PURPOSES : Abroad, road pavement materials vary depending on the speed and traffic volume of vehicles, but owing to the negative perception of block pavements, sidewalks, parking lots, and parks are primarily used in Korea. In addition, since speed restriction policies such as safety speed 5030 have been implemented recently, it is necessary to use block pavements for roadways, which are considered to have the effect of reducing speed. Therefore, it is necessary not only to actively discuss the introduction of block pavements for roadways but to continue research on the effectiveness of the performance evaluation and to change the perception of roads in Korea. METHODS : In this study, five indicators (surface damage, surface temperature, driving speed of vehicle, noise, and suspended dust) were selected for a sustainable road environment. The performance evaluation index of block pavement for roadways was decided according to the domestic and international literature, and the data were collected based on the evaluation index in the section with block pavement for roadways in Korea. RESULTS : The damage rate was calculated 0.35% according to the breakage of block and Maintenance Control Index(MCI) was ranked A~B even though the pavement was used for more than 4~5 years. The surface temperature of block pavement has a temperature reduction effect of 7 ℃ compared with ordinary asphalt pavement and a speed reduction of approximately 4 km/h on average; therefore, the traffic calming effect of block pavements can be expected. The noise of block pavement and asphalt pavement exhibited a similar level, and the noise level experienced by pedestrians did not change significantly as a result of frequency analysis. The measurement of road suspended dust around the road confirmed the possibility of reducing the concentration of road dust in the air owing to the smooth surface drainage and the results indicated the possibility. CONCLUSIONS : The results of this study are expected to contribute to the recognition and functional improvement of domestic block pavements by continuous monitoring to ensure the reliability of blocks. In addition, it is necessary to ensure the reliability of the quality and functional evaluation of paving materials through continuous on-site monitoring.

Estuary is important in terms of biodiversity because it has the characteristics of transition waters, created by the mixing of fresh- and seawater. The estuarine water circulation provides a variety of habitats with different environments by inducing gradients in the chemical and physical environment, such as water quality and river bed structure, which are ultimately the main factors influencing biological community composition. If the water circulation is interrupted, the loss of brackish areas and the interception of migration of biological communities will lead to changes in the spatial distribution of biodiversity. In this study, among the sites covered by the Estuary Aquatic Ecosystem Health Assessment, we selected study sites where changes in biodiversity can be assessed by spatial gradient from the upper reaches of the river to the lower estuarine area. The α-, γ- and β-diversity of diatom, benthic macroinvertebrates, and fish communities were calculated, and they were divided into open and closed estuary data and compared to determine the trends in biodiversity variation due to estuarine circulation. As results, all communities showed higher γ-diversity at open estuary sites. The benthic macroinvertebrate community showed a clear difference between open and closed estuaries in β-diversity, consequently the estuarine transects were considered as a factor that decreases spatial heterogeneity of their diversity among sites. The biodiversity trends analyzed in this study will be used to identify estuaries with low γ- and β-diversity by community, providing a useful resource for further mornitoring and management to maintain estuarine health.

Fish assemblage of total 325 of Korean peninsula estuaries were surveyed to analyze the characteristics of community structure and diversity by sea areas for three years from 2016 to 2018. The scale (stream width) of Korean estuaries were various (14~3,356 m), and 68.9% of all estuaries showed salinity of less than 2 psu. Total 149 species classified into 52 families of fish were identified, and the dominant and sub-dominant species were Tribolodon hakonensis (relative abundance, RA, 12.5%) and Mugil cephalus (RA, 9.5%), respectively. The estuary of the Korean Peninsula had different physical and chemical habitat environments depending on the sea area, and accordingly, fish community structure also showed statistically significant differences (PERMANOVA, Pseudo-F=26.69, P=0.001). In addition, the NMDS (nonmetric multidimensional scaling) results showed the patterns that indicating fish community difference by sea areas, even though low community similarity within sea area (SIMPER, 21.79~26.39%). The estuaries of east sea areas were distinguished from the others in the aspects of which, the higher importance of migratory fishes and endangered species, and that of brackish species were characterized at south sea estuaries. However, the estuaries of west sea showed higher importance of species that have a relation with freshwater (primary freshwater species, exotic species), which is the result that associating with the lower salinity of west sea estuaries because of the high ratio of closed estuaries (78.2%). The SIMPER analysis, scoring the contribution rates of species to community similarity, also showed results corresponding to the tendency of different fish community structures according to each sea area. So far, In Korea, most studies on fish communities in estuaries have been conducted in a single estuary unit, which made it difficult to understand the characteristics of estuaries at the national level, which are prerequisite for policy establishment. In present study, we are providing fish community structure characteristics of Korean estuaries in a national scale, including diversity index, habitat salinity ranges of major species, distribution of migratory species. We are expecting that our results could be utilized as baseline information for establishing management policies or further study of Korean estuaries.

