The cultural debates between conservatives and liberals at the end of the 1980s andin the early 1990s were termed as “culture wars.”The “culture wars”involved a diverserange of controversial issues, such as the introduction of multicultural curricula ineducational institutions, prayers in schools, whether to allow gays to serve openly in themilitary, and whether abortion should be permitted. The most heated debates of the“culture wars”regarding art raged over the NEA and the question of whether AndresSerrano’s works should have been publicly funded, in addition to the exhibition “RobertMapplethorpe: The Perfect Moment”which were charged as projecting “obscene”or“blasphemous”images. This paper examines the development of culture wars in art and focuses on severalissues invoked by the NEA debates. However, it is not a detailed chronologicalinvestigation. Rather it pays attention to the several phases of the debates, analyzing andcriticizing the clashes of the political and esthetical points of views between conservativesand liberals. How could NEA funding, a mere fraction of the federal budget, have become socritical for both sides(conservative and liberal), for politicians and artists’groups, and foracademics and the general public? The art community was astounded by this chain ofevents; artists personally reviled, exhibitions withdrawn and under attack, the NEA budgetthreatened, all because of a few images. For conservative politicians, the NEA debate wasnot only a battle over the public funding of art, but a war over a larger social agenda, awar for “American values and cultures”based on the family, Christianity, the Englishlanguage, and patriarchy. Conservative politicians argued the question was not one of“censorship”but of “sponsorship,”since the NEA charter committed it to “helpingmuseums better serve the citizens of the United States.”Liberals and art communitiesargued that the attempt to restrict NEA funding violated the First Amendment rights ofartists, namely “free speeches.”“No matter how divided individuals are on matters oftaste,”Arthur C. Danto wrote, “freedom is in the interest of every citizen.” The interesting phase is that both sides are actually borrowing one another’s point of view when they are accompanied by art criticism. Kramer, representative of conservativeart critic, objected the invasion of political contents or values in art, and struggled to keepart’s own realm by promoting pure aesthetic values such as quality and beauty. But, whenhe talked about Mapplethorpe’s works, he advocated political and ethical values. Bycontrast, art experts who argued for Mapplethorpe’s works in the Cincinnati trial defendedhis work, ironically by ignoring its manifest sexual metaphor or content although theybelieved that the issues of AIDS and homosexuality in his work were to be freelyexpressed in the art form. They adopted a formalistic approach, for example, by comparinga child nude with putti, a traditional child-angel icon. For a while, NEA debates made art institutions, whether consciously orunconsciously, exert self-censorship, yet at the same time they were also producingpositive aspects. To the majority of people, art was still regarded as belonging to the pureaesthetic realm away from political, economical, and social ones. These debates, however,were expanding the very perspective on the notion of what is art and of how art isproduced, raising questions on art appreciation, representation, and power. The interestingfact remains: had the works not been swiped in NEA debates, could the Serrano’s orMapplethorpe’s images gain the extent of power and acceptance that it has today?

