The objective of the current study was to determine acute plasma stress responses in two size groups of juvenile Epinephelus akaara (average body weight: 8.4±2.1 and 3.3±0.6 g; 150 and 120 days after hatch, respectively) exposed to abrupt salinity drops (from 34 practical salinity unit, PSU seawater to 18, 10 PSU (experiment 1) or 26, 18, 10 PSU (experiment 2), respectively). Plasma glucose, glutamic oxalate transaminase, glutamic pyruvate transaminase, red blood cell counts, and gill histology were determined during 72 h exposure. Significantly increased plasma glucose, glutamic oxalate transaminase levels, and red blood cell counts were observed in fish exposed to 18 or 10 PSU. Histological changes, such as hyperplasia and lifting of epithelium in the gill secondary lamellae, were also observed in fish exposed to 18 or 10 PSU at 72 h post-drop. E. akaara exposed to sudden salinity drops to 18 or 10 PSU still seems to undergo the primary adjustment phase before fish reaches a new homeostasis, whereas fish exposed to 26 PSU seems to mount osmotic changes. Therefore, the no observed adverse effect levels for 72 h acute salinity challenge was 26 PSU in our study, and salinity drop to 18 PSU and below can possibly cause acute adverse effect, in which fish could be vulnerable to additional stresses such as a temperature changes or handling stress.

Since 2013, due to the London Convention prohibiting marine dumping of waste, many problems have occurred because food waste generated every day must be handled on the ground. Owing to recent institutional efforts and various technical studies for eco-friendly food waste treatment, various methods of treating food waste using insects have been studied. However, efficiency of Korean food waste treatment is in fact known to be low due to the high salinity of Korean food waste. In this study, we evaluated the treatment efficiency of food waste with various salt and moisture contents by the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens). The results showed that the moisture content does not affect food waste treatment efficiency by the black soldier fly and the decomposition ability of food waste is good even at salt contents as high as 3%.

This experiment was conducted to identify the variations in inorganic nutrients and plant growth in millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) due to soil salinity. The soil series was Munpo and soil texture was silt loam. The experimental soil was amended so that the soil had salinities of 0.8 dS m-1, 1.6 dS m-1, 3.2 dS m-1 and 4.8 dS m-1. Millet was transplanted 15 days after sowing. As soil salinity increased, the degree of reduced growth was in the order of seed production > root dry matter > plant dry matter > culm length > tiller number > stem thickness > Panicle length. Seed production was decreased to 18.9% in soil salinity of 1.6 dS m-1, 36.9% in of 3.2 dS m-1, and 50.7% in EC of 4.8 dS m-1. Root dry matter decreased to 35.8% in EC of 3.2 dS m-1, and to 40.5% in EC of 4.8 dS m-1. As soil salinity increased, Total nitrogen content increased in all aboveground parts, roots and seeds. However, There was no difference in CaO, P2O5, K2O and, MgO in soils of different salinity. On the other hand, Na2O content was higher in the order roots> shoots> seed, and in the case of roots, Na2O content increased to 1.02% in soil salinity of 4.8 dS m-1. However, up to soil salinity of 1.6 dS m-1, the Na2O content of the seed was similar to that in plant grown in the Control conditions(0.8 dS m-1). In conclusion, taking into consideration economic factors, millet could be cultivated in soil with salinities of up to approximately 1.6 dS m-1, and seed produced from reclaimedland would be suitable for human consumption.

Background : Water uptake and flow across cellular membranes is a fundamental requirement for plant growth and development, and plant water status is important not only for plant growth under favorable conditions but also for ability of a plant to tolerate adverse environmental conditions. Thus identification of plasma membrane water channel genes (aquaporins) in ginseng provides extensive information for functional studies and the development of markers for salinity stress tolerance. Methods and Results : For salinity treatment, the plants were grown for 4 weeks in culture medium gelled with 0.8% Phytoagar, and the old media were replaced with the fresh medium containing NaCl at 0, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mM, respectively. The samples for stress treated and non-stressed plants were collected from 6h to 72h, and frozen immediately into liquid nitrogen. According to the sequence information from the assembled transcripts, four primer pairs were designed from the aquaporin gene regions. In order to determine the pattern of aquaporins expression in ginseng seedlings to salinity stress, we conducted semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Conclusion : A tonoplast intrinsic protein 1 (TIP1)-type aquaporin is not only believed to be essential for plant life, but also to be beneficial for growth under salinity stress. Therefore, a deeper understanding of aquaporin genes in ginseng will be essential for crop improvement, which could help us to understand the molecular genetic basis for the ginseng genetic improvement and also provide the functional genetic resources for selective breeding and transgenic research.

