The seismically isolated nuclear power plants shall be designed for design basis earthquake (DBE) and considered to ensure safety against beyond design basis earthquake (BDBE). In order to limit the excessive displacement of the seismic isolation system of the seismically isolated structure, the moat is installed at a certain distance from the upper mat supporting the superstructure. This certain distance is called clearance to stop (CS) and is calculated from the 90th percentile displacement of seismic isolation system subjected to BDBE. For design purposes, the CS can be obtained simply by multiplying the median displacement of the seismic isolation system against DBE by scale factor with a value of 3. The DBE and BDBE used in this study were generated by using 30 sets of artificial earthquakes corresponding to the nuclear standard design spectrum. In addition, latin hyper cube sampling was applied to generate 30 sets of artificial earthquakes corresponding to maximum - minimum spectra. For the DBE, the median displacement and the 99th percentile displacement of the seismic isolation system were calculated. For the BDBE, the suitability of the scale factor was assessed after calculating the 90th percentile displacement of the seismic isolation system.

4종의 diamide계열 살충제를 이용한 배추좀나방과 파밤나방의 지역계통별 감수성을 조사하였다. 배추좀나방의 경우 성주와 거창지역 집단 에서 4종의 약제 모두 추천농도에서 100%의 살충활성을 보인 반면, 평창지역 집단에서는 chlorantraniliprole에 대해 42.3%의 낮은 살충활성을 보였다. 감수성계통 배추좀나방과 저항성비를 비교한 결과 cyclaniliprole은 비교적 4지역에서 유사하거나 낮은 저항성비(0.1~6.3배)를 보인 반면, 평창지역 집단은 chlorantraniliprole (1,196.3배)와 cyantraniliprole (105.6배), flubendiamide (191.6배)은 매우 높은 저항성비를 보였다. 파밤나방의 경우 청주와 진도, 영광지역의 집단 모두 4종의 약제에 낮은 감수성을 나타났는데, 특히 청주와 진도지역의 집단은 flubendiamide에 대해 100,000배 이상의 저항성비를 보였다. 채집 연도(2014년과 2017년)에 따른 파밤나방에 대한 chlorantraniliprole의 감수성을 비교한 결과 2014년에 채집된 집단들은 모두 100%의 살충률을 보인 반면 2017년에 채집된 집단들은 살충활성이 매우 낮게 나타났다. 본 연구결과는 diamide계열 살충제가 빠르게 저항성이 발현되고 있으며 작용기작이 다른 약제와의 교호살포 등 종합적 방제전략을 수립하는데 기초자료가 될 수 있을 것이다.

호두는 경제적으로 중요한 유실수 중 하나이지만, 호두나무 포장 내에서 해충에 의한 피해 특성에 대한 정보는 매우 부족하다. 본 연구에서 는 복숭아명나방과 굴피가는나방에 의한 호두열매와 잎의 피해를 조사하였다. 2017년 충남 부여군에 위치한 포장에서 복숭아명나방에 의한 호두열매 피해율의 변화를 조사하였다. 또한 김천, 부여, 영동 및 화성의 포장 내에서 2종의 나방에 의한 호두열매 및 잎의 피해율을 조사하였다. 부여 포장 내 호두열매의 피해율은 시간이 흐름에 따라 지속적으로 증가하였고, 피해율은 늦여름에 가장 높았다. 호두열매의 최종 피해율은 부여, 김천 및 화성에서 각각 22.1%, 20.5%, 11.7%로 조사되었다. 굴피가는나방에 의한 잎 피해는 성목의 신초 가지(평균 11.2%)에 비해 묘목의 신초 가지(평균 58.5%)에서 더 높은 것으로 조사되었다. 본 연구 결과, 호두나무 포장 내에서 복숭아명나방과 굴피가는나방에 의한 열매와 잎 피해가 심각한 것으로 확인되었으며, 향후 이들에 대한 방제기술 개발이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

