The toxicity and toxin composition between blue mussel, Mytilus edulis and oyster, Crassostrea gigas collected at Woepori in Koˇ je island in South Coast of Korea in 1996 and 1997 were compared. The highest toxicity score was about 10 times higher in blue mussel than oyster (blue mussel, 8,670 ㎍; oyster, 860 ㎍ in 1996, blue mussel, 5,657 ㎍; oyster, 531 ㎍/100 g in 1997). The blue mussel also retained its toxicity for slightly longer period than oyster. In the both shellfish, PSP was composed almost exclusively of C toxins (C 1 and C2, 2065%) and gonyautoxins (GTX1, 2, 3 and 4, 38-78%). In the early period of toxin accumulation, the ratio of 11(3-epimer toxins (C2, GTX4) whose amount was 2556 mole% (5th March to 12th April in 1996) and 2580 mole% (18th March to 7th April in 1997), were higher than that of llα-epimer toxins (C1, GTX2) in both shellfish. As the lapse of intoxification time, however, the ratio of 11-epimer toxins (C1, GTX2) whose amount was 41-57 mole% (27th May to 3rd June in 1996) and 25-56 mole% (29th April to 12th May in 1997), became higher than that of 11-epimer toxins. The toxin compositions in the both samples changed on a daily basis, presumably owing to metabolism of the toxins in the bivalves.

재래식 메주에서 분리된 killer 효모 H. capsulata S-13에 EMS 등의 변이제를 처리하여 친주보다 2배 killer 활성이 증대된 변이 균주 H. capsulata S13-E1을 얻고 이를 이용하여 각종 효모에 대한 길항성을 조사한 결과 장류 발효에 유해한 효모인 Zygosacch. mellis와 Zygosacch. salsus 등과 장류가 가스 발생 원인 효소인 Saccharomyces sp. K-8과 K-34, Zygosaccharomyces sp. K-181과 D-211 등에 대하여 강한 항균 특성을 보였다. 또한 H. capsulata S13-E1을 potato extract 1.0%, peptone과 glucose를 각각 0.5%, MgSO_4 0.025%(초기 pH 4.5)를 함유한 PEPD 배지에 접종하여 30℃에서 36시간 발효조로 회분배양 하였을 때 killier toxin이 제일 많이 생산되었다.

This study was designed to observe the effects of T-2 toxin on total cholesterol and lipid concentration in rat serum. T-2 toxin is a secondary metabolite produced by Fusa~rdum sp. which is often found on agricultural products including cereals, and it is a causal material of liver injuries in cattle and humans. When we fed rats with standard diet treated with T-2 toxin, the body weight and feed consumption of rats treated with T-2 toxin were decreased. As the results of lipid analysis, the concentrations of total cholesterol and free cholesterol in serum of treated rats were increased compared to non-fed control group, On the other hand, the levels of triglyceride and phospholipid in the serum of T-2 toxin treated experimental groups were declined. In conclusion, T-2 toxin largely influenced on the total cholesterol and lipid levels in rat serum.

마비성패류독(Paralytic shellfish poison, PSP)에 의하여 독화된 패류의 유효이용에 대한 자료를 제공하고자 독화된 진주담치의 중장선 균질육, 0.1N HCl로 추출한 조독소 용액, 중장선으로부터 정제한 gonyautoxin(GTX) group과 saxitoxin(STX) group 등 4가지 형태의 PSP 독소에 대한 내열성을 조사하였다. 독화된 진주담치의 중장선육 균질액, 산추출 조독소액, GTX group, STX group 등 4 종류의 반응속도상수는 120℃에서 3.28×10^(-2), 1.20×10^(-2), 5.88×10^(-2), 2.58×10^(-2)이었으며 4 종류의 독소 중 0.1 N HCl 추출한 조독소용액의 D-value가 가장 높았다. 반응속도상수를 이용한 살균온도 산정에 있어서, 초 독력이 200 /100g인 독화된 진주담치육의 경우, 독력을 마비성패류독 규제치인 80 ㎍/100g으로 감소시키는데에는 90℃에서는 약 129분, 100℃에서는 약 82분, 110℃에서는 약 48분, 120℃에서는 약 28분이 걸렸다. 이러한 결과는 최초 독력이 200 ㎍/100g인 패류의 경우, 통조림 살균공정 후 잔존 독력이 규제치인 80㎍/100g이하로 감소시키는데에는 현재의 살균조건(115℃, 70분)으로는 충분하다는 것을 입증한다

