We investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of shiitake mushroom and kelp (SMK) mixture extracts in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine RAW 264.7 cells. Treatment of RAW 264.7 cells with LPS significantly increased NO (nitric oxide) production, pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β), and inflammation-related genes (COX-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)). In cytotoxicity testing using RAW 264.7 cells, SMK mixture extracts in the range of 1-16 μg/mL did not inhibit cell proliferation. However, SMK mixture extracts significantly inhibited NO production in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.05). SMK treatment significantly decreased TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ, and IL-1β levels compared to the LPS group, and similarly, pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA levels also decreased. SMK mixture extracts reduced the mRNA expression of COX-2 and iNOS in RAW 264.7 cells compared to LPS (p<0.05). The above results show that SMK mixture extracts suppressed the inflammatory response induced by LPS. In particular, the extracts were shown to regulate the inflammatory response by suppressing the expression of inflammatory cytokines and inflammation-related enzymes.

This study was conducted to investigate the reasons for the decreased importation of fresh Shiitake mushrooms into Korea after implementation of the Korea–China Free Trade Agreement (FTA). Monthly time-series data from January 2009 to December 2022 were analyzed using regression analysis and vector autoregression (VAR) models to determine the relationship between the amounts of fresh and spawn Shiitake mushrooms imported. The analysis revealed that a major reason for the decreased importation of fresh Shiitake mushrooms was an increase in mushroom spawn imports after Korea–China FTA implementation. The same results were obtained from the VAR model analysis. However, in terms of the dynamic changes in amount of fresh shiitake mushrooms imported, it was confirmed that the impact of the change in mushroom spawn imports could increase the amount of Shiitake mushrooms imported.

To improve the productivity of shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes), seven different types of media for liquid spawn (denoted as “A” to “G”) were prepared with 0.3% soybean meal and varying sugar and glucose concentrations. During 14 days of incubation, the pH of the liquid culture gradually acidified with increasing incubation period. Additionally, there was a significant, but not prominent, difference in the degree of acidification depending on the sugar to glucose ratio. Liquid spawn culture “G,” which had the highest sugar content was the most acidic on the last day of incubation. Mycelium dry weight increased significantly with increasing incubation period, and there was no significant difference in mycelium dry weight irrespective of the sugar to glucose ratio even after 14 days of culture. The inoculation of liquid spawn in sawdust medium with an inoculation volume ≥ 45 mL and incubation period of 15 to 18 days were the optimal culture conditions. Productivity of fruit bodies in sawdust medium and mushrooms treated with liquid spawn was significantly higher compared to solid spawn treatment. The mushrooms treated with liquid spawn had better chewiness, and the free amino acid content, which is associated with savory taste, was higher in these mushrooms compared to those treated with solid spawn.

In this study, a method to produce a fine volatile powder extracted from shiitake mushrooms using spray freeze-drying (SFD) was investigated. The analysis of the water-soluble aromatic compounds was carried out by headspace solid phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME) coupled withgas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and laser particle size analysis were applied to characterizethe physical structure and size distribution of the SFD-derivedparticles. Eleven key volatile compounds were identified in the extracts of shiitake mushroomspre- and post-SFD. Recoveries of aromatic volatiles ranging from 30.9 - 82.9% were observed in the overall flavor profile results from the powder obtained with SFD. SEM analysis demonstrated that the particles of the aromatic powderwere spherical in nature, having highly porous surfaces andmean diameters of 19.3 μm.

