In recent years, many Vietnamese and International researchers have been interested in two aspects of Vienamese variant Chinese charaters – International variants and national variants. International variant characters here are Chinese characters originating from China. National variant characters are Chinese characters created by each country under the Chinese cultural influence, such as Vietnam, Korea and Japan. In order to clarify the charateristics of Vienamese unique variant Chinese charaters (national variants), we analyzed two Buddhist texts: The first one is Chư phẩm kinh 諸品經 (there are 187 variant Chinese charaters correspond to 183 standard charaters with total number of appearance is 1,697); the second one is Thích thị bảo dỉnh hành trì bí chỉ toàn chương 釋氏寶鼎行持秘旨全章 (there are 56 variant Chinese characters correspond to 41 standard characters with total number of appearance is 243).

Compared with Sui and Tang Dynasties, the variant and vulgar characters were reduced, and the use of characters tended to be unified during the Song Dynasty. However, there are a lot of folk characters in the stone inscriptions of the Song Dynasty, which are valuable materials for studying the history of Chinese characters. Nonetheless, the folk characters in the stone inscriptions of the Song Dynasty have not been given enough attention in academia and so far only limited studies have touched on this topic. This article first expounds the research value of variant characters on stone inscriptions in the Song Dynasty, and defines the concept of variant characters on stone inscriptions in the Song Dynasty. Then, in the form of illustration, it studies 10 examples of variant characters in stone inscriptions in the Song Dynasty, with a table of variant characters on stone inscriptions in the Song Dynasty, in order to provide reference for the study of medieval characters and the development history of Chinese characters.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike (S) protein mediates virus entry by binding to the host cell receptor, human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (hACE2), and catalyzing virus–host membrane fusion. The S protein also mediates cell–cell fusion, potentially allowing the virus to spread virion-independently. Here, we compared the fusogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 variant S proteins using a cell–cell fusion assay. In cells overexpressing hACE2, cell–cell fusion ability of all tested SARS-CoV-2 variants was similar to that of the Wuhan-Hu-1 strain. However, in cells with endogenous hACE2, SARS-CoV-2 variants, especially the Delta variant, stimulated significantly greater cell–cell fusion than the original strain. Our results showed that the Delta variant S protein is highly fusogenic and can spread rapidly by utilizing small amounts of hACE2.

Chinese characters spread to the Korean peninsula, forming a huge Chinese character document, unearthed inscriptions, handwritten copies and manuscripts in volume. Investigating the changes in the use of characters in their documents, most of them inherited the normal and popular characters in China. Until the Li Dynasty of Korea, regional popular characters gradually became characteristics. Especially in pen-based and block-printed editions, there are many variants of folk characters, and the types include province variants, understanding variants, symbol variants, cursive variants, and vulgar variants. The article examines the regional variations of “邊” “懷” “竄” “儒” “滅” “釋” “辭” “聲” “樂” in Korean historical documents.

‘其’가 虛詞로 假借되기 시작하면서 ‘竹’을 의부로 하는 ‘箕’자가 만들어진 시기는 대략 戰國시기로 추정할 수 있다. 본고에서는 29개의 ‘箕’ 이체자 중에서 자형 관련 성이 적은 5자를 제외한 나머지 24자를 대상으로 분류와 분석을 진행하였다. 우선 이체자들을 자형구조에 따라 분류한 다음 순차적으로 분석을 진행하였다. 台灣 教育 部 異體字字典에서 제시하는 이체자들의 수록 저서와 실제 출토문헌의 출처를 비교 해본 결과 자형의 변화가 다양하게 나타나던 戰國文字에서 그 출처를 밝힐 수 있는 이체자는 다섯 자로 나타났다. 다음으로 이체자들 간의 자형 변화과정을 통해 변화 규칙을 유추해 보았는데, 첫째, 의부 ‘竹’의 자형변화, 둘째 성부 ‘其’의 자형변화, 셋 째, 의부 ‘竹’의 대체, 넷째 類化 등 네 가지 변화규칙을 찾아낼 수 있었다. 이상 ‘箕’ 이체자에 대한 분류와 분석을 통해 이체자들의 변화과정을 알아보고 변화규칙을 찾 아냄으로써 또 다른 이체자들의 연구와 고문헌의 정확한 해석에 어느 정도 도움을 줄 것으로 기대한다.