목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 자폐아동이 영상 매체에 관심을 보이는 특성을 활용해서 컴퓨터 동영상 활동스케줄 사용법 지도가 자폐아동의 자발성과 독립성을 향상시키는데 효과가 있는지 알아보는 것이다. 연구방법 : 이 연구 A-B 개별실험 연구설계를 통해 실시되었다. 연구대상은 자폐로 진단된 43개월 된 남아로 현재의 발달수준은 2～3세로 평가되었다. 이 아동은 주의가 산만하고, 부모님이나 교사의 지시를 따르지 않으며, 한 과제를 지속해서 수행하지 못하고, 할 수 있는 과제도 자발적으로 수행하거나 자신이 원하는 것을 자발적으로 요구하지 못하는 것으로 관찰되었다. 독립변인은 컴퓨터에 입력된 동영상 활동스케줄에 따라 아동 스스로 동영상의 각 장면을 본 후, 동영상에 담긴 활동 과제물을 스스로 준비해서 수행하는 것이다. 아동이 할 수는 있지만 자발적으로 수행하지 않는 놀이나 일상생활 활동 11가지의 수행 장면을 10초간씩 동영상으로 촬영한 후 제작된 동영상 활동스케줄을 컴퓨터에 입력해 놓았다. 동영상 활동스케줄 수행과정은 1단계, enter key 누르기, 2단계, 화면에 나오는 장면을 응시하기, 3단계, 화면에서 나오는 동일한 물건을 바구니에서 가져오기, 4단계, 가져온 과제를 수행하기, 5단계, 수행한 과제물을 제자리에 정리하기의 다섯 단계로 구성되었다. 동영상 활동은 1회기에 5회씩 반복 되었으며, 실험은 주 2회기씩 총 8주 진행 되었다. 종속변인은 (1) 지시 따르기, (2) 주어진 과제 수행하기, (3) 자발적으로 행동하기의 3개로 정하였고, 동영상 활동스케줄을 수행한 후 바로 종속변인을 측정하였다. ‘지시 따르기’는 연구자가 임의로 정한 10개의 항목으로 구성되었고 (예, “의자에 앉으세요”), 과제수행 측정을 위해 Grooved Pegboard를 사용하였고, 자발적 행동은 아동이 과제수행 시에 필요한 물건을 아동 주변에 놓아두는 상황을 만들어 놓은 후 자발적 행동이 일어나는지 조사하였다. 결과 : 동영상 활동스케줄의 평균 수행률은 87.5%이었는데, 수행률이 증가할수록 지시 따르기, 과제 수행, 자발적 수행이 향상되는 현상을 보였다. 지시 따르기는 기초선 때보다 평균 46.9%(간격 = 26.7～73.6%), 과제 수행은 평균 48.3%(간격 = 12～60.3%), 자발적 수행은 평균 40%(간격 = 29～69%) 향상되었다. 결론 : 동영상 활동스케줄 활용은 자폐아동의 자발성을 증진과 더불어 과제수행 기능과 지시 따르기 행동을 학습시키는데 효과가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 동영상 활동스케줄 활용은 치료실이나 가정에서 자폐아동의 독립적인 일상생활을 향상시키는데 유용하게 사용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

This paper described the experimental squid jigging fishery conducted by a commercial fishing vessel in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean from August to October 2005. Author carried out experimental jiggings of 65 times during 57 days by three type of jigs which were pick jig, soft jig and soft luminous jig. The total catch, effort/day and catches/line-day of northern shortfin squid (Illex illecebrosus) were 12,726kg, 35 auto jigging machine and 3.5kg, respectively. Higher CUPE was observed in September, August and October. Catch ratio of pick jig was higher by 57-86% than those of soft jig and soft luminous jig. Higher catch was recorded at the 42˚55'N, 62˚10'W with surface temperature ranging 18-21℃. The range of the dorsal mantle length was from 13.5cm to 23.0cm with average 17.2cm for female and from 13.0cm to 20.0cm with average 17.0cm for male. Sex ratio showed 55.4% of female.

Ni based() bulk metallic glass(BMG) powders were produced by a gas atomization process, and ductile Cu powders were mixed using a spray drying process. The Ni-based amorphous powder and Cu mixed Ni composite powders were compacted by a spark plasma sintering (SPS) processes into cylindrical shape. The relative density varied with the used SPS mold materials such as graphite, hardened steel and WC-Co hard metal. The relative density increased from 87% to 98% when the sintering temperature increased up to in the WC-Co hard metal mold.

Bacillus thuringiensis strains were isolated from the domestic soil and a strain was selected that had a new host range and high toxicity against agriculture insect pest. The 142 samples of soil were sampled from the mountains, paddy fields and patches, in Daejon, Chungnam, Chungbuk and Jeonbuk and used for the investigation. Sixteen B. t strains were isolated from 12 samples among collected samples. There were 11 strains that showed toxical activity on Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae), 7 strains on Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), 5 strains on Arcte coerulea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), 5 strains on Culex pipiens pallens (Diptera: Culicidae) among the 16 isolated B. t strains. But there were not any strains that showed activity against Hyphanria cunea (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) and Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Rhynchophoridae). And also some of B. thuringiensis strains showed insecticidal activity with 2, 3 or 4 kinds of insects. But there were also 3 strains that did not show any activities to the 6 insects which were used in the experiment. When examined with a phase-contrast microscope, the insecticidal crystal protein produced from 16 selected strains had 13 bipyramidal and 3 spherical shapes. The insecticidal bioactivity of the S. litura showed 100% mortality when there were 1.3×10⁷ (cfu/㎖) of CAB109 isolates.