‘Buddybell’ is a promising crabapple variety developed as a pollinizer at the Apple Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Korea, in 2019. This variety was selected from seedlings obtained by natural crossing of Malus baccata. It was collected from Mt. Jeombong, Inje-gun, and Gangwon-do. Line selections were conducted from 2009 to 2016, and characteristic evaluations were performed from 2009 to 2010. Tree vigor and tree form of ‘Buddybell’ were medium and upright, respectively. The first flowering time was early, around April 16, and the flowering period was as long as 14 days. The flowers of ‘Buddybell’ were pink in the balloon stage and white in full bloom. ‘Buddybell’ has a high fruit setting rate with major apple varieties(‘Fuji’, ‘Hongro’, and ‘Tsugaru’). The amount of pollen weight per 1,000 inflorescence of ‘Buddybell’ was 2.5 times higher than that of 'Maypole'; hence, it is highly useful as a pollinizer in apple orchard. ‘Buddybell’ was officially applied for variety protection on Korea Seed & Variety Service in 2020 (Application no.2020-237).

풍력발전단지는 초기 투자비용이 높고 설치 후 이동이 용이하지 못하기 때문에 풍력발전단지 설계 과정에서 해당 지역의 생 산 가능 자원량을 정확히 예측하는 것이 필수적이다. 많은 연구자들이 풍력에너지 발전량을 예측하기 위해 수치기상예보(Numerical Weather Prediction, NWP) 방법으로부터 얻은 장기간 기상데이터를 활용한다. 하지만 NWP 방법은 국지적 지형지물과 표면조도가 풍 황에 미치는 영향을 충분히 고려하지 못한다는 한계점이 존재하여 대부분의 육상풍력발전단지가 지형이 복잡한 산간지역에 설치되어 있는 한국에서 활용하기에 적합하지 않다. 이에 NWP 방법을 통해 얻어진 장기간 기상데이터를 전산유체역학(Computational Fluid Dynamics, CFD)의 경계조건으로 활용하여 지형지물과 표면조도의 영향을 고려하여 축소함으로써 공간해상도를 100m 급으로 고해상 도화 하였다.

The steel structure of the Molten steel carrier is eroded due to environmental conditions such as high temperature and corrosion, and corrosion and erosion reduce the thickness of the structure and cause erosion around gas outlets. Since this increases the stress of the structure, it is necessary to study the safety of the structure. In this study, fatigue properties were estimated using the expert system that can estimate fatigue properties based on mechanical properties such as tensile strength or hardness, and the fatigue strength of the structure was evaluated using the estimated fatigue properties. As a result, the evaluated fatigue life was greater than 106 cycles, indicating that it has sufficient fatigue strength.

본 연구는 하지 부종 및 셀룰라이트를 고민하는 여성(평균 36.2세; 23명)을 대상으로 9주간 근막 이완기법을 시행하기 전·후의 부종과 셀룰라이트의 변화를 검증하는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위하여 선행연구를 토대로 연구 모형을 설계하고 신체 분석을 통해 실증분석을 하였다. 하지부종과 둘레 분 석은 체성분 분석기(Inbody 970, Korea)로 측정하였고, 셀룰라이트 단계는 셀미터(cell-meter., Ita liy)로 측정하여 결과를 도출하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 근막 이완기법이 여성의 체수 분과 세포외액에 긍정적인 결과(p<.05)를 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 근막 이완기법이 여성의 하지 둘레에 유의미한 영향(p<.01)을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 근막 이완기법이 여성의 셀룰 라이트에 긍정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구 성과는 근막 이완기법이 여성 하지 부종 과 둘레, 셀룰라이트에 유의미한 영향을 미쳤다는 성과가 있지만 근막 이완기법이 여성 하지의 신체 적 요인에 대해서만 검증한 점이 한계라 할 수 있다. 근막 이완기법의 통합된 효과를 볼 수 있도록 향후 연구에서 여성의 심리적 변화 변수들을 추가하여 심화된 연구를 진행하기를 기대한다.

