한국선교신학회는 1992년 설립되어 올해로 30주년을 맞았다. 이와 관련하여 필자는 30년 역사의 초기에 대한 발전역사를 세 가지 방향에서 정리했다. 먼저 한국선교신학회의 기원을 기술하고, 초기 학술대회의 발전과정을 정리했다. 여기에는 학회설립을 위한 토론과 준비과정이 포함된다. 다음으로 학회의 학술지 「선교신학」의 기원과 발전역사를 기술했다. 학술지는 1997년 창간호가 발행되었으나 학술 진흥재단에 등재되지 못했고, 2002년 등재를 다시 추진하여 2005년 등재후보지, 2008년에 등재지가 되었다. 끝으로 학제 간 협력과 학술교 류의 발전을 연대기 순서로 정리했다. 세계선교학회를 비롯한 국제적 학술교류와 국내의 한국복음주의선교신학회와 연합학술활동 등을 기 술했다.

Research on the birth (起源) and names (語源) of foods such as kimchi is important to understand traditional food culture. kimchi, an ‘add flavored, fermented, pickled, vegetable food’ was initially prepared with the simple purpose of increasing storage capabilities, but later, through a complex process of change, morphological diversification occurred. In addition to the basic name of ‘kimchi’, each variety has its unique name and history. This study was conducted through qualitative research using various research methods, such as oral records and interviews, as well as investigation of data from literature, including ancient literature, modern cookbooks, newspapers, magazines, papers, and videos. The study sought to investigate the context and the meaning of the name Chonggak kimchi. In addition, it is a compilation of how the name spread through the ages and evolved to its current name. The name Chonggak kimchi did not exist during the Joseon Dynasty and Japanese occupation and first appeared in the records in the late 1950s. Nevertheless, the original name of ‘Altarimu kimchi’ evolved and finally became a part of the standard Korean language (標準語) in 1988. In the process of the name spreading and becoming popular, the movie “Chonggak kimchi (1964),” starring Shin, S.I., and Eom, A.R. played a significant role. It was also confirmed that this was a meaningful and valuable case of contentization of traditional food culture, regardless of the intention behind the same.

Various radionuclides are released and contaminate soils by the nuclear accidents, nuclear tests and disposal of radioactive waste. Among radionuclides, 137Cs is a harmful radioactive element that emits high-energy β particles and γ rays with a half-life of 30.2 years. 137Cs is difficult to extract because it is fixed to soil particles. For the volume reduction technology development of contaminated soil, this study tried to evaluate the irreversible Cs adsorption capacity of granite-originated soil. The soil sample used in the study was collected from C horizon of the soil developed in Mesozoic mica granite. The soil texture, mineralogy, organic content, pH, EC, cation exchange capacity (CEC), water-soluble cation and anion content of the soil samples were determined. A kinetic adsorption experiment and an isotherm adsorption experiment were performed to understand the overall Cs adsorption characteristics using 133Cs. The desorption of Cs by 0.1 mM KCl was also tested for the sample spiked with 133Cs and 137Cs. The soil sample showed a pH of 6.73, EC of 24.50 μS cm-1, and CEC of 1.34 cmolc kg-1, organic matter of 0.53% and sandy loam in texture. Quartz, feldspar and mica were identified as the major mineral components of bulk sample. The clay fraction consists of mica, hydroxyl-interlayer vermiculite (HIV), vermiculite and kaolinite. In the kinetic adsorption experiment, the Cs adsorption showed fast adsorption rates at the initial stage (6 hours) regardless of the 133Cs concentration, and the adsorption equilibrium state was reached after 48 hours. It was the most suitable for the pseudo second-order model. The 133Cs adsorption increased nonlinearly from low to high concentration, which was well match with the dual site Langmuir model. As a result of the desorption experiment, desorption was not performed up to 1.1 mg kg-1 in the presence of competitive ions K+, which is about 0.035% of CEC calculated by the isotherm model. The adsorption of Cs was controlled by frayed edge sites (FES) at a low concentrations and by basal sites or interlayer sites at a high concentration. Irreversible Cs fixation of by FES may be contributed by mainly weathered mica, and when these minerals are separated from the granite origin soil, the possibility of reducing the contamination concentration and volume of radioactive soil waste can be expected.