It is well known that the imbalance between epithelial cell growth and inhibitor factors may cause human epithelial cancer. Over-expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR) has been implicated in the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma. ZD1839 inhibits selectively the EGFR tyrosine kinase activity and is clinically used for cancer patients. However the mechanisms by which it exerts its anti-tumor activity remains unclear. This study attempted to determine the mechanisms underlying the effects of ZD1839 on the cellular level and to characterize the effects of ZD1839 with regard to human oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC) cell growth. The YD-10B and YD-38 cell lines established from OSCC in the department of Oral Pathology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry and ZD1839(Iressa) were used for this study. The inhibition of cell proliferation induced by ZD1839 was reversible and the lowest dose of ZD1839 that produced statistically significant growth inhibition in YD cell lines were 0.1 μM. The delay in cell cycle progression was induced by 0.1 μM of ZD1839 treatment after 24 hr. This reduction in cell proliferation and cell cycle delay were associated with up-regulation of the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor(CDKI), P21CIP1/WAF1 and P27KIP1. Reduced expression of cyclin D1 was also observed after treatment with ZD 1839 to YD-38 cells but not to YD-38. The present results suggest that the antiproliferative effects of ZD1839, in vitro was associated with degradation of cyclin D1, which may be used as a possible indicator of a high cell sensitivity to ZD1839.

이 연구의 목적은 중학교 초임 과학 교사들의 실험수업을 관찰하여 실험 수업에 참여한 교사들의 탐구 수준을 알아보는데 있다. 신규 임용된 교사를 대상으로 전화 면접을 통해서 8명을 선발한 후, 구두 면담을 통하여 최종적으로 4명이 선정되었다. 실험 주제는 학생들의 조작적 활동이 많은 내용으로 교과서에 있는 실험으로 연구자가 제시하였으며, 수업 기술 발달 분석을 목적으로 1년 후에 같은 주제로 수업을 하였다. 이러한 과정을 통하여 알아낸 참여 교사들의 탐구 수준은 확인 탐구 수준 또는 구조화된 탐구 수준으로 나타났으며, 1년 후에 조사한 참여 교사들의 탐구 점수가 범주별로 약간 증가하기는 하였지만 여전히 확인 탐구 수준과 구조화된 탐구 수준을 벗어나지 못하였다. 이 연구는 초임 과학 교사들의 수업 발달에 대한 기초 연구와 실험 수업을 개선하는데 이바지 할 것이다.

[ ] oxide layer on the surface of each W(tungsten) nanopowder produced by the electric explosion of wire(EEW) process were formed during the 1vol.% air passivation process. The oxide layer hindered sintering densification of compacts during SPS process. The oxide phase was reduced to the pure W phase during SPS. The W nanopowder's compacts treated by the hydrogen reduction showed high sintered density of 94.5%. after SPS process at .

본고는 한국 辭賦 작품을 대상으로 하여 그 서술 방식과 내용 속에 나타나는 寓言的 성격을 살피는 것을 목표로 한다. 본고에서는 寓言에 대한 정의를 ‘작자가 자신의 뜻을 제시하고자 할 때 主題 전달상의 효용성을 높이기 위해 꾸며 내는 이야기 방식’이라고 규정한다. 이러한 寓言의 목적은 동물식물이나 무생물 등 題材가 되는 대상의 속성과 행위를 빌어 諷刺와 敎訓의 효과에 도달하고자 하는 것이다. 이 같은 寓言에는 寄託을 위한 虛構的 장치가 동원되며, 象徵과 擬人化 그리고 比喩가 修辭的 용도로 활용된다. 본고에서 寓言的 성격에 주목한 이유는 이처럼 寓言을 運用하여 얻게 되는 효과와 그것을 운용하는 과정에서 활용되는 修辭法을 통해 辭賦 작품의 문학성을 검증할 수 있기 때문이다.寓言을 활용하는 辭賦 작품 속에서 題材는 주로 작자가 否定的으로 간주하는 인물 또는 理想的으로 생각하는 人間像을 寄託하는 대상이 된다. 諷刺의 對象이 되는 否定的인 인물은 주로 탐욕스런 속성과 행태를 보이는 부류이다. 반면 理想的인 人間像으로 제시되는 대상은 주로 고고한 자태를 지니고 無慾의 삶을 추구하거나 직분에 충실한 부류이다. 작자는 이처럼 題材에 寄託된 인간상의 속성과 행위를 통해 현실에서 직접적으로 표현할 수 없는 世態에 대한 批判과 풍자, 그리고 處世에 대한 敎訓을 寓意한다. 修辭的 특징으로는 敍事와 議論의 혼용, 세밀하고 생동적인 묘사, 韻文과 散文의 자유로운 運用 등을 들 수 있다. 이 외에 논지에 대한 근거를 제시하기 위한 적절한 故事의 인용, 논지를 강조하기 위한 敷衍, 擬人化, 比喩 등의 修辭를 통해 주제를 형상화하고 있다.

