocational training on wages of ethnic minority areas in Vietnam, this research creates ethnic area variables. According to Vietnamese regulations, ethnic areas are communes of 51 different provinces, inhabited by ethnic minority people. The statistics from VHLSS in 2018, show that the proportion of labors of working age with a certificate was 22.5%. The research employs Heckman Sample Selection Model to estimate the impact of vocation training on wage of labors in ethnic minority areas. The results show that vocational training plays a crucial role in improving the wages of ethnic minorities and has a positive impact. However, apart from the achieved outcomes, vocational training and job creation for ethnic minorities are not without limitations and shortcomings. Based on the findings, some recommendations to ethnic minority labors, enterprises and the Government are proposed to encourage participation in vocational training for the purpose of promoting the efficiency of the labor market.

이 연구는 같은 학교에 근무하며 탈북․다문화 배경 학생을 교육한 탈북․다문화 배경 교육자들의 교육경험에 대한 내러티브 탐구이다. 이에 해당되는 세 학교의 6명의 교육자와 개인면담과 집단면담을 실시했고, 그 외에 4명의 교육자와는 개인면담을 실시했다. 내러티 브 기술은 집단면담에 참여한 단위학교별로 구성했다. 탈북․다문화 배경 소수자 교육자의 경험은, 학교현장의 최전선에서 사람의 변화를 위한 협력, 먼저 온 미래 교육의 행위자, ‘교 육자’로서의 인정을 위한 제도적 변화의 요청, 소수자를 향한 사회문화적 변화에의 요청이 라는 주제를 드러냈다. 이들의 교육경험에 대한 목소리는 탈북과 다문화 영역의 이분화 된 접근을 넘어 통일-다문화 시대의 실제적인 교육 변화의 출발점을 제공한다.