Surface modification of silica nanoparticles was investigated using an aerosol self assembly. Stearic acid was used as surface treating agent. A two-fluid jet nozzle was employed to generate an aerosol of the colloidal suspension, which contained 20 nm of silica nanoparticles, surface modifier, and ethyl alcohol. Powder properties such as morphology, specific surface area and pore size distribution were analyzed by SEM, BET and BJH methods, respectively. Surface properties of the silica power were analyzed by FT-IR. The OH bond of the SiO2 surface was converted to a C-H bond. It was revealed that the hydrophilic surface changed to a hydrophobic one due to the aerosol self assembly. Morphology of the surface treated powder was nanostructured with lots of pores having an average diameter of around 2 μm. Depending on the stearic acid concentration (0.25 to 1.0 wt%), the pore size distribution of the particles and the degree of hydrophobicity ranged from 1.5 nm to 180 nm and 29.6% to 50.2%, respectively.

정도리 해안방풍림은 바다와 육지 사이에 위치하면서 육상 경작지나 어촌 마을을 보호하는 생태적 천이지역으로서 매우 중요한 곳이다. 정도리 방풍림 식생 중 해안가 갯돌밭 지역에서는 상동나무 망토군락을 이루며 그 안쪽에 광나무나 쥐똥나무가 아교목상으로 우점한다. 안쪽부분은 광나무-굴참나무군락, 광나무-덜꿩나무군락, 광나무-생달나무군락, 생달나무-개서나무군락 및 소나무-덜꿩나무군락으로 확인되었다. 정도리 방풍림은 교목층 평균수고는 10.3m, 평균흉고 직경은 30.3cm로 인공 숲이지만 자연림에 가까운 이차림으로 생태학적인 보전가치가 높다. 명송 3 호로 지정된 정도리 방풍림은 많은 방문객들로 안해 인위적인 간섭을 당할 가능성이 크다. 따라서 국립공원 관리공단에서는 정도랴 방풍림을 보전하기 위해 지속적인 유지관리를 해야 할 것이다. 그리고 정도리 구계등 갯돌의 문화적 가치와 숲의 자연성을 고려하여 장차 문화재청은 정도리 방풍림을 병승으로 뿐만 아니라 천연기념물로 지정하여 보전해야 할 것이다.

파김치에서 분리한 마늘 내성 유산균인 Lactobacillus plantarum TJ-LP-002 균주의 균체생육과 항균활성에 영향을 미치는 배양조건 및 배지조건을 조사하였다. 선정 유산균의 배양 상등액 내에는 acetic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid와 같은 유기산이 존재하였고, 배양 중에 lactic acid와 acetic acid의 생성이 크게 증가하는 것으로 확인되었다. 단백질분해효소를 비롯한 각종 효소 처리에 의해 항균활성이 소실되지 않아, 선정 유산균이 생산하는 항균활성은 단백질성 물질이 아닌 산 생성에 의한 작용일 것으로 판단되었다. 항생제와 생균제의 병용 가능성을 확인하기 위하여 선정 유산균의 항생제 감수성을 조사한 결과, neomycin sulfate, spectinomycin dihydrochloride, lincomycin hydrochloride에 내성을 나타내었고, streptomycin sulfate에는 감수성을 나타내었으며, ampicillin trihydrate, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, tetracycline hydrochloride, kanamycin sulfate에는 중간 내성을 나타내었다. L. plantarum TJ-LP-002는 배양온도 30oC, 초기 pH 7.0, 24시간의 배양 조건에서 최적의 균체생육과 항균활성을 나타내었으며, 탄소원은 glucose 3%(w/v), 질소원은 yeast extract 3%(w/v) 첨가 시에 균체생육과 항균활성이 높게 나타났다. 무기염류는 manganese sulfate와 ammonium citrate가 항균활성에 많은 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났으며, 각 성분을 단독 첨가하는 것보다 혼합 첨가하는 것이 더 우수한 영향을 나타내는 것으로 확인되었다.

This study was intended to determine the maneuverability of the vessel CHARMBADA. When the rudder angle was at 10˚, 20˚ and 30˚, the maximum advance by slow, half and full ahead were varied in the range of 523.6-131.3m, 528.8-177.2m and 530.6-219.7m, respectively. The maximum transfer was 799.9-181.3m, 792.1-232.8m and 807.7-316.9m, respectively. The turning circle ability was better during starboard turning. When the rudder angle was 10˚, 20˚ and 30˚, variation in the maximum advances was 392.0m, 245.0m and 153.0m. The maximum transfer was 528.0m, 339.0m and 218.0m, respectively based on the regression equations. As the rudder angle became bigger, the maximum advance or maximum transfer became smaller by the exponential function. The advance inertia took 127sec, 145sec, 181sec each until the vessel speed was 7.0konts, 12.0konts, 17.0konts. The static inertia took 245sec, 269sec, 300sec each until the vessel speed was under 2.0konts and the advance distance was 114.4m, 181.2m, 197.0m each. Accordingly, the static inertia was inclined to increase to scale according to the increase in vessel speed. For the CHARMBADA, the smaller the rudder angle was, the much bigger the turning circle became due to adhesion to the skeg, thereby lowering the vessel's turning ability.