Information and communication technology(ICT) around the world in the 21st century presents a new vision of agriculture. Time, place, and the high-tech industry to overcome barriers to the fusion of the so-called “smart agriculture” is changing the landscape of agriculture. Precision Agriculture’s core container production for the mushroom cultivation temperature, humidity, irradiation, self-regulation, such as carbon dioxide, the optimal environment for mushroom cultivation was implemented. The Lentinula edodes (shiitake) is an edible mushroom native to East Asia, which is cultivated and consumed in many Asian countries. It is considered a medicinal mushroom in some forms of traditional medicine. The fungus was first described scientifically as Agaricus edodes by Miles Joseph Berkeley in 1877. It was placed in the genus Lentinula by David Pegler in 1976. We controlled different light source (Blue-Red-White combined LED, blue LED, red LED and fluorescent light) with different intensity of LED irradiation (1.5, 10.5, 20.5 μmol/m2s for LEDs) to compare growth and development. Lights were treated with 12 hour on/ 12hour off cycle maintained in a controlled room with 19 ~ 21oC temperature, 80~90% humidity, and 1,000 ppm CO2 atmosphere concentration for 30 days. Growth and development differed from the LED color source and intensity of LED irradiation. Growth and development was most effective in 10.5 μmol/m2s for blue LED. All LED light sources showed less growth and development in lowest intensity of irradiation, which indicates that higher than 1.5 μmol/m2s for LED is not effective. After harvesting fruit bodies, we measured their weight and length, thickness of pileus and stipe, chromaticity, and hardness. 10.5 μmol/m2s blue LED group was the best result of harvest with average individual weight (24.7g) and length (61.98mm), thickness (29.93mm) of pileus and length (33.60mm), thickness (16.86mm) of stipe with fine chromaticity, hardness. This results show us that 10.5 μmol/m2s blue LED was the best effect on growth and development of Lentinus edodes (shiitake) mushroom’s ICT system container type environment.

This research aimed to improve the healthy properties of puffer fish broth, which has been utilized in Korean and Japanese food. Various healthy foods such as garlic, onion, mushroom, and cauliflower were added as ingredients to pufffer fish stock, and the antioxidative activity of each stock was measured by assaying the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities, reducing power and amount of polyphenol. Shiitake was the most effective in increasing the antioxidative activity of puffer fish stock. The high antioxidative activity of shiitake mushroom seems to be correlated with the amount of polyphenol content in puffer fish broth. The antioxidant activities of puffer fish stock increased proportionally with increasing amount of added shiitake, which in turn was due to the increased amount of total polyphenol in the stock.

In this study, we investigated the amino acids content of shiitake mushrooms grown in eight different media and under three different temperature conditions. The sawdust media were supplemented with 4 kinds of nutrients - rice bran, barley, bean curd refuse, and red ginseng refuse in an 8:2 ratio with or without 0.5% calcium chloride, and the fruiting temperature was set to low (13–15oC), medium (18–20oC), or high temperatures (24–26oC). Seventeen amino acids were detected, and the content varied depending on the compositions of the media. The highest total amino acid content (209.7 mg/g) was measured in mushrooms from the media with red ginseng refuse, and the glutamic acid content was the highest (51.3 mg/g) in mushrooms from the media with barley. In terms of fruiting temperature, the amino acid content was the highest (38.2%) at medium temperature followed by the content at low (32.5%) and high temperature (29.3%). The amino acid composition of shiitake mushrooms was similar between the medium and low temperature conditions.

이 연구는 생표고버섯과 대추시장에 있어서 관세 감축효과를 분석하기 위해 수행되었다. 시뮬레이션은 기존 연구에서 추정된 수요와 공급 탄성치에 기반하고 있으며 최종적으로 무관세 조치가 이행되었을 때를 상정한 관세감축 시나리오를 이용하여 가격변화, 수요량, 공급량 변화 그리고 수입량 변화를 분석한 후 관세감축 이행에 따라 임가가 받게 될 피해액을 산출하였다. 분석결과, 대추의 경우 무관세일 때 국산 대추의 공급량은 3.03% 감소된 반면 수요량은 0.63% 증가하였고 수입량은 223.14% 증가하였다. 이에 따라 대추 생산자의 총 피해액은 27,017,632천 원으로 나타났으며 임가당 3,712천 원의 피해액이 산출되었다. 그리고 표고버섯은 국산 공급량이 0.23% 감소한 반면 수요량은 0.76% 증가하였고 수입량은 4.25% 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 이에 따라 표고버섯 생산자들의 총 피해금액은 75,411,812천 원으로 도출되었으며 임가당 32,688천 원의 피해액이 나타났다. 이와 같은 결과를 통해 무관세 조치가 이행될 때, 임가가 받는 피해는 대추 생산자 보다는 표고버섯 생산자들이 더 큰 것으로 나타났다.

