Background: Using wearable passive back-support exoskeletons in workplace has attracted attention as devices that support the posture of workers, enhance their physical capabilities, and reduce physical risk factors. Objects: This study aimed to investigate the effect of a wearable passive back-support exoskeleton on the activity of the erector spinae muscles during lifting tasks at various heights. Methods: Twenty healthy adult males were selected as subjects. Electromyography (EMG) was used to assess the activity of the erector spinae muscles while performing lifting tasks at three distinct heights (30, 40, and 50 cm), with and without the application of the Wearable Passive Back Support Exoskeleton. EMG data were gathered before and after the application of the orthosis. Results: The use of the Wearable Passive Back Support Exoskeleton resulted in a significant decrease in muscle activity when lifting a 10 kg object from heights of 30 and 40 cm (p < 0.05). Additionally, there was a significant reduction in muscle activity when lifting from a height of 50 cm compared with that at lower heights (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The use of a wearable passive back-support exoskeleton led to a decrease in the activity of the erector spinae muscles during lifting tasks, irrespective of the object's height. Our results suggest that the orthosis we tested may help decrease risk of lower back injuries during lifting.

한국어는 ‘-이-, -히-, -리-, -기-’ 등과 같은 접미사가 첨가되어 흔 히 단일 피동문을 형성하는데 ‘-어지-’를 가하여 이중피동이라고 칭하고 구성된 것이다. 이 연구는 ‘피동접미사 + -어지-’ 구성을 대상으로 삼아, 이의 실제 언어 현실에서 구어로 많이 사용되는 양상과 통사 및 의미 특 징을 밝히는 것을 목적으로 한다. 구체적으로, ‘피동접미사 + -어지-’ 구 성에서 ‘-이/히/리/기-’와 ‘-어지-’가 함께 사용될 때, ‘-이/히/리/기-’ 가 피동의 의미를 유지하면서 ‘-어지-’의 피동 의미가 약해지고 다른 의 미가 발생한다는 주장을 제시한다. 연구 방법론은 국립국어원의 일상 대 화 말뭉치 2020(버전 1.1)을 중심으로 자료를 수집하고, 필요에 따라 인 터넷 자료를 보완적으로 활용한다. 이를 통해 ‘피동접미사 + -어지-’ 구 성의 양상을 추출하고, 다음으로는 통사적 특징을 서술어 제약, 시제나 양태를 나타내는 어미 제약, 보조용언 제약, 부정문 제약으로 구분하여 논의한다. 마지막으로, ‘피동접미사 + -어지-’ 구성의 의미 특징을 검토 하면서 ‘-어지-’의 의미는 ‘동작의 진행’을 강조하는 강조법과 ‘능력’이나 ‘무의도’의 양태 의미로 분석한다. ‘피동접미사 + -어지-’ 구성의 사용이 점차 늘어가고 있는 추세에서 보면 본 연구가 이 구성이 문법적인 표현으로 인정하는 것을 힘써서 일반적인 언어 변화의 양상을 고찰한 의의가 있다.

Although many attempts have been made to solve the atmospheric diffusion equation, there are many limits that prevent both solving it and its application. The causes of these impediments are primarily due to both the partial differentiation term and the turbulence diffusion coefficient. In consideration of this dilemma, this study aims to discuss the methodology and cases of utilizing a passive air sampler to increase the applicability of atmospheric dispersion modeling. Passive air samplers do not require pumps or electric power, allowing us to achieve a high resolution of spatial distribution data at a low cost and with minimal effort. They are also used to validate and calibrate the results of dispersion modeling. Currently, passive air samplers are able to measure air pollutants, including SO2, NO2, O3, dust, asbestos, heavy metals, indoor HCHO, and CO2. Additionally, they can measure odorous substances such as NH3, H2S, and VOCs. In this paper, many cases for application were introduced for several purposes, such as classifying the VOCs’ emission characteristics, surveying spatial distribution, identifying sources of airborne or odorous pollutants, and so on. In conclusion, the validation and calibration cases for modeling results were discussed, which will be very beneficial for increasing the accuracy and reliability of modeling results.

