As the decommissioning of domestic nuclear power plants (Gori Unit 1 and Wolseong Unit 1) becomes more visible, many research projects are being conducted to safely and economically decommissioning of domestic nuclear power plants (NPPs). After permanent shutdown, decommissioning of NNPs proceeds through decontamination, cutting of main equipment, waste disposal and site restoration stages. And various technologies are applied at each stage. In particular, remote cutting of neutron induced structures (RV, RVI, etc.) is a technology used in developed countries in the cutting stage, and remote cutting has been evaluated as a core technology for minimizing workers’ radiation exposure. Generally, remote cutting technologies are divided into mechanical/thermal/electrical cutting. Among various thermal cutting technologies, plasma arc cutting (PAC) is more economical and easily to remote control than other cutting technologies, and is also effective in cutting STS304 plates. PAC is a thermal cutting technology that melts the base material at the cutting area with a plasma arc heat source and removes melted material by blowing it out with cutting gas. The cutting quality depends on the stand-off distance and power (current), material thickness, cutting speed, etc., while double arcing will occur if the cutting conditions are not suitable. A monitoring system that can confirm double arcing during remote cutting is necessary because double arcing can reduce cutting quality, increase secondary waste (increase kerf and aerosol), and cause non-cutting. In this study, we used an ultrahigh-speed camera equipped with a band-pass filter to capture clear arc shapes, and measured voltage waveforms with a data acquisition system. We studied a monitoring method that can confirm the occurrence of double arcing by synchronizing the obtained arc shape and voltage waveform, and the effects of double arcing on the STS304 plates. The results of this study are expected to be helpful in the development of the remote cutting process using plasma arc cutting when decommissioning of domestic NPPs.

Transparent conductive tungsten (W) doped indium oxide (In2O3; IWO) films were deposited at different substrate bias voltage (-Vb) conditions at room temperature on glass substrates by radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering and the influence of the substrate bias voltage on the optical and electrical properties was investigated. As the substrate bias voltage increased to -350 Vb, the IWO films showed a lower resistivity of 2.06 × 10-4 Ωcm. The lowest resistivity observed for the film deposited at -350 Vb could be attributed to its higher mobility, of 31.8 cm2/Vs compared with that (6.2 cm2/Vs) of the films deposited without a substrate bias voltage (0 Vb). The highest visible transmittance of 84.1 % was also observed for the films deposited at the -350 Vb condition. The X-ray diffraction observation indicated the IWO films deposited without substrate bias voltage were amorphous phase without any diffraction peaks, while the films deposited with bias voltage were polycrystalline with a low In2O3 (222) diffraction peak and relatively high intensity (431) and (046) diffraction peaks. From the observed visible transmittance and electrical properties, it is concluded that the opto-electrical performance of the polycrystalline IWO film deposited by RF magnetron sputtering can be enhanced with effective substrate bias voltage conditions.

In this work, the sulfonic acid group was introduced into the resorcinol–formaldehyde (RF) microspheres by the addition of p-phenolsulfonic acid during the polycondensation process of RF. The hydrophilicity of the sulfonated RF allowed KOH to infiltrate inside the microspheres, which enhanced the formation of mesopores in the carbon microspheres during the activation process by KOH. SEM and TEM observations and N2 adsorption measurements verified the formation of abundant mesopores in the porous carbon microspheres. The BET surface area of these mesoporous carbons exceeded 2000 m2/ g. In 17 m NaClO4 “water-in-salt” (WIS) electrolyte-based supercapacitor, the synthesized mesoporous carbon exhibited high specific capacitance of 170 F/g at current density of 0.5 A/g, comparable to those in regular KOH electrolyte. When graphite was used as current collectors, the symmetric cell could operate at 2.5 V, and the mesoporous carbon exhibited an energy density of 43 Wh/kg at power density of 0.25 kW/kg, and 25 Wh/kg at power density of 6.25 kW/kg, respectively, which were superior to those using Pt or stainless steel as current collectors. The mesoporous carbon/graphite was an excellent electrode in new-generation “WIS” electrolyte-based high-voltage supercapacitor due to their high energy and power density.