본 연구는 런던 익투스 공동체의 사례를 통하여 총체적 선교가 구체적으로 어떻게 실행되는 지를 연구해 보았으며 총체적 선교의 실제 적 가능성과 익투스 공동체의 총체적 선교적 특성이 무엇인지 탐구해 보았다. 이 연구를 통하여 영혼 구원을 위한 열정적인 전도와 성령의 능력으로 전도하며 구제와 사회 정의 사역을 통하여 가난하고 고통 당하는 이웃을 돌아보고, 미전도 종족 선교와 타문화권 선교를 총체적으로 실행하는 선교가 실제적으로 가능함을 확인할 수 있게 되었다. 예수님 과 사도 바울의 전도의 원리는 선포전도(proclamation evangelism - word), 현존전도(presence evangelism - work), 능력전도(power evangelism - wonder) 였다. 총체적 선교는 ‘복음 전도와 사회적인 책임의 통합’하는 선교이다. 그러나 본 연구를 통하여 익투스 공동체는 예수님과 사도 바울의 전도의 원리에 따라 복음 전도와 사회적 봉사 사역 뿐만 아니라 그 위에 성령의 능력으로 선교하는 ‘능력 선교’가 익투스 공동체의 총체적 선교의 특성임을 확인 할 수 있었다. 이러한 총체적 선교의 모델은 흔하지 않은 경우이다. 익투스 공동체의 선교는 기존의 총체적 선교 패턴에 도전을 주며, 보다 새로운 모델을 제시한다는 점에서 총체적 선교의 발전에 기여한다고 볼 수 있을 것이다.

본 논문은 류동식의 신학사상의 중심을 “포월(包越)”사상으로 파악하고, 기하학적인 해석을 통해 선교신학적으로 조명한다. 류동식의 신학은 토착화된 풍류신학이라기 보다는 오히려 예술신학으로 보아 야 더 깊이 있게 이해할 수 있다. 류동식의 신학적 사유구조가 기하학적이고 도형적이기 때문이다. 포월 사상이 가장 강력하게 작용하는 상황은 대립과 차이가 발생하는 지점이다. 기하학적으로 디아드(Dyad), 즉 양극이 이질적으로 충돌하는 지점이다. 밀어내는 동시에 끌어당기는 속성과 ‘하나’에 대한 기억은 파르마콘, 즉 약이면서 동시에 독인 상황에서 혼돈을 초래한다. 그러나 이 역설과 모순이 포월에서 극복된다. 무엇보다도 포월사상이 완성되는 곳은 트리아드(Triad), 즉 삼태극이 다. 절대적인 타자였던 하나님이 자기 부정의 인격적 매개인 그리스도의 심허속천(心虛屬天)으로 인해 인간과 하나가 된다. 이것이 삼태극에서 역동하는 부활이다. 풍류신학의 삼태극의 관점에서 그리스도는 하늘과 사람 사이의 중심을 이어주고, 사람과 사람 사이의 중심을 이어주는 것은 지상에서 존재하는 가장 아름다운 사건을 만드는 선교적 예술가인 것이다.

The change of quality and physicochemical characteristics of mung-bean flours after germination and roasting treatment were evaluated. The moisture content of the roasted mung-bean flours decreased significantly according to the roasting temperatures and times, and the crude ash, protein and fat contents increased. The lightness of the roasted mung-bean flours significantly decreased, and the redness and yellowness increased. The water binding capacity of the roasted mung-bean flours without and with germination were 151.71 and 192.77% at 240℃ for 20 min, respectively. The water solubility index and swelling power decreased with an increase in roasting temperatures and times. The phenolic compounds and radical scavenging activity of the roasted mung-bean flours increased with an increase in the roasting temperatures and times. The total polyphenol contents of the roasted mung-bean flours without and with germination were 4.81~7.71 and 4.22~5.63 mg GAE/g, and the total flavonoid contents were 2.46~3.05 and 2.45~2.87 mg CE/g, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of the roasted mung-bean flours, without and with germination, were 106.83~376.08 and 174.41~346.70 mg TE/100 g, and the ABTS radical scavenging activity was 251.67~534.31 and 274.39~430.02 mg TE/100 g, respectively. As a result, it is necessary to set quality standards for each application considering the quality and antioxidant properties of the roasted mung-bean flours.