Background: Scapular dyskinesis may cause not only rotator cuff (RC) tear but also weakness of the upper extremity, studies on scapular dyskinesis that may occur after RC repair is still lacking. Objects: To determine whether scapular dsykinesis was present in patients after arthroscopic RC repair and to investigate the influence of passive scapular stabilization on upper extremity strength. Methods: A total of 30 patients after RC repair participated in this study. To compare the scapula of the arthroscopic RC repair shoulder and the contralateral shoulder, the winged scapula (WS) was measured using a scapulometer and scapular dyskinesis was also classified by type. Fixed instruments for muscle strength measurements were used to measure upper extremity muscle strength differences depending on passive scapular stabilization position or natural scapular position. A chi-square test, an independent t-test and a 2-way mixed measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used as statistical analysis. In analyses, p < 0.05 was deemed to be statistically significant. Results: Postoperative shoulder had a significant association with scapular dyskinesis and the WS compared to the contralateral shoulder (F = 0.052, p < 0.01). Postoperative shoulder, muscle strength in the shoulder abduction (p < 0.01), elbow flexion (p < 0.01) and forearm supination (p < 0.05) were significantly greater in the scapular stabilization position than in the scapular natural position. Conclusion: Patients underwent arthroscopic RC repair had a significant association with scapular dyskinesis and muscle strength was improved by a passive scapular stabilization position, therefore scapular stabilization is important in rehabilitation program.

Doping graphene to epoxy resins can improve the protective ability of the coating, but the lack of active anticorrosion function greatly limits its application in the field of anticorrosion. Herein, N/S-rich few-layer-graphene (N/S-FLG) was prepared and adopted to endow epoxy coating with dual passive/active corrosion protection. The obtained amphiphilic N/S-FLG is highly dispersed in the epoxy coating, giving rise to the enhanced hosting effect for graphene defects, avoiding the interface corrosion and blocking the penetration of corrosive species. Furthermore, the doping of N and S endows graphene sheets favourable catalytic ability for corrosive oxygen, actively eliminating its contribution to metal corrosion. Under this dual effect, the passive and active anticorrosion properties of epoxy coating are simultaneously enhanced. The coating with 1 wt% N/S-FLG reduces the corrosion rate of metal to 6.5 × 10– 5 mm/a, exhibiting almost no corrosion. The proposed concept of introducing nanocatalytic N/S-FLG is facile and eco-friendly, and will undoubtedly promote the practical application of anticorrosion coatings.

For national security, approximately 500 facilities have been designated as national security facilities. It is divided into grades A, B, and C depending on the fields such as electrics, energy and public service. In 2016, KINAC developed and suggested the installation standards and evaluation indicators for security equipment for national security facilities and they have been utilized to evaluate and manage the facilities. In order to update them by reflecting the recent security trend of the facilities and new technology, KINAC have investigated and updated the installation standards and evaluation indicators for security equipment. As a part of developing installation standards and evaluation indicators for national security facilities project, we conducted survey to identify the status and capabilities of facilities: how the security system is well designed, which type of security equipment is utilized. According to the results, the passive infrared (PIR) sensor is commonly used for interior intrusion detection (not included in 2016 project). Therefore, we investigated the passive infrared sensor and provided its installation standards and evaluation indicators. PIR sensor detects the energy generated by the objects which is different as their temperatures. PIR sensors do not emit any energy like active infrared sensor, and do not measure the energy. Rather, PIRs measure variation in thermal radiation. PIR sensor detects thermal energy by sensing the change between a heat source and the background temperature. In this paper, the characteristics and features of PIR sensor were discussed. Considering them, the standards and indicators to install/evaluated the PIR sensors were also proposed. The results would support national security facility to design and evaluate their security system.

The formation behavior of a passive state film on the surface of STS304 in electrolytic solution was analyzed to determine its metallic ion composition. The properties of passive state films vary depending on the Fe and Cr ions in the electrolytic solution. It was observed that the passive state film surface became flat and glossy as the concentration of Fe and Cr ions in the electrolytic solution increased. The corrosion resistance property of the passive state film was proportional to the amount of Fe and Cr in the electrolytic solution. An initial passive state film with high Fe concentration was formed on the surface of STS304 during early electrolytic polishing. Osmotic pressure of Fe ions occurs between the passive state film and electrolytic solution due to the Fe ion concentration gradient. The Fe in the passive state film is dissolved into the electrolyte, and Cr fills up the Fe ion vacancies. As a result, a good corrosion-resistant floating film was formed. The more Fe ions in the electrolytic solution, the faster the film is formed, and as a result, a flat passive state film containing a large amount of Cr can be formed.