Reflecting some significant differences in the dictionaries on the two sides of the Taiwan Strait through the process of distinguishing and analyzing common four-character idioms, this study mainly discusses the heteromorphic phenomenon of the idioms. The research method is to conduct research on the corpus of ancient and modern materials to understand ancient and modern usage of similar idioms. This study lists out eight groups of common idiom variants as examples. It intends to explore the reasons for the formation of individual vocabulary from the perspective of literary theory supplemented by the data content of the classical literature database and modern corpus to show the ancient documents and the modern people’s language use habit. At the same time, it compares similarities and differences between Taiwan’s Mandarin Dictionary (Revised Edition) and the Chinese Dictionary in Mainland China, comparing once again different aspects of the dictionary compilation and basic language education. It also shows the difference between both sides of the Taiwan Strait in the aspects of idiom variants included in dictionaries and the principle of word inclusion in them.

Shanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology publishes 359 new epitaph rubbings of the Epitaphs Recently Acquired by Shanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology, which offers the real and reliable unearthed literatures for us to research into the new ancient epitaphs recently excavated in Shanxi Province. However, it is not easy to interpret some variant forms in the epitaph rubbings. By studying on eight variant forms in the epitaph rubbings, giving examples in characters and illustrations of literature, inquiring character meanings, clearing physical meanings, and summarizing the evolution laws of characters, this paper provides support documents and reference experiences for the research on difficult characters and the history of Chinese characters.

한자는 한자문화권에서 오랫동안 권력의 중심에 위치한 문자인 동시에, 시대, 지역, 사용자에 따라 다양한 異體를 양산한 문자다. 한자가 시대나 지역에 따라 권력의 강화 내지 통치의 효율을 위해 조정되거나 제정, 반포된 현상이 한자의 강력한 정형성과 권위성을 보여준다면, 한자의 다양한 異體의 발생 현상은 당대의 문화 인식이나 筆寫者 자신의 사유라는 문화성과 개성을 보여준다. 전자가 통일, 제어, 표준화를 지향한다면 후자는 문화의 다양성과 인식의 개성이라는 인문학적인 요소를 담아낸다고 볼 수 있다. 본고는 漢字의 異體에 반영된 문화성과 개성적인 측면에 초점을 두어 그 특징을 고찰하고 오늘날 漢字를 접근, 운용하는 데에 어떠한 인문학적 참고가치를 지니는지 고찰하는데 주요 목적이 있다. 구체적인 논의에서는 異體字라는 개념과 범위, 평가는 역사적으로 다양할 뿐 아니라 오늘날에도 시대와 함께 변모하고 있음을 살펴보았다. 異體字는 다양한 생각과 가능성을 담아내는 문화 기억과 지식의 저장소로 시대에 맞는 正字를 구상하는데 있어 중요한 資料庫로 활용될 뿐 아니라 전통적인 텍스트를 史的으로 이해하는 데 있어, 그리고 오늘날 한자교육에 있어서도 인문학적 접근과 사고를 풍부하게 하는 데 유용한 가치를 지님을 강조하였다.

Lysyl oxidase-variant 2 (LOX-v2) is a novel variant of lysyl oxidase (LOX) that functions as an amine oxidase for the formation of lysine-mediated crosslinks found in collagen and elastin fibrils. In addition to the amine oxidase activity in the extracellular matrix, several novel functions, such as tumor suppression, tumor progression, chemotaxis, cellular senescence, and modification of histones, have been assigned to LOX. In recent years, it has been reported that LOX is also present in nuclear locations, suggesting a novel functional role of LOX in the nucleus. To test the amine oxidase activity of LOX and LOX-v2 to nuclear histone proteins, we expressed and purified LOX and LOX-v2 as recombinant forms and then assessed the amine oxidase activity toward histone H2A in in vitro peroxidase-coupled fluorometric assays. Both LOX and LOX-v2 proteins showed significant levels of amine oxidase activity toward histone H2A in a β -aminopropionitrile-inhibitable manner. In immunofluorescence staining after ectopic expression in cultured cells, LOX was observed in the perinuclear, cytoplasmic, and extracellular areas, whereas LOX-v2 was predominantly detected in the nucleoplasm with a punctuate pattern. These findings suggest that LOX-v2 may play a novel functional role in the nucleus through the amine oxidase activity to the nuclear histone proteins. Elucidation of the specific functional roles of LOX-v2, such as substrate specificity toward different types of nuclear proteins and detailed analysis on subnuclear localization, will provide a significant clue in understanding the diverse functional roles currently assigned to a single enzyme, LOX.

