The Fuji variety of apple, introduced in Japan, has excellent storage quality and good taste, such that it is the most commonly cultivated apple variety in Gunwi County, North Gyeongsang Province, Korean Peninsula. Accurate prediction of harvest maturity allows farmers to more efficiently manage their farm in important aspects such as working time, fruit storage, market shipment, and labor distribution. Temperature is one of the most important factors that determine plant growth, development, and yield. This paper reports on the beta distribution (function) model that can be used to simulate the the phenological response of plants to temperature. The beta function, commonly used as a skewed probability density in statistics, was introduced to estimate apple harvest maturity as a function of temperature in this study. The model parameters were daily maximum temperature, daily optimum temperature, and maximum growth rate. They were estimated from the input data of daily maximum and minimum temperature and apple harvest maturity. The difference in observed and predicted maturity day from 2009 to 2012, with optimal parameters, was from two days earlier to one day later.

We studied the distribution of air temperature using the high density urban climate observation network data of Daegu. The observation system was established in February 2013. We used a total of 38 air temperature observation points (23 thermometers and 18 AWSs). From the distribution of monthly averaged air temperatures, air temperatures at the center of Daegu were higher than in the suburbs. The daily minimum air temperature was more than or equal to 25℃ and the daily maximum air temperature was more than or equal to 35℃ at the elementary school near the center of Daegu. Also, we compared the time elements, which are characterized by the diurnal variation of surface air temperature. The warming and cooling rates in rural areas were faster than in urban areas. This is mainly due to the difference in surface heat capacity. These results indicate the influence of urbanization on the formation of the daily minimum temperature in Daegu.

We analyzed diurnal variations in the surface air temperature using the high density urban climate observation network of Daegu in summer, 2013. We compared the time elements, which are characterized by the diurnal variation of surface air temperature. The warming and cooling rates in rural areas are faster than in urban areas. It is mainly due to the difference of surface heat capacity. In addition, local wind circulation also affects the discrepancy of thermal spatiotemporal distribution in Daegu. Namely, the valley and mountain breezes affect diurnal variation of horizontal distribution of air temperature. During daytimes, the air(valley breeze) flows up from urban located at lowlands to higher altitudes of rural areas. The temperature of valley breeze rises gradually as it flows from lowland to upland. Hence the difference of air temperature decreases between urban and rural areas. At nighttime, the mountains cool more rapidly than do low-lying areas, so the air(mountain breeze) becomes denser and sinks toward the valleys(lowlands). As the result, the air temperature becomes lower in rural areas than in urban areas.

Background : This study was conducted to determine out the effect of storage temperature on the quality of fresh ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) during distribution. Methods and Results : Fresh ginseng was washed, packed in 30㎛ low density polyethylene (LDPE) film, then stored at 0, −2 and −4℃. After 4 weeks of storage, ginseng was then stored at 5℃, as a simulation of the distribution process. Ginseng stored at −4℃ showed higher respiration rate, ethylene production and electrolyte conductivity during the distribution phase than those stored at 0 and −2℃. Decay and browning rate rapidly increased following 3 weeks of distribution in samples stored −4℃. However ginseng stored −2℃, which is below freezing point, for 4 weeks did not show the physiological change or quality deterioration. Ginsenoside contents decreased during storage for all plant, but did not differ significantly between storage temperatures. Conclusions : Storage at temperatures below −2℃ can negatively affect respiratory characteristics and electrolyte leakage and increase quality deterioration and decay rates during distribution.

In this study, measurement temperature in the bridges was compared with temperature proposed by Korean design code. In addition, the structural analysis was performed in order to comparing the stress by measured thermal load and the stress by design thermal load. As a result, the stress that applied measurement temperature was evaluated larger than the stress that applied temperature proposed by Korean design code.

LFG, generated by the decomposition of wastes, is very humid and has high temperature. When it cools during its transfer in the piping system, condensate forms, blocking the flow of LFG. Typical condensate removal devices, which works on the principle of trap usually used in the sewer pipe and utilizes water to prevent the intrusion of outer gas and to drain condensate, have limitation for their uses in landfill by the evaporation of water when it comes to dry condition in the landfill. In this study we investigated the temperature distribution in the waste layer and the possibility of the evaporation of water in the trap. LFG could be cooled down or heated by the temperature of waste layers where the transfer pipe locates. Evaporation rates, estimated by the use of temperature distribution in the landfill, were high enough to cause malfunctions when the difference of temperature between LFG and waste layer is high.

The thermal load must be considered to design cable supported bridges as a variable load. The thermal load recommended by Korean design code might be different to real temperature distribution in the bridges because the thermal load proposed by Korean design code is referred to Eurocode, etc. Therefore this study proposes the temperature distribution of cable supported bridges In Korea based on measurements.