Lactic acid bacteria as probiotics are intensively used in human and animal species. These probiotic properties of LABs were variable according to bacterial strain and species. However, there was limited information on probiotic properties of monkey origin LABs. In this study, we investigated the antibacterial activity of monkey and human origin LABs against monkey origin enteric bacteria by the agar disc diffusion test and broth culture inhibition assay. All LABs represented enough tolerance to pepsin (0.3%) and bile acid (pH = 2). To 50% of Clostridium perfringens and 20% of Escherichia coli, monkey origin LABs showed statistically higher antibacterial activity compared to human origin LABs (p < 0.05). Also, distinct antibacterial activity was verified among some bacteria species and strains. Higher antibacterial activity against enteric bacteria except for C. perfringens was verified in Lactobacillus johnsonii strains compared to Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus salivarius. Statistically different antibacterial activity against C. perfringens was verified among strains within L. reuteri and L. johnsonii. In conclusion, we prove the higher probiotic properties of monkey origin LABs against homogenous enteric bacteria although humans and monkeys were phylogenetically similar species. For non-human primates, homogenous LABs should be used as probiotics, not human origin LABs. Furthermore, it was confirmed among monkey origin LABs, L. johnsonii showed a high antibacterial activity on various enteric pathogenic bacteria and was an appropriate lactic acid strain for inhibiting C. perfringens.

The borrowing of the character “Mou” (某) originally meaning “sour plum” as a pronoun should lag far behind the spoken language. Therefore, the pronoun “Mou” (某) in the Chinese literature can no longer explain its origin. Through cognate affiliation and related analogy, it is inferred that the pronoun “Mou” (某) should go through such a stage of development as “negative indefinite pronoun to indefinite pronoun, and then to specific pronoun”. From the etymological point of view, the earliest usage of “Mou” (某) should be a negative indefinite pronoun. Zhou Guangye of the Qing Dynasty thought that the use of “Mou” (某) as a pronoun began with taboo, which was not the source of its pronoun usage. The usage of the word “Mou” (某) used as a taboo should be the third stage of its development.

We investigated physicochemical properties and isotopic compositions of organic matter (δ13CTOC and δ15NTN) in the old fish farming (OFF) site after the cessation of aquaculture farming. Based on this approach, our objective is to determine the organic matter origin and their relative contributions preserved at sediments of fish farming. Temporal and spatial distribution of particulate and sinking organic matter (OFF sites: 2.0 to 3.3 mg L-1 for particulate matter concentration, 18.8 to 246.6 g m-2 day-1 for sinking organic matter rate, control sites: 2.0 to 3.5 mg L-1 for particulate matter concentration, 25.5 to 129.4 g m-2 day-1 for sinking organic matter rate) between both sites showed significant difference along seasonal precipitations. In contrast to variations of δ13CTOC and δ15NTN values at water columns, these isotopic compositions (OFF sites: -21.5‰ to - 20.4‰ for δ13CTOC, 6.0‰ to 7.6‰ for δ15NTN, control sites: - 21.6‰ to - 21.0‰ for δ13CTOC, 6.6‰ to 8.0‰ for δ15NTN) investigated at sediments have distinctive isotopic patterns (p<0.05) for seawater-derived nitrogen sources, indicating the increased input of aquaculture-derived sources (e.g., fish fecal). With respect to past fish farming activities, representative sources (e.g., fish fecal and algae) between both sites showed significant difference (p<0.05), confirming predominant contribution (55.9±4.6%) of fish fecal within OFF sites. Thus, our results may determine specific controlling factor for sustainable use of fish farming sites by estimating the discriminative contributions of organic matter between both sites.

