Health concerns related to particulate matter (PM) pollution are on the rise globally. This study investigates the effects of the main components of PM on human airway epithelial cells (Calu-3), focusing on three distinct types: PM10-bound PAHs (including Benzo[a]anthracene and Benzo[b]fluoranthene), PM10-bound trace elements (containing arsenic and lead), and PM2.5-bound ions (comprising sodium and calcium). Calu-3 cells were exposed to these PM components at concentrations ranging from 2 to 100 μg/mL. Unexposed Calu-3 cells exhibited a 60% increase in metabolic activity after 12 hours. In contrast, exposure to PM components resulted in significant reductions in cell viability, with PM10-bound PAHs and PM10-bound trace elements causing decreases of 54% and 55% respectively, and PM2.5-bound ions leading to a 63% reduction at 100 μg/mL. Additionally, there was found to be a notable rise in the expression of proinflammatory cytokines IL-8 and TNF-α. Specifically, IL-8 levels increased by 456%, and TNF-α levels rose by 660% after 12 hours of exposure to PM2.5-bound ions. These findings indicate that the size and composition of fine dust particles play a critical role in their cytotoxic effects, contributing to increased cell death, membrane damage, and necrosis in airway epithelial cells.

Earthquakes of magnitude 3.0 or greater occur in Korea about 10 times on average yearly, and the number of earthquakes occurring in Korea is increasing. As many earthquakes have recently occurred, interest in the safety of nuclear power plants has increased. Nuclear power plants are equipped with many cabinet-type control facilities to regulate safety facilities, and function maintenance is required during an earthquake. The seismic performance of the cabinet is divided into structural and functional performances. Structural performance can be secured during the design procedure. Functional performance depends on the vibration performance of the component. Therefore, it is necessary to confirm the seismic performance of the components. Generally, seismic performance is confirmed through seismic simulation tests. When checking seismic performance through seismic simulation tests, it is difficult to determine the effect of frequency and maximum acceleration on an element. In this paper, shaking table tests were performed using various frequencies and various maximum accelerations. The seismic performance characteristics of the functions of electrical equipment components were confirmed through tests.

The major active components of Astragalus membranaceus (AM) are isoflavones, which exist in the form of various glycosides. Nuruk is a traditional fermentation starter in Korea, and is suitable for the biotransformation of isoflavone glycosides because it contains various microorganisms and enzymes. This study was performed to determine changes in the isoflavones and antioxidant properties of AM fermented (AF) with nuruk over 24 hours. AF was sampled after 0, 2, 4, 6, 12, 18, and 24 h of fermentation, and calycosin 7-glucoside, ononin, calycosin, and formononetin content, and the antioxidant properties of AF were analyzed. The total phenolic content increased with fermentation time, and the ABTS radical scavenging activity increased until 6 h of fermentation and then decreased. During fermentation, the isoflavone glycosides decreased significantly as fermentation time increased. The contents of calycosin and formononetin, which are aglycons of calycosin-7-glucoside and ononin, increased from 100.54 μg/g to 276.84 μg/g and from 56.29 μg/g to 123.04 μg/g, respectively, at 18 h of fermentation. Significant correlations were observed between fermentation time, isoflavone content, and antioxidant properties. The results of this study showed that fermentation with nuruk is suitable for the biotransformation of isoflavones in AM.

본 연구는 코칭 수퍼비전의 효율성을 높이기 위한 코칭 수퍼비전 모델개발의 기초연구로서 코칭 수퍼비전의 구성요소와 하위 구성요인을 탐색하였다. 먼저 코 칭 수퍼비전에 대한 선행연구 결과로부터 4가지의 구성요소를 도출하였으며 코칭 수퍼비전 주관성 연구 참여자 24명이 Q분류 후 실시한 심층인터뷰 결과를 코칭 수퍼비전 구성요소별로 분석하여 각각에 대한 하위 구성요인을 분석하였다. 연구결과, 코칭 수퍼비전의 구성요소는 수퍼바이저, 수퍼바이지, 코칭 수퍼비 전 관계, 수퍼비전 운영체계 등 4가지로 도출되었고 전문코치 24명을 대상으로 실시한 심층인터뷰 결과로부터 코칭 수퍼비전의 4가지의 구성요소에 대한 28개 하위 구성요인을 도출하였다. 하위 구성요인으로, 수퍼바이저는 존중과 애정적 인 태도, 수퍼바이지의 특성 이해, 심리학적 배경, 훈련과 지식, 코치로서의 자질 과 코칭역량, 수퍼바이저로서 역량, 문화적 특성 이해, 자기 개방성 등 8개, 수퍼 바이지의 하위 구성요인은 고객의 특성 이해, 고객의 코칭목표 파악, 코칭기술, 자기개방, 정서적 특성 이해 등 5개, 코칭 수퍼비전 관계의 하위 구성요인은 수 평적 관계, 신뢰, 진정성, 자기개방, 존중, 긍정의 마인드, 긍정적 의사소통 등 7 개, 코칭 수퍼비전 운영체계의 하위 구성요인은 코칭 수퍼비전 정의, 코칭 수퍼 비전 역할, 코칭 수퍼비전 기능, 코칭 수퍼비전 목적, 코칭 수퍼비전 매칭시스템, 코칭 수퍼비전 윤리규정, 코칭 수퍼비전 교육체계, 코칭 수퍼비전 수행모델 등 8개로 도출되었다. 본 연구결과는 코칭 수퍼비전에 대한 이론적 체계정립을 위한 기초자료 제공 과 코칭 수퍼비전 모델개발에 활용이 가능하고 이를 통해 궁극적으로 코치의 코 칭역량 강화와 코칭의 질 제고에 기여할 수 있다.