As the results achieved by the evaluation of toxicities on an aphid parasitoid, Aphidius colemani by 79 pesticides registered as horticultural pesticide and 4 adjuvants for pest control, 6 insecticides including a-cypermethrin, 13 fungicides including metalaxyl-M+mancozeb and 4 acaricides including bifenazate showed low toxicity against A. colemani adult. Low toxicity was showed in all the 4 adjuvants as well. In residual toxicity test from 40 pesticides which showed toxicity more than 50%, A. colemani was safe from 11 pesticides from the 3th day after treatment, 7 pesticides from the 5th day after treatment and 14 pesticides from the 7th day after treatment, respectively. But, chlorpyrifos-methyl, diflubenzuron+chlorpyrifos, etofenprox+diazinone and imidachloprid+chlorpyrifos showed high toxicities reaching 100%, 97.7%, 100% and 100% respectively, even from the 7th day after treatment. To evaluate the control effect by A. colemani against Myzus persicae in a greenhouse, A. colemani was released at parasitoid versus aphids rates of 1:50 and 1:100 when the population of M. persicae was 50 per plant. After release, aphids population remained steady for 20 days after release at the level of around 60 aphids per plant During the investigation, insecticides for thrips control and fungicides for powdery mildew control were treated, but didn"t affect the mummy forming of A. colemani. It may be suggested from these results that the selected insecticides, fungicides, acaricides and adjuvent could be incorporated into the integrated M. persicae management system with A. colemani on greenhouse cultivation.

본 연구에서는 균일단면 뿐만 아니라 불균일 단면을 갖는 곡선보의 동적해석을 효과적으로 수행할 수 있는 새로운 2절점 곡선보 요소를 제안하였다. 전단변형률을 고려한 본 요소는 Hellinger-Reissner 변분이론에 바탕하여 유한요소정식화를 수행하였다. 또한, 변위장에 대해 무절점 자유도를 추가적으로 도입하여 요소의 수치적 성능을 크게 향상시켰다. 계산의 효율성을 위해, 요소정식화의 최종단계에서 정치조건으로부터 응력매개변수들을 제거하고, 동적축약을 통하여 무절점 자유도 성분들 또한 최종적인 유한요소방정식에서 제거되어 일반적인 변위기저 요소와 같은 자유도를 가지는 유한요소방정식을 얻을 수 있다. 몇 가지 수치예제들에 대한 해석을 통하여, 무절점 자유도와 변위장에 일치하는 적절한 응력매개변수가 혼합요소의 수치적 거동에 미치는 영향을 분석하였으며, 본 연구에서 제안된 2절점 혼합요소가 곡선보의 동적해석에서 매우 정확하고 효율적임을 확인할 수 있었다.

Epithelium maintains homeostasis by the signaling balance of growth stimulation and inhibition. Recently, loss of growth inhibitory effects of transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β) on epithelial cells is regarded as a possible mechanism of cancer. Although the genomic mutation in type I and type Ⅱ receptors of TGF-β is considered one of important mechanism of these inactivation, there might be another inactivation mechanism because the mutation rate is relatively low and inhibitory effect is not associated with the mutation. The purpose of this study is evaluating controlling mechanism type Ⅱ receptor of TGF-β by detecting effects of TGF-β on growth inhibition and on expression of cell cycle regulatory protein p21CIP1. Eight cancer cell lines derived from oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC) were examined. There was no growth inhibition effects by TGF-β except YD-8 cells. YD-8 cells which showed growth inhibition expresses p21CIP1 by TGF-β whether refractory cell lines, YD-9, did not. All of the tumor cells express mRNA of type Ⅱ receptor by RT-PCR and northern blot analysis, especially on YD-8 and YD-17M. From these results, most of oral cancer cell lines might loose the growth inhibitory effects by TGF-β, and the growth inhibition on YD-8 cells was mediated by expression of p21CIP1.

KWNP의 특정 손상에 대한 회복 효과에 대한 과학적인 접근을 하기 위해서 본 연구를 수행하였다. 실험은 STZ를 복강 주사하여 당뇨를 유발, 220mg dL-1 이상인 실험동물을 이용하여 수행되었으며 방사선 전신 조사 실험군과 KWNP 처리군 간의 각 항목 분석치를 비교, 분석하였다. 실험 5주간의 체중증가율은 방사선 처리군과 당뇨군 모두 대조군에 비하여 낮게 나타났으며 특히 당뇨군에서는 통계적으로 유의적으로 낮았다. 정소와 비장, 또 당뇨