In plants, lipoxygenases (LOXs) are involved in various physiological processes, including defense responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Our previous study has shown that pepper 9-LOX gene, CaLOX1, plays a crucial role in cell death due to pathogen infection. Here, the function of CaLOX1 in response to osmotic, drought, and high salinity was examined using CaLOX1-overexpressing (CaLOX1-OX) Arabidopsis plants. Changes in the temporal expression pattern of the CaLOX1 gene were observed when pepper leaves were treated with drought and high salinity, but not with abscisic acid (ABA), the primary hormone in response to drought stress. During seed germination and seedling development, CaLOX1-OX plants were more tolerant to ABA, mannitol, and high salinity than wild-type plants. In contrast, expression of the ABA-responsive marker genes RAB18 and RD29B was higher in CaLOX1-OX Arabidopsis plants than in wild-type plants. In response to high salinity, CaLOX1-OX plants exhibited enhanced tolerance, compared with wild-type, which is accompanied by decreased accumulation of H2O2 and high levels of RD20, RD29A, RD29B, and P5CS gene expressions. Similarly, CaLOX1-OX plants were also more tolerant than wild-type plants to severe drought stress. H2O2 production and relative increase of lipid peroxidation were lower, and the expression of COR15A, DREB2A, RD20, RD29A, and RD29B was higher in CaLOX1-OX plants, relative to those of wild-type plants. Taken together, our results indicate that CaLOX1 plays a crucial role in plant stress responses by modulating the expression of ABA- and stress-responsive marker genes, lipid peroxidation, and H2O2 production.

Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum) is a global staple food crops. However, saline soil reduces the production of durum wheat in a lot of countries including Tunisia. This problem would be more severe as soil salinization ascribed by the global climate changes and worldwide water deficiencies. To overcome this circumstance, we performed two experiments related to salinity stress tolerance of durum wheat. Two Tunisian durum wheat cultivars (‘Om Rabia’, ‘Mahmoudi’) were applied to examine the reaction to salt stress. At the third leaf stage, salt stress was treated by submerging the pots into 500 mM NaCl for 5 mins everyday instead of irrigation in greenhouse. The treatment was applied for 1 week and their tolerances to salt stress were determined by comparing their growth parameters to the control plants. Total RNA was extracted and Quantitative reverse transcript PCR (qRT-PCR) using the genes linked with the salt tolerance was performed. The plant height and leaf chlorophyll content were reduced during salt stress treatment in both cultivars. The growth parameters of ‘Om Rabia’ was reduced less than that of ‘Mahmoudi’. The transcription level of the genes linked with the salt tolerance was greater in ‘Om Rabia’ than in ‘Mahmoudi’. These results will be fruitful to future breeding program for salt tolerant tetraploid durum wheat.

우수한 사료자원으로 평가되는 케나프의 생산단가를 낮 추기 위하여 새만금 간척지 시험포에서 염농도 단계별 생육 및 수량을 관찰한 결과 케나프는 중·상정도의 내염성을 보 유한 작물로 평가할 수 있으며 충분한 제염이 이루어진다고 하면 간척지에서의 재배 가능성도 충분할 것으로 평가할 수 있었다. 염농도별 케나프의 발아력을 조사한 결과 토양 염 농도가 4.0 dS/m (=0.26%) 일 때 84%이던 케나프 발아율 이 5.0 dS/m (=0.32%) 에서는 18%로 급격히 떨어졌으며 6.0 dS/m (=0.39%) 에서는 발아율이 10%를 넘지 못하였다. 또한 생육 상황도 토양 염농도에 비례하여 급격히 떨어졌는 데 케나프는 줄기직경을 2.6 cm 이상으로 유지할 수 있을 경우 엽수가 유의할 수준으로 늘어나고 줄기부분에 대한 상 대적 무게비율이 증가하는 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 이는 잎 의 분열을 촉진시킬 수 있는 충분한 생장량 확보가 줄기직 경 2.6 cm 이상에서부터 가능하다는 것을 의미하는데 새만 금에서는 토양 염농도 4.0 dS/m (=0.26%) 이하에서는 케나 프의 줄기직경을 2.6 cm 이상으로 유지하는 것이 가능하였 으나 염농도가 5.0 dS/m (=0.32%)를 넘어서게 되면 줄기직 경이 2.0 cm 이하로 엽수도 20~46% 감소하였다. 생육장해는 파종 후 1개월 경과부터 본격적으로 나타나기 시작하였 는데 엽 정단이 고사하고 주변 잎 들이 급격하게 황화 낙엽 되는 현상이 발생하였다. 케나프의 토양 염농도에 대한 수 량성을 분석한 결과 토양 염농도 4.0 dS/m (=0.26%) 까지 는 비간척지에 비해 수량이 최대 19% 하락하였으나 염농도간 차이는 크지 않았다. 그러나 토양 염농도가 4.0 dS/m (=0.26%) 를 넘어서는 5.0 dS/m (=0.32%) 에서는 비간척지의 51% 수준을 유지하는데 그쳤으며 토양 염농도 4.0 dS/m (=0.26%) 일 때의 수량에 비해서도 38% 감소하였다. 통계분석을 통 하여 간척지에서 수량성 감소를 80% 이내로 유지 할 수 있 는 토양 염농도를 산출해본 결과 토양 염농도가 4.2 dS/m 이내로 유지될 경우 케나프의 생산성은 80% 이상을 유지할 수 있었다.