『신찬자경』은 『일체경음의』·『옥편』·『절운』·『정명요록』·『간록자서』 등 중국에서 전래된 한문 문헌을 저본으로 하여 편찬된 일본의 辭書인데, 다양한 이체자와 속자 자료가 풍부하게 수록되어 있어서 자양학적으로 가치가 높다. 『신찬자경』의 이체자는 일반적인 이체자와 비슷한 형성원인을 보이므로, 그 방법론을 적용해 연구할 수 있다. 한자의 이체자는 크게 글자 구성 원리의 변화, 簡略化, 增繁化, 交替, 異化, 同化, 類化, 記號化, 訛混, 同音借用, 構件轉位, 合文 등의 요인에 의해 다양한 형태로 형성되는데, 필자는 상호 유기적으로 영향을 주고받는 이체자 유형들끼리 모아서『신찬자경』이체자와 일반 이체자의 공통성과 차별성을 탐구하려 한다. 그 첫 번째 단계로 본 논문에서는 간략화와 증번화 유형 이체자를 정리하고 분석하였으며,『신찬자경』이체자의 보편성과 고유성도 함께 고찰하였다.

In the “Zi Yi”子儀chapter of the Tsinghua Bamboo Slips清華簡 (six), the character “Zhi” appears twice. For the first time, it is written “ ” and the second time is written “ ”, which has the component “Si”糸 in the left and the component “Ma”馬 is omitted. The editor of this text has indicated that the character “Zhi” should be the character “Zhi”馽 in the Shuo Wen 說文. According to the character “Ji”𦌭 is written variously as “Ji” , this paper adds conclusive evidence which proves the character “Zhi” should be the character “Zhi”馽. In the Warring States Qin Zongyiwashu宗邑瓦書, the character “Ji” is written as which is the variant character of “Ji”𦌭. This shows the character “Zhi”馽 which is the Xiaozhuan小篆 writing is simplified by the components “Si”糸written on the horse’s foot. The character “Ji”𦌭 in the “Mati”馬蹄 chapter of the “Zhuangzi”莊子 is written variously as the character “Xu”𦄼. There is no reasonable explanation about the relationship between the two characters. This paper argues that the writing of the character “Xu”𦄼 should be changed from the writing of the character “Zhi” . The reason is the character “Xu”須 has a very similar writing with the word “Ma”馬 which appears in the ancient writing of the Qin Dynasty. Therefore, both the variant writing of the character “Zhi”馽and “Xu”𦄼 should be changed from the writing of the character “Zhi” . This situation may occur in Qin Dynasty or during the change of Qin Dynasty and Han Dynasty.

Taboo is an ancient custom in China. The taboo system was applied to the names of emperors had a long history in China. Beginning from Zhou Dynasty, until to Qing Dynasty. It is true that taboo system has caused confusion of the recording of ancient Chinese books and inconvenience to the study of historical materials, but one will be able to apply its principle to appraise the authenticity of those books and materials of one has a good grasp of it. Taboo studies also have a long history. According to Chen Yuan’s陳垣 Shi hui ju li史諱舉例，there are different ways to avoid the forbidden words, such as change the character, blank character, omit a stroke, change the pronunciation, etc. This paper claimed that besides change the forbidden word to a synonym, other ways to achieve taboos were occurred in Han Dynasty, such as “missing one stroke of a Chinese character”, “change the formation of a Chinese character”, “change the shape of a Chinese character”, etc. That means the old conclusion of Chen Yuan and other scholars may be not true. However, philologists argued that those changes are the result of the variant form of a Chinese character異體字. Scholars stated that the way to avoid a tabooed word in Han dynasty was to change the forbidden word to a synonym. In this paper, according to Louji’s 婁機 Hanliziyuan漢隸字源, Hongkuo’s洪适 Lishi隸釋, Zhou Guangye’s周廣業 Jing shi bi ming hui kao經史避名彙考, we examine the relationship between tabooed character and variant form of a Chinese character. Finally, discuss the importance of variant form of a Chinese character in the aspect of taboo studies.