표고 재배방법이 원목재배에서 톱밥재배로 전환되어가 고 있는 추세이다. 하지만 재배적기인 봄가을의 버섯생산 은 톱밥재배는 경쟁력이 매우 취약한 상태이다. 이를 개 선하기 위하여 연중재배 방안의 개발이 절실하며, 균상재 배에 대한 필요성이 높아진 상태이다. 농가 재배사의 위 치별 온도변화와 시설 및 장비에 대한 조사와 재배온도별 버섯발생 및 자실체의 형태적 특성을 조사하였다. 그 결과, 재배사 내의 온도는 외부 온도가 34 o C일 때에 내부온도는 30~31 o C이었으며, 상하단의 온도 편차는 1 o C 이내였고, 밤의 온도는 외부온도가 22~21 o C 일 때에 내부 는 22~23 o C 수준으로 1 o C 높았다. 전체적으로 보면 24 o C 미만은 버섯 발생 및 생육이 가능한 온도대의 시간은 22:30부터 아침 7:30분까지이며, 습도는 온도와는 반대로 낮에는 55~65% 내외이나 밤에는 85~95%내외를 유지하 였다. 재배사 시설들은 냉동기, 물콘, 3중막 표고재배사, 미스 트 및 포그노즐 등이었으며, 재배자들은 낮은 온도를 유 지하기 위하여 많은 노력을 하고 있었다. 봉지배배에서 혹서기에 재배가능한 온도를 확인하기 위 하여 14 o C부터 29 o C 까지 3 o C 간격으로 항온상태에서 버 섯재배사에서 재배한 결과 23 o C까지는 버섯이 발이 또는 생산되었으나 26 o C부터는 버섯생산이 불가능하였다. 버섯 품질을 결정하는 버섯 색깔과 형태적 특성변화에서 명도 값은 온도가 증가하면서 증가하였고, 대의 채도(a, b)값은 서서히 감소하였으며, 갓에서는 채도(b)값은 온도에 따른 큰 변화가 없었으나, 채도 (a)값은 감소하였다. 형태적 특 징 중에서 갓크기는 1차 수확에서는 온도 증가에 따라 서 서히 감소하였으나 2차 수확에서는 증가하였다. 대길이는 재배온도가 높아지면 대길이가 길어지며, 갓두께는 1차 수확에서는 서서히 감소하지만 2차 수확은 1차보다 빠르 게 증가하였다. 위의 내용을 종합해보면 표고톱밥 재배사내에 상하단의 온도편차가 1 o C 이내로 균상재배가 가능하며, 버섯 발생 유도기간에 온도는 23 o C 이하에서만 가능할 것이다.