휘어지며 투명한 전자기기의 개발을 위해서 최근 유기반도체, 탄소기반 나노소재, 금속산화물 반도체등의 다양한 신소재 반도체 개발에 대한 연구가 관심을 받으며 지속적으로 발전하고 있다. 그러나, 이러한 신소재 반도체 기술의 꾸준하고 지속적인 발전에도 불구하고 트랜지스터를 구성하는 주요 소재중 하나인 유전체에 대한 연구는 반도체의 개발속도에 크게 미치지 못하여, 기계적인 휘어짐의 특성을 갖추고, 높은 캐패시턴스와 좋은 누전전류 특성을 갖는 새로운 유전체 개발에 대한 요구가 지속적으로 커지고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 저전압에서 구동 가능한 박막트랜지스터를 위한 유기-무기 하이브리드소재 박막을 개발하며 이를 저전압 구동이 가능한 유기박막트랜지스터에 적용하였다. 상대적으로 높은 유전상수를 갖는 염화하프늄 (HfO2)과 소수성기를 갖고 있으며 금속산화물과 공유결합이 가능한 실란산 기반의 유기물 (octadecyltrimethoxysilane)을 혼합한 전구체 용액을 합성하며 상대적으로 낮은 온도에서 열처리를 통해 얻을 수 있었다. 제조된 하이브리드 게이트 유전체 박막은 우수한 절연 및 유전체 특성과 함께 소수성 표면 특성을 가질 수 있었고 펜타센 유기박막트랜지스터로 응용하여 저전압에서 구동이 되며 우수한 트랜지스터 성능을 갖는 소자를 개발하였다.

High voltage impulse (HVI) has been gained attention as an alternative technique that could control the CaCO3 scale problems encountered in water main, pipe, cooling tower and heat exchanger vessels. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of electric field (E) and contact time (t) of HVI on reduction of Ca2+ concentration at two different temperatures of 25℃ and 60℃. A kinetic model on the effect of E and t was investigated too. As the E and t increased, the Ca2+ concentration decreased more than that of the control (= no HVI). The Ca2+ concentration decreased up to 81% at 15 kV/cm at 60℃, which was nearly 2 times greater than the control. With these experimental data-set of reduction of Ca2+ concentration under different E and t, the kinetic model was developed. The relationship between E and t required to reduce the concentration of Ca2+ by 30% was modeled at each temperature. The empirical model equations were; E0.83· t = 60.3 at 25℃ and E0.08· t = 1.1 at 60℃. These equations state the products of En and t is always constant, which means that the required contact time can be reduced in accordance with the increment of E and vice versa.

Although membrane bio-reactor (MBR) has been widely applied for wastewater treatment plants, the membrane fouling problems are still considered as an obstacle to overcome. Thus, many studies and commercial developments on mitigating membrane fouling in MBR have been carried out. Recently, high voltage impulse (HVI) has gained attention for a possible alternative technique for desalting, non-thermal sterilization, bromate-free disinfection and mitigation of membrane fouling. In this study, it was verified if the HVI could be used for mitigation of membrane fouling, particularly the internal pore fouling in MBR. The HVI was applied to the fouled membrane under different conditions of electric fields (E) and contact time (t) of HVI in order to investigate how much of internal pore fouling was reduced. The internal pore fouling resistance (Rf) after HVI induction was reduced as both E and t increased. For example, Rf decreased by 19% when the applied E was 5 kV/cm and t was 80 min. However, the Rf decreased by 71% as the E increased to 15 kV/cm under the same contact time. The correlation between E and t that needed for 20% of Rf reduction was modeled based on kinetics. The model equation, E1.54t = 1.2 × 103 was obtained by the membrane filtration data that were obtained with and without HVI induction. The equation states the products of En and t is always constant, which means that the required contact time can be reduced in accordance with the increase of E.

A stacked high-voltage (900 V) Al electrolytic capacitor made with ZrO2 coated anode foils, which has not been studied so far, is realized and the effects of Zr-Al-O composite layer on the electric properties are discussed. Etched Al foils coated with ZrO2 sol are anodized in 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol (MPD)-boric acid electrolyte. The anodized Al foils are assembled with stacked structure to prepare the capacitor. The capacitance and dissipation factor of the capacitor with ZrO2 coated anode foils increase by 41 % and decrease by 50 %, respectively, in comparison with those of Al anode foils. Zr-Al- O composite dielectric layer is formed between separate crystalline ZrO2 with high dielectric constant and amorphous Al2O3 with high ionic resistivity. This work suggests that the formation of a composite layer by coating valve metal oxide on etched Al foil surface

High voltage impulse(HVI) has been gained attention as an alternate technique controlling CaCO3 scale formation. Investigation of key operational parameters for HVI is important, however, those had not been reported yet. In this study, the effect of temperature and applied voltage of HVI on Ca2+ concentration was studied. As the applied voltage from 0 to 15kV and the temperature increased from 20 to 60°C, the Ca2+ concentration decreased, indicating that the aqueous Ca2+ precipitated to CaCO3. The Ca2+ concentration decreased up to 81% under the condition of 15kV and 60°C. Rate constant for the precipitation reaction, k was determined under different temper1ature and voltage. The reaction rate constant under the 15kV and 60°C condition was evaluated to 66☓10-3 L/(mmol·hr), which was 5 times greater than the k of the reaction without HVI at same temperature. The increases in k by HVI at higher temperature region(40 to 60°C) was much greater than at lower temperature region(20 to 40°C), which implies temperature is more important parameter than voltage for reducing Ca2+ concentration at high temperature region. These results show that the HVI induction accelerates the precipitation to CaCO3, particularly much faster at higher temperature.