본 연구에서는 유기용매용 나노여과막 (Organic Solvent Nanofiltration, OSN)의 유기용매 투과 및 분리성능을 분 석하였다. 비극성용매에 적합한 Puramem (PM) 시리즈 분리막의 소재를 분석한 후 다양한 유기용매 분위기에서의 투과성능 을 데드엔드셀로 측정하였다. PM 시리즈 분리막은 극성용매 대비 비극성용매에서 더 높은 투과도를 보였으며, 용질의 종류 및 분자량에 따라 매우 독특한 배제성능을 보이는 것을 확인하였다. 이는 기존 수처리에 적용되는 Solution-diffusion 투과모 델이 OSN 투과모델에는 적합하지 않다는 것을 알 수 있으며, solvent-solute-membrane 간의 상관관계를 더 정확하게 반영할 수 있는 새로운 인자가 필요하다는 결론을 낼 수 있다.

필로티 공간을 주차장으로 활용할 경우 차량 화재에 대한 위험성이 발생한다. 한 대의 차량에서 화재가 발생하게 되 면 차량 간의 거리가 밀접하므로 주차되어있는 여러 대의 차량에 화재가 빠르게 전이되며 차량의 높은 열방출율과 온도로 인해 폭발 위험성이 있다. 이러한 화재에 취약한 필로티 구조 특성으로 인해 짧은 시간 동안 주차공간이 화염에 휩싸이게 되며 화재 가 확대되어 주변 건물까지 화재 위험이 발생할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 필로티 주차공간 실화재 실험을 통해 화염의 성장크기 와 전파속도에 따라 필로티 기둥의 미치는 영향을 분석하였으며, 화재에 노출된 CN준불연 및 CFRP 보강 필로티 기둥의 내화 및 연소성능을 평가하고자 한다.

In this study, we have prepared a Ti-6Al-4V/V/17-4 PH composite structure via a direct energy deposition process, and analyzed the interfaces using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The joint interfaces comprise two zones, one being a mixed zone in which V and 17-4PH are partially mixed and another being a fusion zone in the 17-4PH region which consists of Fe+FeV. It is observed that the power of the laser used in the deposition process affects the thickness of the mixed zone. When a 210 W laser is used, the thickness of the mixed zone is wider than that obtained using a 150 W laser, and the interface resembles a serrated shape. Moreover, irrespective of the laser power used, the expected  phase is found to be absent in the V/17-4 PH stainless steel joint; however, many VN precipitates are observed.

In order to evaluate the earthquake safety of equipment in structures, it is essential to analyze the In-Structure Response Spectrum (ISRS). The ISRS has a peak value at the frequency corresponding to the structural vibration mode, but the frequency and amplitude at the peak can vary because of many uncertain parameters. There are several seismic design criteria for ISRS peak-broadening for fixed base structures. However, there are no suggested criteria for constructing the design ISRS of seismically isolated structures. The ISRS of isolated structures may change due to the major uncertainty parameter of the isolator, which is the shear stiffness of the isolator and the several uncertainty parameters caused by the nonlinear behavior of isolators. This study evaluated the effects on the ISRS due to the initial stiffness of the bi-linear curve of isolators and the variation of effective stiffness by the input ground motion intensity and intense motion duration. Analyzing a simplified structural model for isolated base structure confirmed that the ISRS at the frequency of structural mode was amplified and shifted. It was found that the uncertainty of the initial stiffness of isolators significantly affects the shape of ISRS. The variation caused by the intensity and duration of input ground motions was also evaluated. These results suggested several considerations for generating ISRS for seismically isolated structures.