『불설아미타경』은 극락세계에 가서 나기를 발원하고 그곳에 왕생하기 위 해 ‘칭명염불(稱名念佛)’에 전념하라는 내용을 담고 있다. 아미타불의 이 름을 듣고 일심(一心)으로 염불하면 누구든지 극락세계에 왕생한다는 것 이 경의 요지라 할 수 있다. 초기경전에서는 염불을 선정과 삼매로 규정하고 있다. 또 염불이 삼매(三 昧) 또는 선정(禪定)과 병립하는 관계가 아니라, ‘염불이 곧 선정이고, 선 정이 곧 염불’이라는 일여(一如)의 관계라고 말하고 있다. 그러나 8종의 조사(祖師)라 불리는 용수(Nāgārjuna)가 난행도(難行道)와 이행도(易行 道)라는 정토문의 씨앗을 뿌리자, 중국불교는 이를 바탕으로 아미타불의 본원력에 의지해 정토왕생을 추구하는 정토교의 기틀을 놓았다. 이들 정 토교 초기 사상가들의, ‘나무아미타불’만 일심(一心)으로 염불하면 왕생할 수 있다는 신념에 기반한 염불수행은 한국불교에도 지대한 영향을 끼쳤 다. 『삼국유사』에는 염불을 통해 정토에 태어난 기록이 보이고, 고성 건봉사 의 사료는 신라 경덕왕 대의 염불 ‘만일결사’를 전해준다. 이러한 ‘칭명염 불’의 전통은 현대에까지 이르러 오늘날에도 염불 ‘만일결사’를 하는 사 찰들이 심심치 않게 보인다. 그렇다면 지금의 한국불교에 있어서 ‘칭명염 불’ 수행은 어떤 의미를 가질까? 특히 재가불자의 염불수행은 어떠해야 하는가? 초기경전은, 보시하는 마음가짐에 따라 그 과보가 부와 명성과 같은 세속 적인 가치에 머물지 않고 초기불교의 가장 근본적인 진리인 사성제를 깨 닫는 인(因)이 된다고 말하고 있다. 아미타 염불수행은 그것이 칭명염불 이든, 관상염불이든 ‘정토의 청정한 공덕상’과 ‘아미타 부처님의 공덕’에 의지한 정토왕생을 목표로 한다. 이는 극락정토를 현실에서 구현하는 길 가운데 하나로 ‘보시바라밀로 장엄된 청정한 세상’을 상정할 수 있는 여 지를 준다. 극락정토를 단지 죽은 뒤에나 갈 수 있는 이상세계로만 상정한다면, 현실 에서의 신행은 그 의미가 반감될 수밖에 없다. 따라서 현대의 불교 신앙 인이라면 무엇보다 먼저, ‘정토의 개념’을 ‘이 세상의 불국토화’로, ‘왕생의 개념’을 ‘보살의 마음으로 새롭게 태어나기’ 등으로 전환시켜야 할 것 이다. 또, 염불의 궁극적 목표를 ‘정토왕생’[불국토화]에 국한할 것이 아 니라 그 과정까지 포함하여야 할 것이다.

인삼은 다양한 국가에서 과거로부터 민간의약적으로 사용해 온 유용한 한약자원으로, 동북아시아와 북아메리카에서 서식하고 있다. 인삼의 학명은 Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer로 Araliaceae에 속하고 약용 부위는 곁뿌리를 제거한 뿌리 부분이다. 본 연구에서는 전세계에 분포하는 인삼의 종류와 명칭을 정리하고, 동북아시아 공정서 내 인삼의 기원들을 알아보았다. 다양한 인삼종의 전초의 형태를 비교하였고, 여러 문헌 정보를 바탕으로 각국 인삼종의 약리학적 효능을 정리하였다. 현재 한국에서 재배되고 있는 고려인삼의 품종은 약 15종이며, 이들 중 재래종(자경종), 천풍, 연풍, 금풍, 산양삼의 형태학적 특징을 비교하였다. 한약재 활용 가능한 인삼을 수확하기 위해서는 오랜 기간 재배해야 하며, 그 조건도 까다롭다. 약리학적으 로 가치가 있는 인삼종의 시장 수요를 충족하기 위한 대량증식 방법으로 기내조직배양이 활용될 수 있다. 따라서, 각 인삼종의 종자를 수집하여 크기를 측정하고 형태를 비교하였고, 종자를 횡단면으로 절단해 배의 형태를 관찰했다. 각 인삼종의 종자를 활용하여 기내배양을 진행하였고, MS+GA 1.0mg/L 조건에서 발아율은 미국삼이, 생존율은 금풍이 가장 우수한 것으로 확인 되었다. 인삼의 한 종류인 산양삼은 자연에서 성장 속도가 느리고, 재배조건이 까다롭다는 특징을 가지고 있다. 따라서, 산양삼을 수경 재배해, 해당 인삼종에서 발견되는 다양한 미생물종을 동정하였다. 기내배양을 통한 4종의 인삼종 종자 발아 실험에서도 다양한 미생물종이 확인되었고, rDNA 염기서열 분석을 통해 동정하였다. 본 연구는 한국한의학 연구원이 제공하는 전통의학정보포탈(KIOM Oasis Portal)과 농업진흥청 원예특작과학원의 인삼특작부에서 각 인삼종의 종자를 분양받아 진행되었 다. 해당 논문은 기내배양을 통한 인삼의 대량생산 체계 구축 연구의 초석이 될 것으로 사료된다.