본 논문에서는 안정적인 전력공급이 어려운 실제 현장에 적용하기 위해서 PSC 내부 텐던의 긴장력 관리를 위한 저전압 EM센싱기법을 검증하였다. 지난 국내외 PSC 구조물 사고 사례를 볼 수 있듯이, 공용간 구조적 안정성을 확보하기 위해서는 PS텐던의 긴장력 관리가 매우 중요함을 알 수 있었다. 이에 본 논문에서는 EM센서를 통해 탄성-자기이론을 기반한 강자성 체의 자기변형과 응력의 관계를 이용하여 전압 크기에 따른 긴장력에 대한 자기이력곡선을 계측하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 이중 원통코일형태의 EM센서를 제작하고 유압식 인장기를 이용한 PS텐던 인장 실험 장비를 구성하였다. 실험은 단계적으 로 전압을 감소시켜 긴장력 크기에 따른 자기이력곡선의 변화를 계측하면서 최대/최소 전압값에 대한 계측결과에 따른 투자 율의 변화와 긴장력의 관계를 비교·분석하였다. 그 결과, 전압이 감소하여 자기장의 크기가 작아짐에 따라 추정식에 대한 상수는 상이하지만 유사한 형태의 자기이력곡선 투자율의 변화를 확인할 수 있었다. 이를 통해 본 연구에서는 저전압 상태에 서 EM센싱기법을 이용한 PSC 내부 텐던에 대한 긴장력 관리가 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

In this paper, we investigate the relationship between fuel injection quantity and voltage and current energy of Bosch system and Delphi system by measuring the high and low voltage waveform, current waveform, fuel injection quantity and fuel pressure of A and J-engines. Waveform measurements are made using the PICO scope and the CDS tester. The injectors of A and J engines were tested under no load condition using injector with normal fuel injection quantity, injector with small fuel injection quantity and injector with many fuel injection quantity. In case of normal injector, A-engine has higher fuel pressure, injection interval time, voltage energy, and current energy than J-engine. The current energy of the A-engine changed linearly compared to that of the J-engine. For over and under injectors, the change in the previous physical quantity was greater for the A-engine than for the J-engine. However, the duration time of maintaining to open the injector is controlled differently, and so the voltage and current energy values are changed, and the change of the current energy is larger than the voltage energy.

본 연구는 전기자동차 충전시스템에서 전력변환장치의 경량화를 위한 최적화 분석프로세스에 대한 내용을 서술하였다. 최적화 설계는 재료 물성치에 대한 설계민감도와 수학적 최적화를 결합하여 주어진 재료량 제한조건 하에 최적의 재료분포를 찾는 설계기법으로 위상의 고정화, 자유도가 묶이는 문제 등을 해결할 수 있는 위상 최적화방법을 사용하였으며, 위상 최적화 방법 중 비교적 수식화가 간단하고 수렴성이 좋은 SIMP법(solid isotropic material with penalization)에 의해 경량화 설계를 수행하였다. 경량화 설계는 3단계의 절차로 구성하였으며, 첫 번째 단계로 전력변환장치의 기본 설계에 대한 유한요소모델을 구성하고, 하중에 대한 정적해석을 수행하였다. 두 번째 단계로 정적해석 결과에 대해 등방성 재료의 강성계수를 적용한 밀도법을 이용하여 위상 최적화를 수행하여 경량화를 위한 최적 형상을 도출하였다. 세 번째 단계로 최적 형상에 대해 차량 탑재 부품의 충격시험기준에 만족하는 반정현파 펄스형태 충격하중을 인가하여 충격해석을 수행하였다. 위상 최적화단계에서 사용 환경조건으로 설계영역 정의는 마운팅 브래킷 영역으로 제한하였으며, 마운팅 브래킷의 설계 최적화를 통해 최종적으로 기본설계대비 20%이상의 경량화가 가능한 설계기술을 확보하였다.