This study is focused on the variant form which created and broke the character components by stroke change. This variant form is made through add and reduction and change the stroke, as a result that is produced another new graph.This study reserches for these type variant forms which is how to made and there are how many types and what is the characteristic.

Spoken words tends to be verbal communication, because the source of the words is different, or for use in different groups, it produced the sound homophones nearly glyph (written symbols) through the synchronical and diachronical spread, which is a spoken word may become phonetic variations occurred in the communication process, and lead to produce multiple variants including the shape of words and the numerous, complicated and changeful usage of words, sometimes even cover up their original real feature. This article focuses on spoken word about the same word but variant character of the oral literature (including abroad), which reflected Beijing dialect in the late Qing and early republic period

In the oral literature of Qing Dynasty, there are a lot of Chanese characters with variant forms, including the standardized and vulgar forms, the traditional and simplified forms, and the ancient and modern forms. These variant forms of the same character ususlly can tell us the evolution of the word meaning and pronunciation, and also can tell us the new difference of the wording meaning and pronunciation between the forms of the character in Qing Dynasty, such as “得dĕi-得„ (《Yu yen tzuerh chi》)、哪-那„ (《Yu yen tzuerh chi》)、狠/哏-很、這麼-這們、喝-欱、他-怹tān（《Yan jingfuyu》）”. Therefore, the variant forms of the same character have great value in the history of words. In the literature of dialect in Qing Dynasty, the words of dialect recorded the pronunciation of dialect very well, yet these dialect words have not been paid much attention to in academic research. It is expected that these variant forms of the same character can draw more attention in researching of ancient books.

The emergence and spread of the variant form of Chinese Character are related to people’s cognitive principles. The cognitive modes of Chinese Character formed by identity, assimilation, distinction and integration. On the surface, the variant form of Chinese Character appears haphazardly. It is clearly seen that there are the reason on the evolution of the variant form of the Chinese Character, which mainly lies in the active role of human perception. People’s cognitive principles determine not only the ways of the emergence but the degree of variation of the variant form of Chinese Character.

This study is objected to investigate the repairing method and the modification period of rafters via the transformation traces left in the superciliums, where repair process takes places frequently. This is the basic research of analyzing the architectural features of Deokkeori, one of the additional-rafter methods. Deokkeori method can be described as using Deokdori in the top section of Hayeon, and placement of Sangyeon above it. This method was started to be used since middle of the Joseon dynasty period(middle 18th Century) and mainly used at 19th Century to resist the transformation caused by repairing. It had been gradually developed from non-application stage to application stage including additional usage of complement.

필자는 지금까지 일본 헤이안 시대의 자서인 新撰字鏡에 수록된 이체자의 이체 유형과 부건을 분석하고, 각종 중요한 이체자, 특히 중국의 대형 자전에서도 다루지 않은 難字들을 가려내어 그 계통을 밝히는 작업을 해 왔다. 이 과정에서 新撰字鏡의 이체자들이 중국의 이체자와 자형 변천 과정에서 기본적으로는 동 일한 양상을 보이지만, 일반적인 이체 규율로 규정지을 수 없는 독특한 이체자들 도 즐비하다는 사실을 누구보다 잘 알게 되었다. 이처럼 독특한 이체자형은 한편 으로는 이 책의 가치를 높여주는 장점이 되지만 다른 각도에서 보면 이 책이 널리 읽히고 연구되는 데 저해요소가 되기도 한다. 따라서 필자는 新撰字鏡 연구의 첫 단계는 반드시 자형에 대한 연구, 특히 이체자에 대한 식자율을 높이고 정확한 자형을 판별해내는 일부터 시작해야 한다고 생각했다. 이에 따라 본 논문에서는 필자 본인을 비롯한 新撰字鏡을 접하는 독자들이 이 책에 수록된 이체자를 좀 더 쉽게 알아보고 이해할 수 있도록 다양한 글자들에서 나타나며, 이체현상이 활 발하게 일어나 다양한 이체자형을 보존하고 있으며, 중국의 자서에서도 잘 나타나 지 않는 독특한 이체자형이 많으면서도 그 이체현상이 문자학적으로 분석할 가치 가 높은 것들을 우선적으로 가려 뽑아 그 이체 현상을 상세하게 분석하였다.