가축질병 바이러스는 매우 빠르게 전파되는 특징을 가지고 있으며 질병에 걸린 동물의 분비물에 접촉하거 나, 사람이나 차량에 의한 바이러스의 이동, 또는 공기를 통하여 전파가 이루어진다. 본 연구에서는 가축 및 분뇨 운반차량이 질병을 전파시키는 요인이 될 수 있다고 판단하고 전염병 발생 시 질병의 이동 경로를 파악 하고 효율적인 방역범위를 설정하는데 기초자료로 활용 하고자 한다. 축산차량의 이동경로를 분석하기 위해 ArcGIS(Ver. 10.3, ESRI, USA)의 Spatial Statistics tool에서 Measuring geographic distribution방법을 활용하여 Directional distribution을 추출하였다. 결과 값으로 위도(Latitude), 경도(Longitude), Rotation, XstdDist, YstdDist을 얻었다. 그 결과 특정한 목적을 가지고 출발지가 일정 지역에 귀속되어 있는 가축 및 분뇨 차량의 경우 출발지점, 도착지점, 목적지가 크게 바뀌지 않을 경우, 이용하는 도로는 한정되어 있었다. 30대의 차량 중 대다수의 차량이 일정한 패턴을 가지고 평상 시 이용하는 경로만 이용하여 분뇨를 운반하는 것을 확인 할 수 있었다. 본 연구를 통해 전염병 발생 시 질병의 이동 경로를 파악하고 효율적인 방역범위를 설정하여 투입 인원과 장비를 줄이면서 현재보다 효율적인 방역 범위를 설정이 가능할 것으로 판단되었다.

A study for species composition and abundance of the fish assemblages in the eastern Jinhae Bay, Korea was conducted using monthly larval collection by a RN80 net from October, 2010 to September, 2011. Of all the 45 species collected, the dominant species were Clupea pallasii, Hexagrammos otakii, Pholis fangi and Engraulis japonicus. Clupea pallasii, Hexagrammos otakii, Pholis fangi in winter and examined Engraulis japonicus, Acanthogobius sp., Parablennius yatabei, and Tridentiger trigonocephalus in summer appeared seasonally. Popoulation characteristic by stations was not clear seasonally and spatially, and appearance aspects of dominant species were similar by stations. Compared our results with other studies in the South Sea, dominant species and their appearance period were similar to their spawning period. Finally, the appearance period of the larvae in the South Sea was closely resulted to spawning period rather than the regional characteristic.

The change of quality characteristics and antioxidant properties of black soybean flours after germination and roasting treatment were evaluated. The moisture content of roasted black soybean flours decreased significantly according to roasting temperatures and times, and the crude ash, protein, and fat contents increased. The water binding capacity of roasted black soybean flours with and without germination increased significantly according to roasting temperatures and times; however, water solubility index and swelling power decreased. The lightness of roasted black soybean flours was significantly decreased, and the redness and yellowness increased. The phenolic compounds and radical scavenging activity of roasted black soybean flours increased with increasing roasting temperatures and times. The total polyphenol contents of roasted black soybean flours with and without germination were 5.43-7.81 and 4.52-6.17 mg GAE/g, and total flavonoid contents were 2.90-3.50 and 2.34-3.01 mg CE/g, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of roasted black soybean flours, with and without germination, was 254.98-415.05 and 171.95-295.15 mg TE/100 g, and the ABTS radical scavenging activity was 459.74-596.37 and 422.95-526.85 mg TE/100 g, respectively. As a result, it is necessary to establish quality standards for each application by considering the quality characteristics and antioxidant properties of roasted black soybean flours.