This study conducted experiments on the reclaimed land of Saemangeum located in Jeongrabuk-do in order to gain basic information about growth characteristics and yield ability according to soil salinity. Having soil excluding salt as a control group, this study adjusted the specimens’ soil salinity to level 4 and then planted four varieties including Ilmichal Corn to investigate the growth or grain yield according to salinity. About the corn establishment rate according to soil salinity, over 97% up to 3.2 dS m-1 was established, and then, it was reduced gradually according to the increase of concentration. According to the salt concentration of soil more required growth duration from seeding to heading comparing to non-treatment salt was delayed, at 1.6 dS m-1, two days were delayed, at 3.2 dS m-1, four to six days were delayed differently by varieties, and at 4.8 dS m-1, six to 10 days were delayed. About the plant fresh weight according to soil salinity, Chalok 4 and Eolrukchal indicated 93%~97% or so compared with the salt-free one at 1.6 dS m-1, and Chalok No. 4 showed 79% at the salinity of 3.2 dS m-1, too, and it was a relatively higher growth percentage than those of the other varieties. In terms of dried seed weight according to soil salinity, compared with the corns cultivated in the control group, averagely 12.1% was lowered at the time of cultivation at 1.6 dS m-1, and 3.2 dS m-1 40% was lowered, and about 70% was lowered at 4.8 dS m-1. According to the result of examining the point of time that dried seed start to reduce due to soil salinity with the regression equation, soil salinity which starts the reduction of grain weight is 1.67 dS m-1~2.18 dS m-1, and it differs by varieties, and EC of 50% that the yield reduces in half is 2.96 dS m-1 ~4.45 dS m-1. And the degree of influence on each of the growth factors according to soil salinity is founded to be in the order of establishment rate<plant length=the ear’s fresh weight<the plant fresh weight<yield.

본 연구에서는 검정콩 발아를 위한 수침조건을 설정하고 발아시 발아수의 염 농도를 달리하여 그에 따른 발아율, 피니톨 및 기타 품질특성변화를 살펴보고자 하였다. 그 결과 수분 흡수율의 변화는 수침초기 6시간 까지는 급격한 증가를 보였으며, 수침 시간 및 수침 온도가 증가할수록 수분 흡수율이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. pH는 수침 온도가 높을수록 낮아지는 것으로 나타났다. 안토시아닌 용출율은 수침 시간이 증가할수록 점차적으로 증가하는 것으로 나타나 수침 시간은 단시간에 필요한 수분 흡수율을 나타나내는 25℃, 6시간이 적당한 것으로 나타났다. 발아시 검정콩 발아율은 염 농도가 증가할수록 감소하는 것으로 나타났으며, 피니톨 함량을 분석한 결과 염 농도 0.7%일 때 피니톨함량이 높게 나타났다. 총 페놀성 화합물 함량은 염 농도 0.3～0.5%에서 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 플라보노이드 함량은 염 농도 0.1%에서 높은 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구를 통하여 검정콩 발아시 염 스트레스 처리는 혈당강하 성분인 피니톨 함량을 증대하여 검정콩의 기능성 식품소재로서의 가치를 높일 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