Background: Patients with stroke may show impaired balance due to the limited range of motion of the ankle resulting from abnormal soft tissues surrounding the ankle joint. Changes in the viscoelasticity of soft tissues and decreased mobility of the ankle impair the balance and lead to problems in the daily life of patients with stroke. Joint mobilization and stretching are effective methods of improving balance by increasing the viscoelasticity of soft tissues and range of motion of the ankle. Objectives: To effects of ankle joint mobilization and calf muscle stretching on balance in patients with stroke. Design: A randomized controlled trial. Methods: A total of 20 patients with stroke were randomly assigned into two groups. The joint mobilization group (JMG) underwent anteroposterior joint mobilization of the talocrural joint, while the stretching group (SG) received calf muscle stretching. Functional reach test (FRT), berg balance scale (BBS), and timed up and go test (TUG) were used to assess balance. Results: The FRT, BBS, and TUG results significantly improved in the JMG and SG after invention (P<.05). However, the improvements were greater in the JMG group than those in the SG group (P<.05). Conclusion: Joint mobilization was an effective intervention to improve soft tissue performance and range of motion of the ankle, thereby improving balance in patients with stroke.

국내 고농도의 초미세먼지 발생 빈도 증가와 함께 그 전구물질인 NH3와 관련한 연구가 활발히 진행 중이다. NH3 배출에 있어 농업의 기여율이 높은 것은 자명한 사실이다. 그러나 비료 사용이 농경지 대기 중 NH3 농도에 장기간 미치는 영향에 관련한 연구는 미비한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 수동식 NH3 확산형 포집기를 활용해 11개월 간 농경지 대기 중 NH3 농도를 관측하였다. 그 결과 비료 살포 직후 한 달 동안 NH3 배출의 영향이 가장 큰 것으로 나타났다. 그 이후 여름철 기온 상승으로 NH3 휘발이 촉진되어 대기 중 농도가 증가할 것으로 예상하였으나, 54일간의 지속적인 강우로 인하여 대기 중 높은 암모니아 농도는 관측되지 않았다. 그 후 NH3 농도는 가을과 겨울을 거치면서 점차 감소하였다. 비료의 영향력이 감쇠한 시점 이후에는 기온이 감소할수록, 그리고 강수량이 증가할수록 NH3 농도는 감소하는 것을 상관분석을 통해 확인할 수 있었다. 종합해 보면, 국내 NH3 배출량에서 비료의 기여율을 연구하는 데 있어 비료 살포 직후 최소 한 달 동안은 집중적으로 살펴보아야 할 것이며, 현장 연구 시 강수량과 무강우 일수 등의 기상 정보도 함께 고려해야 할 것이다.

This study investigated intra-learner variation in the effects of implicit and explicit focus on form (FonF) on second language (L2) acquisition of the English passive, an interface construction. The study employed a pretest-posttest-delayed posttest design, with five treatment sessions between the pretest and posttests. Implicit FonF was operationalized as textual enhancement (TE), and explicit FonF as consciousness-raising (C-R). Five different outcome measures were utilized to examine the respective treatment effects on the form, meaning, and function of the passive. Data were collected with four Korean high school students, two engaging in TE and the other two in C-R, whose developmental routes through the experiment were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The results of the analysis showed that implicit and explicit FonF led to differential variation within each learner, not only across the outcome measures but also over time, yet were suggestive of a potential benefits to each for the different domains encompassed in the passive. These results are further discussed in relation to the learners’ proficiency levels and the types of errors they produced.

본 연구에서는 20,000 톤급 해양플랜트 상부구조물(Topside)의 플로트오버 설치작업을 위해 개발된 수동형 갑판 지지 프레임 (Deck support frame)의 구조설계에 대해 다양한 실험계획법을 이용한 최소중량설계와 민감도 평가의 비교연구를 수행하였다. 수동형 갑판 지지 프레임의 주요 구조부재의 두께 치수 변수는 설계인자로 고려하였고, 응답치는 중량과 강도성능으로 선정하였다. 최소중량설계와 민감도 평가의 비교연구에 사용한 실험계획법은 직교배열설계법, Box-Behnken 설계법, 그리고 Latin hypercube 설계법이다. 실험계획법의 설계공간 탐색의 근사화 성능을 평가하기 위해 반응표면법을 각 실험계획법 별로 생성하여 근사화 정확도 특성을 검토하였다. 또한 최소 중량설계를 위해 최상 설계안의 결과로 부터 실험계획법의 특성에 따른 수치계산 비용, 중량감소 효과 등을 평가하였다. 수동형 갑판 지지 프레임의 구조설계에 대해 Box-Behnken 설계법이 가장 적합한 설계 결과를 나타내었다.