Recently, Introduced the study of fire resistance design. This paper has been written about the cross-sectional temperature distribution in the square CFT columns are painted in Intumescent paint. Study on the thermal properties Intumescent paint is not yet clear. Thus, the finite element analysis was performed by reference to the properties of other materials. FEM results Were compared with the experimental results. It offer a range of thermal properties considering the thermal mechanism of the fire-resistant paint as a result.

In order to understand the relation between the distribution of sea surface temperature and heavy snowfall over western coast of the Korean peninsula, several numerical assessments were carried out. Numerical model used in this study is WRF, and sea surface temperature data were FNL(National Center for Environment Prediction-Final operational global analysis), RTG(Real Time Global analysis), and OSTIA(Operational Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Ice Analysis). There were produced on the basis of remote sensing data, such as a variety of satellite and in situ observation. The analysis focused on the heavy snowfall over Honam districts for 2 days from 29 December 2010. In comparison with RTG and OSTIA SST data, sensible and latent heat fluexes estimated by numerical simulation with FNL data were higher than those with RTG and OSTIA SST data, due to higher sea surface temperature of FNL. General distribution of RTG and OSTIA SST showed similar, however, fine spatial differences appear in near western coast of the peninsula. Estimated snow fall amount with OSTIA SST was occurred far from the western coast because of higher SST over sea far from coast than that near coast. On the other hand, snowfall amount near coast is larger than that over distance sea in simulation with RTG SST. The difference of snowfall amount between numerical assessment with RTG and OSTIA is induced from the fine difference of SST spatial distributions over the Yellow sea. So, the prediction accuracy of snowfall amount is strongly associated with the SST distribution not only over near coast but also over far from the western coast of the Korean peninsula.

For the investigation of the quality loss of mulberry during distribution, the deterioration rate, microorganism growth, and sensory quality of mulberry kept at 20, 10 and 0℃, respectively, were investigated. Based on the results, the optimum temperature for extending the freshness of mulberry was examined in the temperature range of -1.5 to 1.5℃. The level of mold in the mulberry kept at 20 and 10℃, respectively, was much higher than that kept at 0℃. The quality of the mulberry deteriorated seriously after two days at 20℃, after six days at 10℃, and after 12 days at 0℃. The marketability of mulberry as determined via sensory evaluation was much more prolonged by decreasing the keeping temperature from 20 to 0℃. To extend the freshness of mulberry using these results, the optimum temperature was evaluated at the range of -1.5 to 1.5℃ for 25 days. During storage, the changes in the color and pH of the berry were not significantly different by storage temperature, but the microbial levels and deterioration rate increased in the order of 1.5, 0, and -1.5℃. In particular, the firmness of the mulberry decreased rapidly at 1.5℃, showing a significant difference from the others. The titratable acidity and sugar contents decreased gradually at all the applied temperatures. The anthocyanin content decreased sharply at 1.5℃ but gently changed at -1.5℃. Through the sensory results of this study, it was adjudged that the marketability of mulberry could be maintained about 0.7 times at 1.5℃ and 1.3 times at -1.5℃ compared with the marketability at 0℃, respectively.

The objective of this research is to evaluate the fireproof covering thickness of concrete-filled tube columns(CFT) by finite element results using ABAQUS package program. As a result of this study, there is a huge difference between the analytical results and Korean fire resistance criterion

화재발생시 콘크리트충전 강관(CFT)기둥은 강재의 표면이 고열에 직접 노출되기 때문에 강관의 내화피복에 따라 내화성능에서 많은 차이가 예상된다. 본 연구에서는 내화피복 CFT기둥의 온도분포특성을 파악하기 위하여 내화피복의 종류와 두께 및 내화시간을 변수로 하여 실험을 실시하였다. 실험결과 가열온도를 기준으로 내화성능은 내화뿜칠, 내화페인트, 무내화의 순으로 나타났다. 가열시간-위치별 온도분포는 콘크리트부분은 완만한 증가를 보이고 있으나, 강관외부표면에 도달하면 급격한 온도의 증가를 보이는 것으로 나타났다.

The purpose of this research was to three-criteria landuse-pattern, developing density, NDVI which were related to the heat island and find the distribution characteristic of urban surface temperature and urban heat island effects. The results of this study were as follows. According to the analysis of surface temperatures, the first grade was the outside-city like a mountain and its temperature was less than 12.18℃. The fifth grade was the downtown industrial area and its temperature was more than 23.54℃. It means Daegu-Metropolitan-City has the serious heat-island effect. the results of landuse pattern analysis, in case of fifth and forth grade, city area was occupied over 90% with residential, commercial and industrial areas, but in case of third grade, openspace was occupied over 70%. The results of developing density analysis, the temperature had high correlation with building ratio, road ratio, vegetation ratio and etc. To plan for the decrease of heat island effect needed the extension of green space, decrease of paving, but there was a limit to get the objective method for grade classification because of lacking in the basic data, the research of criteria will be accomplished continuously.