Salt toxicity is the major factor limiting crop productivity in saline soils. Rice is an important staple food crop of nearly half of the world population and is well known to be a salt sensitive crop. The completion and enhanced annotations of rice genome sequence has provided the opportunity to study functional genomics of rice. With the rapid development of the biotechnology techniques, we can use more accurate and reliable methods to study the mechanism and function in different stress conditions. In present study, 295 rice accessions of diverse origin were re-sequenced and used for genome-wide association study (GWAS) with several germination-related traits, including germination percentage (GP), germination energy (GE), germination rate (GR), germination index (GI), salt tolerance index (STI) in salt tolerant germination stage. Phenotyping of the rice accessions were carried out at 200mM NaCl to screen salt tolerance levels. GWAS was applied to detect the associated genes related to salt tolerance in rice germination stage. Variations and haplotypes of the associated genes were detected and correlation between the phenotypes and genotypes were validated using qRT-PCR.

Long-term change in sea level along the eastern coast of Korea was illustrated using four tide-gauge station (Pohang, Mukho, Sokcho, Ulleung) data, water temperature and salinity. Seasonal variation in the sea level change was dominant. The sea level change by steric height derived from water temperature and salinity was relatively lower than that measured from the tide-gauge stations. Sea level rising rate per year by steric height increased with latitude. The effect of salinity(water temperature) on the sea level change is greater in winter(in summer).

본 연구에서는 해수유입과 강우유출에 따른 용원수로 내의 염분도 분포를 모의하기 위해 EFDC(Environ-mental Fluid Dynamics Code) 모형을 이용하였다. 유량경계조건은 대표 방류구에서 유출되는 양을 모니터링하여 면적비 유량법으로 산정하였으며, 수위경계조건으로는 시간별 조위 값을 입력하였다. 강우량에 따른 염분도 모의 결과는 일 강우량 245 mm의 유출조건을 반영하였으며, 그 결과 Site 1∼2 지점과 망산도 부근 방류구가 위치한 곳에서는 염분도가 0 ppt에 가까운 수치가 나타났으며, 반면 비강우시에는 30 ppt가 넘는 것으로 나타났다. 용원수로 내측지점(Site 2∼5)에서의 2010년 1월 1일∼12월 31일까지의 염분도 시계열 변화 모의결과와 월별 실측값을 비교하여 나타내었다. 용원수로의 지점별 염분도를 분석한 결과, 내측지점(Site 1∼4)과 송정천지점(Site 7∼8)에서 염분도가 낮게 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 망산도 부근 염분도를 집중적으로 조사한 결과, 1차 조사결과 누적강우량은 17mm로 염분도 농도는 21.9∼28.8ppt로 측정되었으며, 2차 조사결과 누적강우량은 160.5mm로 염분도 농도는 2.33∼8.05ppt로 나타났다. 결과적으로 용원수로에서는 해수의 순환이 원활하게 이루어지지 않으므로, 이로 인하여 염분도의 차이가 크게 나타났으며 특히 강우시에는 염분도가 급격히 낮아지는 것으로 나타났다.

댐 방류에 따른 방류수는 직하류 하천과 하구부 및 연안에서의 다양한 수환경 변화를 발생시킬 수 있다. 본 연구는 주암조절지댐에서 방류된 방류수가 하류 하천과 연안에서의 수온 및 염분농도 변화에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위해 EFDC 모형을 사용하였다. 대상구간은 주암조절지댐 직하류에서 부터 순천만까지이고, 지류하천인 상사천과 동천을 포함하였다. 모형의 재현성을 평가하기 위하여 하천과 하구부 지점에서의 수온 및 염분농도 관측값과 모의값을 비교한 결과 양호한 수준으로 재현됨을 확인하였다. 구축된 모형을 이용하여 댐 방류수의 수온과 방류량을 변화시킬 경우 하류 수온 및 염분농도에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다. 방류수 수온은 심층수와 표층수 방류조건을 비교하였고, 방류량은 실방류량과 방류량을 50%로 저감한 조건을 비교하였다. 비교결과 댐 방류수온의 영향은 댐 직하류에서 강하게 나타나지만 하류로 진행할수록 영향이 약화되며 외해역에서는 매우 미미한 영향이 발생하였다. 염분농도는 상류 댐 방류량이 외해 조위에 따른 해수교환량에 비해 작기 때문에 담수에 의한 염분농도 변화가 미미한 수준으로 나타났다.본 연구에서 구축한 댐-하천-연안 통합 3차원 분석모형은 향후 추가적인 보정을 통해 정확도를 보다 향상시키고, 수질 및 하상변동 기능을 포함하여 보다 다양한 분석이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