The purpose of this case study was to introduce botulinum toxin A injection in cerebral palsy. Spasticity can be managed using a variety of methods. Eliminating aggravating sources, promoting stretching and bracing, and positioning are the least invasive methods of treatment. Botulinum toxin A injection is a relatively recent method of spasticity management in children with cerebral palsy. A 3-year old boy was evaluated for possible botulinum toxin injection to promote left side function. The patient had left hemiparetic cerebral palsy. He walked with bilateral intoning, much worse on the left than on the right and with excessive plantar flexion on the left. Botulinum toxin A was injected into the left medial gastrocnemius, with the goals of improving quality of gait. Finally, botulinum toxin treatment of would improve the motor function and ambulatory status in cerebral palsy by hypertonicity, spasticity, dynamic contracture and athetoid movement.

The antifungal effects of polyphosphates on the growth and T-2 toxin production of Fusarium sporotrichioides M-1-1 were investigated. The growth of the strain was significantly inhibited in the potatoes dextrose agar medium treated with 1.5% polyphosphates or more. When we checked T-2 toxin by the indirect competitive ELISA, the strain produced 11.25 ug/ml and 10.90 g/ml levels of T-2 toxin in rice and corn containing 50% moisture contents, respectively. However, T-2 toxin was little detected in rice medium and corn medium with 1.5% polyphosphates addition for short(14 days) and prolonged incubation time(45 days). We also observed the destruction of cell wall and outflow of cell ingredients with 1% polyphosphates treatment to the strain. Therefore, moisture and polyphosphates greatly effected on the growth and T-2 toxin production of the strain.

Changes in the numbers of air-borne spores of Alternaria mali causing the Alternaria leaf spot of apple were investigated in apple orchards, by monitoring their AM- toxin(host-specific toxin) producing ability. Most of the air-borne Alternaria in apple orchards were not AM-toxin producers. In culture, only about 2% of Alternaria isolates from a commercially managed apple orchards produced the toxin that was highly toxic only to susceptible leaves.