This study assessed the utility of netted melon ‘Top Earl’s’ and cantaloupe melon ‘Alex’ as functional fruits by analysing their moisture content, vitreous sugar, folic acid, citric acid, and beta-carotene levels. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to analyse the free sugar, folic acid, citric acid, and beta-carotene levels. The moisture content was not significantly different between ‘Top Earl’s’ and ‘Alex.’ The glucose, sucrose, and fructose contents were three, two, and one-and-a-half fold higher in ‘Alex’ than in ‘Top Earl’s.’ Moreover, citric acid was approximately three times higher in ‘Alex’ than that in Top Earl’s.’ However, the folic acid content was higher in ‘Top ‘Earl’s’ than ‘Alex,’ and the amount was 124 μg / 100 g FW and 112 μg / 100 g FW respectively. ‘Beta-carotene was undetectable in ‘Top Earl’s,’ whereas it was 1000 μg / 100 g FW in ‘Alex.’ β-carotene, a substance that is converted in the body into vitamin A and acts as an antioxidant, is an important component in healthy food. These results suggested that the cantaloupe melon ‘Alex’ has a higher free sugar content and functional ingredients, such as antioxidants, including citric acid and beta carotene, than the netted melon ‘Top Earl’s.’

This study analyzed the chemical characteristics and physiological activity of five kinds of fresh vegetables produced in trees in early spring and tried to use them as basic data for wild vegetable producers and processed food manufacturers using wild vegetables. The crude protein, minerals, ascorbic acid, folate, total phenol, total flavonoid, DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity and ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) inhibitory activity were determined. Five spring wild vegetables contain high protein and phosphorus, indicating that they are useful food ingredients as sources of protein and phosphorus. Vitamin C content was high in R. venicifera and C. sinensis shoots, and in particular, R. venicifera and A. cortex shoots have high folic acid (folate) contents of 1,903.91 ug% and 1,525.35 ug%, respectively, which is considered a good food for folic acid intake in spring. The total phenol content was between 0.52% and 1.27%, and it was the highest in C. sinensis of 1.27%, followed by the order of R. venicifera, A.cortex, K.pictus, and A. elata, which tended to be consistent with the total flavonoid content. As for DPPH radical scavenging ability, C. sinensis (55.93%) showed the highest activity, and ACE inhibitory activity showed the highest activity in A. cortex (88.04%).

Performance and safety assessments for deep geological disposal are often conducted over a longterm time scale, such as from hundreds of thousands to a million years. During this period, it is expected that the surface environment will be changed significantly. Uplift-subsidence and erosion-deposition are thought to be included as the main causes of the changes, and it is necessary to evaluate their expected effects. In this study, the conceptual processes of the changes in the surface environment components were to be presented by identifying the uplift-subsidence and erosion-deposition processes and analyzing their effect on the surface environment components. For inferring the long-term change process of the surface environment due to the internal activities of the Earth, the process of uplift and subsidence caused by crustal movements that change the subsurface environment through the deep and sallow underground was briefly presented in the form of a chain flowchart. Uplift-subsidence is mainly caused by diastrophism due to tectonic movement, such as subduction at the boundary of plates. They can change the geomorphology by affecting sealevel change and erosion-deposition. The changed geographical features have an influence on the distribution of surface water and the flow path of groundwater. They also have an impact on the scale and processes of local uplift and erosion, which can be the main factors of pedogenesis and vegetation in the local site. The results of this study can be helpful for formulating scenarios related to long-term evolution in the surface environment required for performance and safety assessments of deep geological disposal.