An ultra-high temperature ceramic, tantalum carbide, has received much attention for its favorable characteristics: a superior melting point and chemical compatibility with carbon and other carbides. One drawback is the high temperature erosion of carbon/carbon (C/C) composites. To address this drawback, we deposited TaC on C/C with silicon carbide as an intermediate layer. Prior to the TaC deposition, the TaCl5-C3H6-H2 system was thermodynamically analyzed with FactSage 6.2 and compared with the TaCl5-CH4-H2 system. The results confirmed that the TaCl5-C3H6-H2 system had a more realistic cost and deposition efficiency than TaCl5-CH4-H2. A dense and uniform TaC layer was successfully deposited under conditions of Ta/C = 0.5, 1200 oC and 100 torr. This study verified that the thermodynamic analysis is appropriate as a guide and prerequisite for carbide deposition.

The purpose of this study is to estimate potential yield (PY) for Korean west coast fisheries using the holistic production method (HPM). HPM involves the use of surplus production models to apply input data of catch and standardized fishing efforts. HPM compared the estimated parameters of the surplus production from four different models: the Fox model, CYP model, ASPIC model, and maximum entropy model. The PY estimates ranged from 174,232 metric tons (mt) using the CYP model to 238,088 mt using the maximum entropy model. The highest coefficient of determination (R2), the lowest root mean square error (RMSE), and the lowest Theil’s U statistic (U) for Korean west coast fisheries were obtained from the maximum entropy model. The maximum entropy model showed relatively better fits of data, indicating that the maximum entropy model is statistically more stable and accurate than other models. The estimate from the maximum entropy model is regarded as a more reasonable estimate of PY. The quality of input data should be improved for the future study of PY to obtain more reliable estimates.

PURPOSES: As the population of the mobility handicapped, who are classified as the disabled, the elderly, pregnant women, children, etc., has increased, the voices for guaranteeing their rights have been increasing as well. Thus, the design manuals for roads and sidewalks for the mobility handicapped were developed by the local government, such as the Ministry of Land, Transport, and Tourism, in Seoul City. However, according to the 2013 survey results of the Seoul Metropolitan City, the mobility handicapped still feel uncomfortable with the sidewalks, and particularly request for the improvement of the step and slope of the sidewalk curb. Therefore, in this study, we conducted an empirical experimental study to determine the slope of the sidewalk curb and height of the steps considering the mobility handicapped and analyzed whether there is a statistically significant difference. METHODS: The methodology of this study is an empirical experimental one. In the study, five non-disabled people, 10 wheelchair users, and 10 eye patch and stick users walked about 2-3 min on the sidewalk plates of the sloped type (0%, 5%, 6.3%, 8.3%) and stepped type (0 cm, 1 cm, 3 cm, 6 cm), and their human physiological responses, such as the skin temperature, volume of perspiration on forehead and chest, and heart rate, were measured and recorded. After combining the data, we conducted a nonparametric test, ANOVA, or t-test to determine whether there was a statistically significant difference according to each slope and step type. RESULTS: It was found that for the non-disabled, there was no significant difference in human physiological responses according to the slope and steps of the sidewalk. It can be said that the non-disabled do not feel much physiological discomfort while walking. In the case of the sloped sidewalk plate, the heart rate of the wheel chair users increased when the slope was 6.3%. In the case of the eye patch and stick users, the volume of perspiration on the chest increased at a slope of 5.0%. In general, it is judged that a sidewalk with a slope that is less than 5% does not cause a change in the physiological response. In the case of a stepped sidewalk plate, when 0 cm, 1 cm, and 3 cm were compared for wheelchair users, the amount of forehead perspiration increased from 1 cm. Meanwhile, in the case of the eye patch and stick users, when 0 cm and 6 cm were compared, the amount of perspiration on the forehead and chest as well as the heart rate all increased at 6 cm. Taken together, in the case of wheelchair users, a difference was shown when the height of the step of the sidewalk plate was 1 cm, suggesting that installing it at 0 cm does not cause any physiological discomfort. Moreover, in the case of the eye patch and stick users, when comparing only 0 cm and 6 cm, 0 cm was considered to be suitable, as there was a difference in physiological response at 6 cm. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we set the human physiological responses such as chest skin temperature, amount of perspiration, and heart rate as evaluation items, and our study was considered to be a meaningful experiment that targeted wheelchair users as well as eye patch and stick users. The validity of the evaluation items was confirmed, as the results of human physiological responses were significant. As for the sidewalk design, according to the experiment result, it is considered that differential application should be implemented according to the type of mobility handicap, rather than uniformly applying a sidewalk step of 2 cm and sidewalk slope of 1/25, which are the current legal standards.