원목 표고버섯 재배지에서 발생하여 피해를 주는주요 버섯파리 종은 작은뿌리파리(Bradysia difformis),B. alpicola(가칭, 표고큰검정버섯파리) 및 Camptomyiacortocalis(가칭, 표고버섯혹파리)로 조사되었다. 원목표고재배 농가에서 이들 3종의 버섯파리는 1년 중에서 작은뿌리파리는 3월 중순, 표고큰검정버섯파리와표고버섯혹파리는 5월 초순에 초발생 하였다. 표고버섯 재배지에서 황색 끈끈이트랩을 이용한 작은뿌리파리의 성충 발생수를 조사한 결과 2012년에는 동면에서 11.9~1,774.3마리, 풍세면에서 0.4~2,583.3마리로 두 지역에서 7월 하순에 발생최성기를 보였다.2013년에는 동면에서 10.7~4,650마리, 풍세면에서36.8~4,740마리로 두 지역에서 6월 중순에 발생최성기를 보였다. 표고큰검정버섯파리의 성충 발생수는동면에서 2012년과 2013년에 각각 2.1~63.2마리, 0.8~163.7마리였고, 발생최성기는 각각 6월 중순과 5월하순이었다. 풍세면에서는 성충 발생수가 각각1.0~21.7마리, 0.5~280.5마리가 발생하였고, 발생최성기는 6월 초순과 5월 하순이었다. 표고버섯혹파리는 2012년과 2013년에 각각 성충 발생수가 동면에서0.6~4.7마리, 2.1~17.3마리였고, 발생최성기는 5월 중순과 6월 중순이었다. 풍세면에서는 0.3~1.5마리,1.3~17.6마리가 발생하였고, 발생최성기는 5월 중순과5월 하순이었다. 버섯파리의 표고버섯 자실체 피해율은 동면에서 2012년과 2013년에 각각 0.6~25.5%,0.7~30.5%였고, 풍세면에서 각각 1.5%~21.6%, 1.9~36.8%로 6월 중순7월 하순에 피해가 많았다. 원목표고버섯을 재배하는 천안시 동면과 풍세면에서 천적인 아큐레이퍼응애를 이용하여 버섯파리(작은뿌리파리+표고큰검정버섯파리+표고버섯혹파리)의 방제효과를 알아본 결과 m² 당 아큐레이퍼응애의 약충과성충을 30마리 밀도로 5월 2일, 5월 28일, 6월 25일,7월 10일, 7월 25일, 8월 28일 등 6회 처리하여 우수한 방제효과를 얻었다. 동면의 표고재배 농가에서는아큐레이퍼응애 처리구에서 버섯파리의 성충 발생수가 끈끈이트랩 당 평균 202.8마리, 자실체 피해율은 평균 3.7%로 무처리구와 비교하여 각각 79.3%,74.8%가 감소되었다. 풍세면의 표고재배 농가에서는끈끈이트랩 당 성충 유인수가 평균 417.1마리, 자실체의 피해률은 6.0%로 무처리구와 비교하여 각각64.1%, 65.5%가 감소되었다. 따라서 포식성 천적 아큐레이퍼응애는 원목 표고버섯 재배지에 발생하는 버섯파리 3종을 효과적으로 방제하였고 피해율도 감소시켜 우수한 생물적 방제 수단이 될 것으로 개대된다.

표고버섯 재배지에서 버섯파리는 가장 문제가 되는 주요해충이다. 버섯파리에 의한 피해를 입은 농가는 표고버섯의 생산뿐만 아니라 상품성이 현저히 떨어져 많은 피해를 입고 있다. 국내 표고버섯 재배양식은 크게 원목과 톱밥배지에 의한 방법으로 나뉘는데 재배양식의 차이 및 지역 간 주요 피해원인이 되는 버섯파리의 종과 분포양상을 조사하기 위해 봄부터가을까지 경기도와 충청도 지역의 주요 표고버섯 재배지에서 버섯파리를 채집하였다. 채집은 황색 끈끈이트랩(참고, Yellow sticky trap)을 이용하였고 버섯파리의 종 동정은 cytochrome c oxidase subunit I(COI)의 염기서열 분석을 통해 버섯파리류의 다양한종을 분류하였다. 그 결과, 원목을 이용하는 표고버섯 재배지에서는 Bradysia difformis, B. alpicola가우점종인것으로 나타났고, 톱밥배지로 표고버섯을 재배하는 농가의 경우, B. difformi와 Scatopsidae sp.의종이 다량 동정되었다. 그 외에도 B. trispinifera, B.longimentura, B. chlorocornea, B. protohilaris 및Lycoriella ingenua가 동정되었다.

Cecidomyiidae and Sciaridae (Diptera: Sciaroidea) are mostly mycophagous, feeding on decaying plant materials and fungi. On the shiitake bedlogs, great number of larvae of the species cause serious damage, feeding on the mycelium of the shiitake mushroom. We confirmed five species emerged from the shiitake bedlogs, which are two cecidomyiids and three sciarids. Using the DNA barcording, the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) region (658 bp), the larvae and adult flies were identified, and Camptomyia corticalis was confirmed as a major pest on shiitake mushroom.