Once systems, structures and components (SSCs) of dry storage systems are classified with respect to safety function or safety significance (i.e., safety classification), appropriate engineering rules can be applied to ensure that they are designed, manufactured, maintained, managed (e.g. aging management) etc. In Unites States, the systems, structures and components (SSCs) consisting DSSs are classified into two or several grades (i.e., class A, B and C or not important to safety, and important to safety (ITS) or not important to safety (NITS)) with respect to intended safety function and safety significance. This classification methods were based on Regulatory Guide 7.10 (i.e., guidance for use in developing quality assurance programs for packaging). Also, in Korea, SSCs of DSSs should be classified into ITS and NITS in much the same as method based on Regulatory Guide 7.10. In that guidance, for providing graded approach to manage the SSCs of packaging, they were trying to classifying SSCs in accordance with radiological consequences. But there was limitations that the provided classification criteria was still qualitative, so that it was not enough for managing the SSCs according to graded approach. On the other hand, in some other nuclear facilities (i.e., nuclear power plant, radioactive waste management facility and disposal facility etc.), quantitative criteria relevant to radiological consequence (i.e., radiation doses to workers or to the public) or inventory of radioactivity are existed so that it can be applied for classifying safety classes. In summary, the study on the application safety classification that applied quantitative criteria to perform safety classification of SSCs in DSS is inadequate or insufficient. The purpose of this study is proposing the preliminary framework for estimating safety significance of SSCs in DSS which can be utilized in our further advanced studies. In this study, a framework was established to estimate the safety significance of SSCs related to radiation shielding and confinement using MCNP® 6.2 and Microsoft Excel. Referring to the methodology of IAEA Specific Safety Guide 30, we assumed severity for failures of components that could lead to degradation of the SSC’s performance. The safety class of SSC was decided based on the impact of SSC’s failure on consequences.

북한의 군사전략에 대해 기존대로 한반도 전 지역을 석권한다는 군사전 략이 지속되고 있다는 주장과 변화하고 있다는 주장이 아직도 맞서 고 있는 상황이다. 연구 목적은 최근 안보환경의 변화와 김일성－김정일 －김정은으로 이어지는 집권자의 변화 기간 동안 북한 군사전략의 변화 를 분석하고, 핵무력 완성 이후 경제건설에 집중하겠다는 북한의 군사전 략의 변화를 제한전 하 군사전략으로 전망해 보고자 하였다. 연구 방 법은 문헌조사를 통한 질적연구를 주로 실시하였고, 김일성 집권 이후부 터 현재까지의 시기를 망라하여 군사전략의 구성요소를 중심으로 분석하 였다. 연구 결과 김정은은 체제안정을 최우선으로 기존의 전면전 보다는 핵무기 사용을 위협하며 제한전을 추구하는 군사전략을 채택할 것으로 분석되었고, 이를 군사전략의 구성요소를 중심으로 전망해 보았다. 이에 대비하여 한국군은 기존의 전면전 중심에서 북한의 제한전 하 군사전략 에 대응하는 군사전략을 병행하여 발전시킴이 요구되고 있다.

Structures of high-rise buildings are less prone to earthquake damage. This is because the response acceleration of high-rise buildings appears to be small by generally occurring short-period ground motions. However, due to the increased construction volume of high-rise buildings and concerns about large earthquakes, long-period ground motions have begun to be recognized as a risk factor for high-rise buildings. Ground motion observed on each floor of the building is affected by the eigenmode of the building because the ground motion input to the building is amplified in the frequency range corresponding to the building's natural frequency. In addition, long-period components of ground motion are more easily transmitted to the floor or attached components of the building than short-period components. As such, high-rise buildings and non-structural components pose concerns about long-period ground motion. However, the criteria (ASCE 7-22) underestimate the acceleration response of buildings and non-structural components caused by long-period ground motion. Therefore, the characteristics of buildings’ acceleration response amplification ratio and non-structural components were reviewed in this study through shake table tests considering long-period ground motions.

As the importance of public health increases with the spread of infectious diseases, functionality has become a factor affecting consumers’ purchase of mushrooms. Therefore, the bioactive components of button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus), which are generally known to promote button mushroom consumption, were analyzed. White and brown button mushrooms were compared and white beech mushroom (Hypsizygus marmoreus) were used as a control. White button mushrooms had higher sugar and inorganic potassium concentrations than brown button mushrooms, whereas sodium, magnesium, and vitamin C concentrations were not significantly different between the different button mushrooms. Moreover, there was approximately twice as much ergosterol in white button mushrooms than brown button mushrooms. Brown button mushrooms had higher concentrations of β-glucan and oxalic acid than white button mushrooms, but there was no significant difference in total organic acid content between the two mushroom types. High concentrations of the essential amino acids, ergothioneine, isoleucine, and leucine and the non-essential amino acids, glycine and alanine, were observed. Concentrations of the vitamin B group and total polyphenols were also high.