본 연구에서는 가변 통기성 스마트 의류의 제작을 위해 필요한 형상기억합금 액추에이터의 작동 조건을 파악하였다. 의복의 개방, 폐쇄와 같은 양방향 작동 시 형태 변형 시에만 전력을 소모하는 저전력 소모 액추에이터 개발을 위해 복수 채널의 일방향 형상기억합금을 이용하여 스위치로 작동되는 액추에이터를 설계하였으며 가장 효율적으로 작동할 수 있는 와이어의 직경과 전압인가 단위시간을 도출하였다. 선행연구 결과 도출된 양방향 작동이 가능한 일방향 형상기억합금의 직경 범위 내에서 Arduino 스위치를 제작하여 3.7V 전압인가 시 변화량을 분석한 결과 0.4Φ의 액추에이터가 가장 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 0.4Φ 형상기억합금와이어를 사용한 양방향작동 액추에이터의 개방, 폐쇄에 필요한 최적전압인가 시간을 도출하기 위해 액추에이터의 최대개방, 최소폐쇄 도달 전압인가 시간으로부터 50ms씩 감소, 증가 시키며 냉각 후 액추에이터의 내경을 비교하는 방식으로 측정한 결과 개방 동작에 필요한 최적 전압인가 단위시간은 4,100ms로 나타났다. 각 채널간의 발열에 의한 간섭을 최소화하기 위한 양방향간 작동 시 필요 딜레이 분석을 위해 상온에서 형상기억합금에 최적 전압입가 시간인 4.1초 동안 전원을 공급하고 가열 후 냉각까지의 과정을 열화상카메라로 촬영하여 형상기억합금 와이의 온도가 냉각시의 상변태온 이하로 하강하는 시점을 파악한 결과, 액추에이터의 양방향간 작동 딜레이는 1.8초 이상이 확보되어야 함을 파악할 수 있었다.

본 연구에서는 이온교환막을 결합한 막 결합형 축전식 탈염공정으로 적용하여 진행하였다. 막 결합형 축전식 탈염공정에서 흡착전압과 이온교환막의 두께가 흡착성능에 미치는 영향을 알아보았다. 흡착전압을 0.5, 1, 1.4 V로 달리하였고 흡착전압이 증가함에 따라 강한인력으로 인해 많은 이온들의 흡착으로 배출수 농도의 최소점이 낮아지고 전극이 포화상태가 되기까지의 운전시간이 증가하였다. 이온교환막의 두께를 1, 2, 3회로 코팅횟수를 달리하였고 막이 두꺼울수록 막 내에서 이온들의 움직임이 원활하지 않아 감소된 흡착성능을 확인하였다. 이온교환막의 적합한 두께는 1회 코팅했을 때 3.85 ㎛의 두께를 보였다.

Small hive beetle (Aethina tumida) (SHB) is an invasive species to most northern hemisphere countries, including Korea. In an attempt to obtain basic information for efficient management of SHB, genes encoding conventional insecticide targets [voltage-sensitive sodium channel α-subunit (VSSC) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE)] were annotated and characterized following the analysis of whole transcriptomes of adults and larvae. A single VSSC gene was identified but no apparent mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance were detected. Genes encoding two AChEs (AtAChE1 and AtAChE2) were identified from the SHB transcriptome. AtAChE1 was determined to be the main catalytic enzyme, thereby being a toxicologically more relevant target. No apparent mutations associated with resistance to organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides was identified in the AtAChE1 gene, whereas the S238G mutation, originally identified from the Colorado potato beetle, was detected in the AtAChE2 gene.

Recently, applications of high voltage impulse (hereafter HVI) technique to desalting, sludge solubilization and disinfection have gained great attention. However, information on how the operating condition of HVI changes the water qualities, particularly production of hydroxyl radical (·OH) is not sufficient yet. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of operating conditions of the HVI on the generation of hydroxyl radical. Indirect quantification of hydroxyl radical using RNO which react with hydroxyl radical was used. The higher HVI voltage applied up to 15 kV, the more RNO decreased. However, 5 kV was not enough to produce hydroxyl radical, indicating there might be an critical voltage triggering hydroxyl radical generation. The concentration of RNO under the condition of high conductivity decreased more than those of the low conductivities. Moreover, the higher the air supplies to the HVI reactor, the greater RNO decreased. The conditions with high conductivity and/or air supply might encourage the corona discharge on the electrode surfaces, which can produce the hydroxyl radical more easily. The pH and conductivity of the sample water changed little during the course of HVI induction.

Several disposal processes for waste sludge from wastewater treatment plants such as landfill, ocean dump, incineration, reuse as fuels or fertilizers are practiced. However, ocean dumping is prohibited by international treat. New constructions of landfill sites or incineration facilities are limited by NIMBY and reuse processes are still suffering from low energy yield. Therefore, development of alternative processes for sludge disposal are currently needed. In this study, alternative technique for sludge solubilization using HVI (high voltage impulse) was suggested and verified experimentally. Sludge solubilization was carried out for 90 minutes using HVI discharge with peak voltage of 16 kV and pulse duration for 40 microsecond. About 3∼9 % of MLSS and MLVSS concentration were reduced, but the soluble COD, TN, TP of the sludge increased to 372 %, 56 % and 102 % respectively. It indicates that the flocs and/or cells of the sludge were damaged by HVI. These resulted in flocs-disintegration and cells-lysis, which means the internal matters were bursted out of the flocs as well as the cells. Thus, electrical conductivity in bulk solution was increased. All of the results verified that the HVI could be used as an alternative technique for sludge solubilization processes.