The fertilized eggs of E. septemfasciatus are spherical and transparent with buoyancy at 790 to 890 μm (average 821.8±2.0 μm) in diameter with 170 to 230 μm oil globules (average 192.9±0.93 μm). Hatching began approximately 46 and 35 hours after fertilization at 22.0℃ and 25.0℃ water temperature, respectively. The average total length of newly hatched larvae was 1.75±0.03 mm. Most of the yolk and oil globules were absorbed within 3 to 4 days after hatching. The larvae reached 2.48 to 2.72 mm in total length, and their mouths and anuses opened at 3 to 4 days after hatching. In this time, the mouth diameters of the larvae were 0.209 to 0.238 mm. The larvae reached 3.24 to 4.15 mm in total length at 11 to 17 days after hatching, and began to metamorphose at the time the second dorsal and pelvic spines appeared and elongated. The abdominal cavity was densely lined with melanophores. The larvae reached 5.12 mm in total length at 24 days after hatching.

제염중인 간척지 토양에 감자재배 가능성을 검토코자 새만금 간척지 토양을 대조구를 포함한 4수준의 염농도로 조정하여 충진한 포트에 5개의 감자 품종을 식재하여 시험을수행하였다.1. 토양염농도에 따른 감자 입모는 4.8 dS m-1까지 결주없이 균일하게 입모 되었다. 염농도별 감자 출현소요일수는 숙전토양 비하여 1.6 dS m-1에서는 품종에 따라 3-4일이 지연되었고, 3.2 dS m-1에서는 6-10일이,4.8 dS m-1에서는 7-13일이 지연되었다.2. 토양염농도에 따른 경수는 숙전토양에 비해 1.6 dS m-1에서는 품종에 따라 각각 14%-58%가 감소되었으며,이후 토양염농도가 높아질수록 감소가 심했다. 초장은주당 경수가 적었을 때 커지는 경향으로 염농도보다경수의 영향을 더 크게 받았다.3. 괴경 수량은 대조구 대비 1.6 dS m-1일때 33.7%, 3.2 dS m-1일때 59.5%, 4.8 dS m-1에서는 79.3% 가 감소되었다.4. 회귀곡선을 이용하여 수량의 감소가 시작되는 염농도를 분석한 결과 추동은 1.2 dS m-1, 추백은 1.8 dS m-1,추강과 추영은 1.9 dS m-1, 그리고 수미는 2.0 dS m-1이었고, 수량의 50%가 감소되는 염농도는 추백은 2.4 dS m-1,추동 2.45 dS m-1, 추강 2.81 dS m-1, 추영 3.03 dS m-1,수미는 3.29 dS m-1였다.이상의 결과를 종합하였을 때 간척지 재배에 적당한 감자품종은 수미로 판단된다.

Physiological responses to salinity stress were evaluated in six rice genotypes differing in their tolerance to salinity at the seedling stage. Susceptible genotypes ('Dongjingbyeo', 'Hwayeongbyeo', and 'IR29') showed salt injury symptoms (mean 8.8) and higher visual score under salt stress than that of tolerant ones ('Pokkali', 'IR74009', and 'IR73571'). As salinity affects growth and physiological parameters, the six genotypes thus showed significant reduction because of salt stress. Tolerant Japonica/Indica bred lines ('IR74009', 'IR73571') showed lower reduction, 33.9%, 34.5%, and 50%, respectively, in plant seedling height, dry shoot weight and dry root weight than those of the susceptible Japonica varieties ('Dongjingbyeo', 'Hwayeongbyeo'), and the highest reduction under salt stress was observed in dry root weight, followed by dry shoot weight and seedling height, respectively. Shoot Na+ concentration of IR74099 and IR73571 was lower than that of the susceptible varieties, 'Dongjinbyeo' and 'Hwayeongbyeo'. There were no significant differences among genotypes in root Na+ concentration. Shoot K+ concentration showed a reverse tendency compared to shoot Na+ concentration. IR74009 and IR73571 had considerably lower ratio compared to 'Dongjinbyeo' and 'Hwayeongbyeo' in Na+/K+ ratio of their shoot and was not different the tolerant check, 'Pokkali'.