Ionizing treatments were applied at 5Gy, 10Gy, 50Gy, 100Gy and 500Gy to mushroom mycelium (Lentinula edodes) in order to assesss the effect of the gamma-ray radiation. We mutated by gamma irradiation, 12 strains were isolated. 9 strains of 12 strains were appeared antagonistic interaction on solid medium. Growth rate of mycelium in JMIR-3 and JMIR-6 strains were similar to their control. But, the growth rate of strain JMIR-1, JMIR-2, JMIR-4, JMIR-5, JMIR-7, JMIR-8, JMIR-9, JMIR-10, JMIR-11 and JMIR-12 had generally different compared to control. In the sequence of ITS region of selected strains, it was revealed that the total length ranged from 696 to 780bp. The reciprocal homologies of the ITS region sequences in 5Gy irradiation group (JMIR-5, JMIR-6, JMIR-7 and JMIR-8) and 10Gy irradiation group (JMIR-9, JMIR-10, JMIR-1 and JMIR-12) indicated 99%. The reciprocal homologies of the ITS region sequences in 500Gy irradiation group (JMIR-1, JMIR-2, JMIR-3 and JMIR-4) indicated from 95 to 99%. It seemed that mycelium growth and ITS sequence could be changed the irradiation dose of the gamma-ray radiation.

Five genera and 7 species of sciarid flies were collected in shiitake mushroom farm from 2007 to 2009. Among them, Lycoriella ingenua was dominant as a possible pest of the shiitake mushroom cultivated in plastic bottles. Other six species are reported for the first time in Korea.

Camptomyia is a genus of gall midges belonging to subfamily Porricondilinae. On the study of shiitake mushroom farm in Korea, three species of maggots were collected. Among them, two Camptomyia spp. were recognized as the major pests. Colonies of these maggots were feeding on the mycelium of shiitake mushroom, disturbing the formation of mushroom fruit body. The morphology of C. heterobia and C. corticalis were illustrated with the description.

Camptomyia is a genus of gall midges belonging to subfamily Porricondilinae, with 42 species known from the palaearctic region. In November 2007, serious damages of the Shiitake mushroom logs were reported in many shiitake farms from the middle part of South Korea. Rearing the adults in laboratory, a Camptomyia species was recognized as the major species causing damages on shiitake. Colonies of maggots were observed, feeding the mycelium of shiitake mushroom and the phloem of oak timbers, disturbing the mushroom fruit body formation. The morphology of the larvae and adult of this Camptomyia heterobia. is illustrated with the description of the damage symptom.

It has not been much known about that how much the properties of parental strains appear in the monokaryotic progeny of their basidiospores and the properties of monokaryotic progeny is transferred and expressed after mating with other monokaryotic progeny. To get a basic idea in the evaluation of shiitake strains that are subjectto be used for a breeding program, biochemical properties of monokaryotic strains generated from basidiospores of parental shiitake strains (Sanzo101 and Sanzo108) and hybrid strains generated from cross of these monokaryotic strains were examined. When amylase, avicelase, β-glucosidase, CM-cellulase, pectinase, proteinase, and xylanase were tested against monokaryotic strains generated from forty basidiospores of the two parental strains, No identical patterns of the degree of enzyme activity were observed between monokaryotic strains and parental strains of the two shiitake cultivars. The degree of extracellular enzyme activity also varied among monokaryotic strains of the two shiitake cultivars. Our results showed that dikaryotic parental strains of shiitake mushroom produce basidiospores having very diverse biochemical properties. Biochemical test of monokaryotic strains was useful for the comparative evaluation of parental strains. Biochemical test with hybrid strains formed with the combinational cross of monokaryotic strains that have different degree of extracellular activity showed that the property of monokaryotic strains is not expressed in the hybrid strains according to Mandelian principles. Tests of the ability of using diverse polymeric carbon sources, tolerance to copper and agrochemicals, and antagonistic property to Tricoderma atroviride also showed similar results