In order to work out statistics of environmental functions of indoor landscape plants in architectures, this study aims to conduct a simulation of how much control plants have over overheating phenomena in atria in summer, involve themselves in air current speed and maintain indoor comfort index, with a numerical analysis model. Thus, nine kinds of representative plants which are usually used for indoor environments were selected, and purified with two irrigations a day for two weeks. And then, their transpiration and photosynthesis amounts were measured three times with a photosynthesis analysis system LICO-6400 at 38℃, which is the highest temperature in the atrium in summer. The data were organized, and another three plants with similar transpiration and photosynthesis amounts were selected. The leaf area which accounts for 10% green zone rate inside the atrium was calculated, and the leaf surplus was removed. And then, the plants were left inside the atrium, and transpiration amount and temperature change were automatically measured for three hours. The maximum temperature change by transpiration of plants was found to be 2.21~2.92℃, which means 0.21~0.23℃ per every 100cm² of leaf area.It is hard to see air current change in atria as convection by plants as the change is at undetectible level with a distribution of 0.08~0.005m/s. However, if air current change is made with fans even in natural air current situations, air current becomes active inside atria as rather cold air moves upward. Therefore, if 0.5 m/s of air current change is made with upward and downward fans in atrium models, the air current speed in the entire atrium converges to the level which gives the most comfort to human.

The distributions of sea surface temperature across the Cheju Strait and the Korea Strait have been measured by using a thermometer installed on board No.1 Cheju, a ferry that operates regularly between Pusan and Seogwipo. The data from 14 October 1991 to 15 August 1992 were analyzed in this paper. A clear temperature front is formed at the adjacent sea of Geomundo, and its position is not fixed and moves north and south. The slow northward movement of the front can easily be traced, but the southward movement from March to October is obscure. The temperature contrast in the Cheju Strait and the Korea Strait is very weak in this period. Some periodical fluctuations with a period of several tens of days are observed in the region of the temperature front from November to February. This fluctuation seems to be caused by winter heat flux exchange and the strong southeastward wind force. The result shows that continous observation of the sea surface temperature distribution across the Cheju Strait and the Korea Strait yields a good method for monitoring the presence of Tsushima Warm Current and the fluctuations of South Korea Coastal Water. The formation and structure of shelf front in the Cheju Strait and the Korea Strait was analysed based on the detailed oceanographic data observed during the period of 1990-1992. The analysis shows that well-defined fronts were formed through yearly around the Chuja Island, particularly in summer. In nature, its structure and formation position can be changed easily from year to year and by season. But, in region of the Korea Strait this front is relatively weak.

종관기상자료만으로 충족시킬 수 없는 농업분야 국지기상정보 수요에 대처하기 위해 지형기후 관계식에 의거한 제주도 전역의 정밀기후 추정 및 표출방법을 개발하였다. 먼저 도전역을 250m 간격의 직교격자로 구획하고 교차점의 해발고도를 지형도상에서 판독하여 사방 1km 지역(단위격자)의 평균해발고도, 평균경사도, 그리고 평균 경사방향 등 지형내자를 계산, 정량화하였다. 18개의 기존 및 신설 기상관측소가 위치한 단위격자의 지형 인자값과 실제 관측된 일최저기온값을 중회귀분석하여 지형일기온 관계식을 도출하고 이로부터 미관측 격자에 대하여 주정치를 계산하였다. 구체적으로 겨울철 일최저기온에 대하여 3개의 전형적인 기압계 유형별로 최적 추정식을 만들어 해안지대에 위치한 제주 및 서귀포 관측자료와 기압계 유형판별만으로 도전역의 일최저온 분포 예측을 가능케 하였다.

The climate of a given region is determined by the combination of the various climatic elements. But among them, the temperature is the most important element to classify the climatic type. The author attempted to classify the climatic types in Korea by making a analysis of the characteristics of temperature distribution. To accomplish the study, the author analyzed the daily and yearly range of temperature, the warmest and coldest months, continentality and oceanicity, thermal anomaly, and relative temperature, etc. The data of 153 weather stations are used for the analysis of the above five criteria. As a result of the study, the climate of Korea can be divided into three types, namely, the continental, coastal and intermediate(or transitional) type. The Pronounced continental type is appeared in the northern part of highland area. And the coastal type is limited to the east and south coast areas, and the southern part of the west coast area. The continentality is larger, and the oceanicity smaller, than those of Siberia, Mongolia and the inland area of China where the continental climate is most remarkable in the world. The reason why the west coast area is more continental than the east coast area may be due to the terrain effect and the warm current going north along the east coastline.