본(本) 연구(硏究)는 한국산(韓國産) 사과 점무늬낙엽병균(Alternaria mali)을 공시(供試)하여 그들의 병원성(病原性)과 기주특이적(寄主特異的) 독소생성(毒素生成)과의 관계를 조사하고 감염성립(感染成,立)에 있어서 독소(毒素)의 역할(役割)과 그 생물활성(生物活性)을 알아 보기 위하여 실시하였던 바 그 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 사과나무 잎의 병반(病斑)에서 분리(分離)한 5개(個)의 Alternaria 균주(菌株)중에서 3균주(菌株)만이 병원성(病原性)이 있었고 2균주(菌株)는 병원성(病原性)이 없었다. 병원성균주(病原性菌株)의 배양여액(培養濾液)중에는 감수성품종(感受性品種)에만 잎맥괴사(壞死)를 일으키고 저항성품종(抵抗性品種)에는 잎맥괴사(壞死)를 일으키지 않는 기주특이적독소(寄主特異的毒素)를 생성(生成)함을 알 수 있었으며 비병원성균주(非病原性菌株)는 이런 독소(毒素) 생성(生成) 능력(能力)이 없었다. 2. 병원균(病原菌)의 배양여액(培養濾液)에서 단리(單離)한 기주특이적(寄主特異的) 독소(毒素)인 AM-toxin은 의 낮은 희석농도(稀釋濃度)에서 감수성품종(感受性品種)에는 매우 심한 잎맥괴사(壞死)를 일으켰고 중도감수성품종(中度感受性品種)에는 약한 잎맥괴사(壞死)를 일으켰으며 저항성품종(抵抗性品種)에는 전혀 식물독성(植物毒性)을 나타내지 않았다. 3. 병원균(病原菌)은 포자발아시(胞子發芽時)에도 AM-toxin을 생성(生成)하였으며 포자발아액중(胞子發芽液中)의 AM-toxin 분비(分泌)를 경시적(經時的)으로 조사하였던 바 포자발아(胞子發芽) 직후인 2시간째부터 독소(毒素)를 방출(放出)하였고 그 양(量)은 시간이 경과함에 따라 증가하였다. 4. 병원균(病原菌)의 포자현탁액(胞子懸濁液)을 감수성품종(感受性品種)의 잎에 분무접종(噴霧接種)하면 감염(感染)에 수반하여 접종(接種)잎으로부터 전해질(電解質)의 다량유출현상(多量流出現象)이 일어났으며 기주특이적독소(寄主特異的毒素)(AM-toxin)용액(溶液)을 흡수(吸收)시켜도 같은 현상(現象)이 일어났다. 그러나 저항성품종(抵抗性品種)의 잎에서는 독소(毒素)처리나 포자접종(胞子接種)의 어느 경우에는 전해질다량유출현상(電解質多量流出現象)이 일어나지 않았다. 5. 병원균(病原菌)의 포자발아액(胞子發芽液)이나 AM-toxin용액(溶液)으로 비병원성균(非病原性菌)의 포자현탁액(胞子懸濁液)을 만들어 감수성품종(感受性品種)의 잎에 분무접종(噴霧接種)하면 병원균(病原菌)의 포자(胞子)를 접종(接種)할 경우와 같이 병반(病斑)이 형성되었다.

The primary purpose of this study was to determine the risk of various disease outcomes due to exposure to cyanobacteria toxin (microcystin-LR) through drinking water in a Korean watershed. In order to determine the risk in a more quantitative way, the risk assessment framework developed by the National Research Council (NRC) of the United States (US) - hazard identification, dose-response relationship, exposure assessment, and risk characterization - was used in this study. For dose-response relationships, a computer software (BenchMark Dose Software (BMDS)) developed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was used to fit the data from previous studies showing the relationship between the concentration of microcystin-LR and various disease outcomes into various dose-response models. For exposure assessment, the concentrations of microcystin-LR in the source water and finished water in a Korean watershed obtained from a recent study conducted by the Ministry of Environment of Korea were used. Finally, the risk of various disease outcomes due to exposure to cyanobacteria toxin (microcystin-LR) through drinking water was characterized by Monte-Carlo simulation using Crystall Ball program (Oracle Inc.) for adults and children. The results of this study suggest that the risk of disease due to microcystin-LR toxin through drinking water is very low and it appears that current water treatment practice should be able to protect the public from the harmful effects of cyanobacteria toxin (microcystin-LR) through drinking water.

Therapeutic cancer is a long lasting and turbulent history accompany with the milestones in surgical intervention, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In the past decade, however, metastatic cancer still obstinately exists challenging the professional scientist. Beside the major forms of cancer treatment, Diphtheria toxin (DT) which is produced by a pathogenic strain of bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheria to shield themselves against the other dangerous organism, have been researched as a potential candidate to overcome the drawback such as non-specific, non-effect to drug resistant cancer cell and side effects when using chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In the context of suicide gene therapy, the DT expression under controlling of tissue-specific promoter will be targeted in cancer cell but defect in normal cell. The molecular mechanism, characteristic of DT-bases therapy and prominent achievements of preclinical and clinical studies for the past decade are summarized and discussed in this review.