PURPOSES: This paper presents a mix design method for using steel slag as an aggregate for asphalt mixtures. METHODS: Steel slag has a different density and absorption rate than natural aggregates. The asphalt content was calculated according to the steel slag characteristics, and the formula for aggregate-gradation correction was presented. RESULTS: The asphalt mix was designed using the proposed equations. Using the proposed mix design method, it was possible to design the asphalt mixture according to the target-usage amount of the recycled aggregate. CONCLUSIONS: The suggested method can be used for asphalt mix design using aggregates with different densities and absorption rates. It is expected to contribute to quality improvement by ensuring accurate calculation of mixing ratios for steel slag asphalt mixtures.

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study is to estimate the optimum content of an inorganic additive for cold-recycled asphalt mixtures and evaluate its performance. METHODS: An indirect tensile test, a tensile-strength ratio test, and an indirect tensile-fatigue test were conducted on cold-recycling asphalt mixtures with various additives. RESULTS: The laboratory performance tests indicated that granulated blast-furnace slag mixed with inorganic and cement activators provided optimum performance. The performance results of the cold-recycled asphalt pavement were similar to the inorganic and cement activators’ performance in terms of the indirect tensile strength, tensile strength ratio, and indirect tensile-fatigue test. CONCLUSIONS : Overall, the performance of a cold-recycled asphalt mixture using inorganic additives and emulsion asphalt was comparable to a warm-recycled asphalt mixture. However, more experiments aimed at improving its performance and studying the effect of the inorganic additives must be conducted.

본 연구는 농업 및 정보 통신 기술의 융합을 기반으로 국내외 스마트 농장 서비스 모델을 검토하고 한국의 스마트 온실을 개선하기 위해 필요한 다양한 요인을 조사 하기 위해 수행되었다. 국내 스마트 온실의 작물 생육모델 및 환경모델에 관한 연구는 제한적이었고, 연구를 위한 인프라를 구축하는 데는 많은 시간이 필요하다. 이러한 문제의 대안으로 클라우드 기반 연구 플랫폼이 필요하다. 제안된 클라우드 기반 연구 플랫폼은 통합 데이터, 생육 환경모델, 구동기 제어 모델, 스마트 온실 관리, 지식 기반 전문가 시스템 및 농가 대시보드 모듈을 통해 통합적 데이터 저장 및 분석을 위한 연구 인프라를 제공한다. 또한 클라우드 기반 연구 플랫폼은 작물 생육환경, 생산성 및 액추에이터 제어와 같은 다양한 요인들 간의 관계를 정량화하는 기능을 제공하며, 연구자는 빅데이터, 기계 학습 및 인공지능을 활용하여 작물 생육 및 생장 환경 모델을 분석할 수 있다.

본 연구는 배지의 종류에 따른 더덕과 황기의 발아와 육묘기의 생육을 구명하기 위해 수행되었다. 종자는 상업적 상토(토실이), 코이어, 암면, 우레탄스펀지에 파종하였다. 파종 후 밀폐형 식물생산시스템에서 22일간 발아 하였으며, 경상대학교 벤로형 유리온실에서 파종 후 35 일간 육묘 하였다. 양액은 EC 1.0dS·m-1, pH 6.5로 맞추 어 2일 간격으로 저면관수 하였다. 더덕의 최종발아율은 코이어와 암면 배지에서 각각 68.5%와 67.9%로 유의적으로 높았으며, 평균발아수 역시 코이어와 암면 배지에서 4.2립과 4.1립으로 가장 높았다. 황기의 경우 배지 종류에 따른 황기의 발아율은 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 더덕의 초장과 엽면적은 암면 배지에서 각각 11.5cm와 11.3cm2로 유의적으로 높았으며, 최대근장과 뿌리의 생체중은 코이어 배지에서 5.8cm와 0.07g으로 가장 우수했다. 황기의 초장과 엽면적은 코이어 배지에서 14.0cm와 16.9cm2로 유의적으로 높았으며, 지하부의 생체중과 건물중은 0.34g과 0.03g으로 우레탄스펀지 배지에서 가장 높았다. 따라서 본 연구 결과에서 더덕과 황기의 발아와 육묘기의 생육을 위해 암면과 코이어 배지가 적합한 것으로 판단된다.