As earthquakes have increased in Korea recently, people are paying attention to the seismic performance of buildings built in the past. Many school buildings in Korea were built based on standard drawings before the seismic design was applied. However, since school buildings are often designated as emergency evacuation facilities in case of disasters such as earthquakes, seismic evaluation and retrofit must be done quickly. This study investigated the failure modes among structural components (beams, columns, and joints), focusing on 1980s standard drawings for school buildings. The effects of column axial force, partial masonry infills, and different material strengths for concrete and rebar were considered for detailed evaluation. As a result, most of the joints were found to be the weakest among structural components. Column axial forces tended to make the joints more vulnerable, and partial masonry infills increased the possibility of joint failure and shear failure in columns.

This study investigated the volatile flavor components of the essential oil from Chrysanthemum coronarium var. spatiosum Bailey. The essential oil obtained from the aerial parts of the plant by the hydrodistillation extraction method was analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. One hundred and one (99.11%) volatile flavor components were identified in the essential oil from the Chrysanthemum coronarium var. spatiosum Bailey. The major compounds were hexanedioic acid, bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester (12.45%), 6.10.14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone (7.94%), 1-(phenylethynyl)-1-cyclohexanol (6.34%), α-farnesene (5.55%), phytol (4.99%), and α-caryophyllene (4.39%). When the volatile flavor components of Chrysanthemum coronarium var. spatiosum Bailey were classified by functional group, the content was high in the order of hydrocarbons, alcohols, esters, ketones, aldehydes, and phthalides. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were the most common hydrocarbons, mainly due to α-farnesene and α-caryophyllene. Among the alcohols, the content of aliphatic alcohols was significantly higher, mainly due to 1-(phenylethnyl)-1-cyclohexanol (6.34%) and phytol (4.99%). The analysis of the volatile flavor components of Chrysanthemum coronarium var. spatiosum Bailey in this study will provide useful information to consumers when purchasing food and to industries using fragrance ingredients.

Radioactively contaminated metal components from a nuclear power plant must be decontaminated to reduce the risk of radiation exposure to workers, which can be cleaned using a foam decontamination used to reduce the amount of wastewater significantly. Metal components with a fixed radioactive contamination can be effectively decontaminated using a foam consist of 0.5wt% nonionic surfactant, 0.5 M H2SO4, and 0.2 M Ce(SO4)2. However, strongly acidic wastewater is generated from the decontamination method, which contains a high concentration of the nonionic surfactant and ionic materials with radioactive nuclides. This wastewater must be treated as a stable form. In this study, an integrated process of precipitation and low pressure distillation was evaluated for the treatment of wastewater. It was confirmed that the surfactant and ionic materials were effectively removed from the wastewater through the integrated process.

It can take hundreds of thousands of years for decreasing radiological effects of high-level radioactive wastes to those of natural background radiation. Therefore, long-term time scale should be considered in order to demonstrate performance and safety of deep geological disposal of the radioactive wastes. The changes of surface environment for these long-term time scale can have influence on safety analysis by changing transport path of radionuclides from the radioactive wastes. Changes in climate is considered as one of main factors causing the long-term changes of the surface environment. The own effects and interactions of climate with other components of the geological disposal system are organized in features, events, and processes (FEPs). In this study, some natural processes occurred by changes of climate were suggested and the connectivity between each process is proposed based on the relation of the FEPs concerned with the changes of climate and surface environment. The processes were classified into global and regional/local scales and was analyzed, respectively. Then, the influences of the processes on shallow groundwater and surface water body environment, which might be transport path of radioactive nuclides in local/site scales, were expected. As the proposed connection demonstrate the order or hierarchical relations of the natural processes, it can shows that some output by a certain process may be input of other process connected the former process in numerical simulations for interpreting the processes. If the connection may be considered to be suitable to represent longterm changes of the surface environment, it can be evaluated that the expected scenarios based on the connection is also proper. In addition, it can be helpful in selecting factors to be studied more detailed in terms of climate change for expecting long-term changes in the surface environment by analysis on the input and output data. The results of this study can be used as basic approaches to represent the long-term changes in the surface environment caused by specific natural processes from changes of climate. It will be also helpful for formulating scenarios related to long-term evolution in the surface environment required for performance and safety assessments of the deep geological disposal.