본 연구의 목적은 딥 스쿼트 동작 시 발목 관절 유연성이 무릎 관절의 운동역학적 요인들간의 관련성을 분석하는데 있었다. 본 연구는 최근 1년간 하지 근골격계 병력이 없는 성인 남성 19명과 여성 8명이 연구대상자로 참여하였다. 딥 스쿼드 시 발목 관절 유연성과 하지 관절의 운동역학적 요인들과 상관관계를 검증하기 위해 pearson의 적률상관계수(pearson’s correlation coefficient)를 이용하였고(SPSS 24.0, Armonk, NY, USA), 통계적으로 유의미한 상관성을 나타낸 변인들은 단순회기분석(simple regression analysis)을 실시하였으며, 유의 수준은 .05로 설정하였다. 본 연구를 통해 발목 관절 유연성과 무릎 관절의 압력을 결정하는 최대 관절모멘트와 관절반발력 요인들 간의 관련성을 확인할 수 있었다. 그러므로 근력 트레이닝 시 딥 스쿼트와 같은 무릎 관절에 많은 부하를 발생시킬 수 있는 운동을 적용할 때 개인에 신체적 특성 중 발목 관절의 유연성의 정도를 확인하는 것은 신체의 안정성과 무릎 관절의 상해 위험성을 감소시킬 수 있는 운동 강도를 설정하는데 도움이 될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

Since the implementation of the Odor Prevention Act in 2005, the number of odor complaints has continuously increased due to the increased interest in the living environment. The current odor control means is a concentrationbased method for the source of odor. That is why there is a difference between the odor sensitivity and the result of the odor measurement in the odor damage area. The government is considering the introduction of the grid method, which is the odor management method of Germany, as the method of odor investigation in the odor damage area in the second comprehensive Odor Prevention Policy (2019-2028). The grid method is receptor-based odor measurement method that investigators use to judge odors in the field, task that expensive and requires substantial manpower and time. To study an odor measurement method that is suitable for domestic conditions, this study compared the correlation between results based on the odor frequency concept grid method around the livestock facilities and the result of ammonia concentration measured by passive air sampler. The correlation coefficient (R) that is between the frequency of odor per spot for the entire odor and the ammonia concentration that was measured by passive air sampler was 0.65 which is relatively good. Among the entire odor detected by the grid method, the correlation coefficient (R) between the odor frequency selected only for livestock odor and the ammonia concentration was significantly increased to 0.80. In addition, the correlation between odor exposure (ECPexist) and the ammonia concentration for the overall odor was 0.81 (linear) and 0.86 (index). If only the livestock odors were selected, the correlation between odor exposure and the ammonia concentration was very high at 0.96 (linear) and 0.95 (index).

Background: Measurement of passive ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (ADROM) is often part of a physical therapy assessment. Objects: The objective of this study was to identify the effects of subtalar joint neutral position (SJNP) on passive ADROM according to knee position in young adults. Methods: We recruited 14 young adult participants for this study. Two examiners used a universal goniometer to measure passive ADROM with and without SJNP. Dorsiflexion force was applied to the forefoot until maximum resistance was reached in two knee positions (extension and 90˚ flexion) in the prone position. Subtalar joint position was also recorded at maximum ADROM. Passive ADROM was measured three times at different knee and subtalar joint positions, in random order. Two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to compare the effects of subtalar joint and knee position on passive ADROM. Results: Passive ADROM was significantly lower with than without SJNP during both knee extension (mean difference: 7.4˚) and 90˚ flexion (mean difference: 16.9˚) (p<.01). Passive ADROM was significantly higher during 90˚ knee flexion than during knee extension both with (mean difference: 5.8˚) and without SJNP (mean difference: 15.2˚) (p<.01). The valgus position of the subtalar joint was significantly lower with than without SJNP during both knee extension (mean difference: 3.3˚) and 90˚ flexion (mean difference: 4.3˚) (p<.01). Conclusion: Our results indicate that the gastrocnemius may limit ankle dorsiflexion more than the soleus does. Greater dorsiflexion at the subtalar and midtarsal joints was observed during passive ADROM measurement without than that with SJNP; therefore, SJNP should be maintained for accurate measurement of ADROM.

A micromixer is a component of a lab-on-a-chip or microfluidic device that mixes two or more chemicals together. The purpose of this study is to assess the performance of passive micromixer of various shapes. Six shapes of micromixers compared mixing performance. Three dimensional modeling was carried out to have the same hydraulic diameter. The commercial code, ANSYS Fluent, was used to simulate the internal mixing flow. A numerical analysis method is described in detail in this paper. The performance of the micromixer was compared with the mixing index and pressure drop. Consequently, the CDM-8T shape showed reasonable mixing performance and relatively low pressure drop.