The properties of rice were studied on five rice cultivars (Ilpumbyeo, Samkwang, Goami-4, Dodamssal, and Thai rice), and employed two kinds of saccharification treatment methods (treatment : rice shape, treatment II: grinding rice shape). Thai rice showed differences in width and length when compared to other cultivars of rice, and the Goami 4 had the lowest thousand-grain weight. The Goami4 and Dodamssal each showed high contents of amylose and resistant starch, and the water absorption rate was close to maximum at 90 minutes as well as the highest level of Goami 4 at all times. The qualities of highest water-binding capacity, solubility and swelling power was most significant in Thai rice. The lowest hardness level of wet rice resulted in the lowest hydration-related characteristics. High amylose content rice, in particular, showed low sugar content and slightly increased sugar content as the saccharification process improved (treatment II). On the other hand, high amylose cultivars had the same high degree of hardness as boiled rice. From these results, the Dodamssal was found to have the lowest viscosity at all temperatures but highest viscosity during the saccharification process, suggesting it may be successfully implemented as a thickener in rice beverage processing. The purpose of this study was to attempt to provide basic data on the development of rice beverage manufacturing technology, based upon the quality characteristics related to beverage processing of rice cultivars.

We investigated the quality characteristics and the antioxidant efficacy of roasted maize tea according to different moisture contents (9% to 14%) using the puffing system (PS) and the roasting system (RS). Compared with the RS, the PS caused higher turbidity (0.017 vs. 0.003 in PS-14% vs. RS-14%), brown color intensity (0.170 vs. 0.059 in PS-14% vs. RS-14%), a-values (0.20 vs. -0.44 in PS－14% vs. RS-14%), b-values (7.90 vs. 5.57 in PS-14% vs. RS-14%), and a lower L-value (19.67 vs. 21.03 in PS-14% vs. RS-14%). Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of roasted maize tea were increased along with the moisture content and they were higher with the PS (polyphenol; 5.95 mg GAE/g, flavonoids; 1.27 CE/g in PS-14%) than with the RS (polyphenol; 5.39 mg GAE/g, flavonoids; 1.12 mg CE/g in RS-14%). The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging effects of roasted maize tea were also increased along with the moisture content, and the scavenging efficacy was significantly higher with the PS (DPPH; 160 mg TE/100g, ABTS; 507 mg TE/100g in PS-14%) compared with the RS (DPPH; 120 mg TE/100g, ABTS; 362 mg TE/100g in RS-14%). The polyphenol levels were significantly correlated with turbidity, brown color intensity, and L, a, and b-values of the roasted maize tea. In addition, an increase of the total polyphenol content in roasted maize tea induced antioxidant activities. As a result, an increase in polyphenols during the roasting process induced antioxidant activities which could prevent damage from free radicals.

As the modern society is rapidly developing and people become affluent in materials, many new chemical compounds in different forms of products (e.g., antibiotics, pesticides, detergents, personal care products and plastic goods) are produced, used, and disposed of to the environments. Some of them are persistently having a harmful impact on the environment and mimicking endocrine properties; in general they are present in the environment at low concentrations, so they are called organic pollutants. These organic micropollutants flow to sewage treatment plants via different routes. In this study, the generation characteristics, exposure pathways, detection levels, and environmental impacts of organic micropollutants were critically reviewed. In addition, currently available risk assessment methods and management systems for the compounds were reviewed. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), for example, has monitored organic micropollutants and set the monitoring and management of some of the compounds as a priority. To effectively manage organic micropollutants in sewer systems, therefore, we should first monitor organic micropollutants of potential concern and then make a watch list of specific substances systematically, as described in guidelines on listing water pollutants in industrial wastewater.