The origin of Fe oxide deposition on zirconium oxide with UV irradiation has been investigated in this study. After 7 day corrosion in the flowing autoclave, Fe based oxide is formed on the zirconium oxidewith UV irradiation at 260°C, 6 MPa DI water. Zircaloy-4 coupon is irradiated with a 200 mW·cm−2 UV, and the dissolved oxygen level is maintained below 100 ppb, and dissolved hydrogen concentration is maintained as 2.5 ppm. Zircaloy-4 coupon supplied from Westinghouse is used for this study. MULTEQ version 4.0 developed by EPRI is adopted to simulate how ions dissolved in water can generate deposits on the zirconium oxide with UV irradiation. ICP-OES data after 30 d corrosion in the flowing loop experiment is used for input file for MULTEQ simulation. The system temperature is set as 260°C, and 2,592 L of water is considered the total amount water into the autoclave (0.06 mL·min−1, 30 d). Total numbers of simulation run is set as 8, and the system pH at 260°C is 6.06. Oxidation potential after run #8 is −0.44 V. From MULTEQ simulation, most Fe is existed as Fe(OH)3 and Fe(OH)2, and Fe ions can also exist, but no Fe metal observed. 5.09 × 10−6 ppm (9.73 ppb) of Fe2+, 2.81 × 10−6 ppm FeOH+, and 3.77 × 10−9 ppm Fe(OH)3are in the system. It can be concluded Fe is existed as ion or hydroxide form in the solution. Two precipitates are found from MULTEQ simulation, First, NiO(s) = 5.21 × 10−5 g (52.1 μg), NiFe2O4 = 8.06 × 10−5 g (80.6 μg), and still they are negligible amount. The total concentration of Fe in the electrolyte is the summation of each Fe species concentration and it is equal to 2.69×10−4 ppm. This value is equivalent to 0.269 μg·kg−1 in the solution. The total water volume of the 30 d experiment is 2,592 L (considering water flow from high-pressure pump), so the amount of Fe from ICP-OES data and MULTEQ results in 2,592 L electrolyte is 697.2 μg. This value is order of magnitudes higher than the mass of Fe from the deposits, which was already an upper estimate based on the assumptions. This clearly shows that Fe ions dissolved in the electrolyte can be the source of Fe3O4 on Zr oxide during corrosion with UV irradiation.

As a language writing symbol inherited by the Chinese nation for nearly a thousand years, Chinese characters have obvious ideographic characteristics, and the components of Chinese characters play an important role at the ideographic level. Different components are combined with each other to jointly participate in the overall formation meaning of Chinese characters. Therefore, the interpretation of the shape and meaning of Chinese characters is naturally inseparable from the study of components. After the development and evolution of Chinese characters in the past dynasties, both the overall shape and the partial components of the characters have changed over time. Modern Chinese characters use common regular script. If we trace and explore its specific components in combination with past dynasties, it is not difficult to find that the meaning and source of the component itself may be more than one. In modern Chinese characters, there are a large number of Chinese characters with component “口”. In most cases, the component “口” plays the formation meaning function of “mouth”. However, if we trace the origin of the Chinese characters containing the component “口” and start from the early forms of the relevant Chinese characters, we can discover a variety of formation meaning functions of the component “口” except "mouth". Through research, this paper finds that the modern Chinese character component “口” not only means “mouth”, but also has other formation meaning functions such as “ware”, “symbol” and “range”. For the research on the origin of the formation meaning of the Chinese character component “口”, the related academic achievements still need to be improved. This paper has the significance value of exploring and improving the multiple functions of the specific components.

선교역사에 대한 기술이 서구의 입장에서 점차 비서구의 수용사 (受容史) 중심으로 바뀌고 있다. 하지만 한국교회는 선교의 기원을 장로교 알렌이 내한한 1884년 혹은 감리교 아펜젤러가 내한한 1885년 을 기준으로 1984~1985년에 걸쳐 기념하고 있다. 그러나 선교사 내한 이전에 중국에서 한국인 스스로 복음을 받아들여 세례를 받았고, 이들은 성경번역까지 참여했으며, 한국에서는 자생적 ‘소래교회’를 세워 정기적인 예배를 드리고 있었다. 더구나 내한선교사들은 일본에서 이수정이 번역한 누가복음을 가지고 들어왔다. 따라서 이제 한국교회는 외부로부터의 추동력과 내부로부터의 흡인력을 모두 고려하는 중도파 ‘역사기술방식’을 고려해야 한다. 선교사 내한 이전에 일어난 최초의 선교사건까지 포괄하는 선교의 주체가 되는 하나님의 선교(missio Dei)의 관점에서 한국선교역사를 재정립해야 한다.