Ecosystem-based fisheries management requires a holistic assessment of the status of fisheries by integrating fishery ecosystem indicators for management objectives. In this study four objectives were identified such as the maintenance of the sustainability, biodiversity and habitat quality and socio-economic benefits. The ecosystem-based fisheries assessment (EBFA) model to assess fisheries and their resources at the ecosystem level developed for Korean fisheries (Zhang et al., 2009) has a number of indicators for three management objectives. However, it was found that there were some overlapping components among indicators and that there were difficulties in assessing some indicators in the EBFA model. This study identified problems of the approach and suggested more pragmatic and simpler indicators. It also presented alternative reference points to assess indicators and discussed issues associated with the application of the EBFA model to a marine ranching ecosystem. In this study a total of 24 indicators were used for the assessment which included 4 socio-economic indicators. New indicators and reference points were demonstrated by applying it to the Uljin marine ranch.

단자엽 식물인 보리는 Agrobacterium을 이용한 형질 전환이 비교적 까다로운 편이다. 본 연구에서는 큰알1호, 내쌀보리, 올보리, 새찰쌀보리, 서둔찰보리,풍산찰쌀보 리의 유묘에 알칼리, 산화제, 환원제 등을 처리하여 화학 적 상처를 유발하였으며 이들에 감압진공을 이용한 Agrobacterium 형질전환을 실시한 후 GUS 유전자발현 을 분석하였다. 그 결과, 보리묘 생육을 일부 저하시킬 수 있는 농도의 화학물질 처리는 각기 다른 보리 품종의 형질전환율을 전반적으로 증대시킬 수 있는 것으로 판단 되었다. 화학물 중에서는 특히 hydrogen peroxide 처리 가 비교적 우수한 것으로 나타났다.

The purpose of this study was to determine the basic materials needed for nutrition and health programs for aged people. In order to set up these programs, the nutritional habit, nutritional knowledge and functional health status (mobility, functional assessment, and falls efficacy) of the aged were measured, and their relationships were determined. Data was collected on 57 aged individuals that participated in the 'Exercise Program for the Aged' conducted by the National Health Insurance Corporation. These 57 subjects were interviewed and tested by direct measurement prior to conducting the program. The data was analyzed using the SPSS 13.0 Package. According to the results, the nutritional habit ranged from 24-50 out of 50, and the average was 37.2, which was above the middle level. The average nutritional knowledge was of 4.02 out of 5, which was considered reasonably high. Especially, more than half of these subjects were uneducated, but they had a high interest in nutrition. The average mobility was determined to be 9.2 seconds and the falls efficacy was 64.2 out of 100. In addition, subjects answered that they had a fear of falling due to low confidence, which indicates that safety education for the prevention of falls should be provided to aged individuals in the future. The results showed that notable counter-relations between nutritional habit and functional health status existed.

The objective of this study was to assess the quality characteristics of almond Dasik prepared with the addition of purple sweet potato powder (PSPP). Five different levels (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20%) of PSPP were added and the physicochemical properties of the Dasik were examined. Crude protein and crude fat contents decreased as the level of PSPP increased (p<0.05). The Hunter L-value decreased while the a-value increased as the PSPP level increased. Texture measurements showed that the addition of PSPP increased hardness, cohesiveness, and brittleness. Total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity were assessed in terms of estimating the functionality of the Dasik. The results showed that incorporating PSPP into the Dasik provided higher polyphenol content and antioxidant activity compared to the control Dasik (p<0.05). The results of a consumer acceptance test revealed that the Dasik sample made with 15% PSPP was most preferred and the 20% sample was the least preferred. Therefore, it is suggested that purple sweet potato powder can be incorporated into Dasik up to 15% without reducing its quality.

We investigated the chemical components of red onion powder dried using the low temperature vacuum method and the inhibitory effects of solvent extracts of the dried red onion powder on the growth of HT-1080 human fibrosarcoma and HT- 29 human colon cancer cells and H2O2-induced oxidative stress. The moisture content of the dried red onion powder was 17.95%, while the vitamin C content was 96 mg/100 g and the total phenols content was 39.1 mg/mL. The inhibitory effects of acetone with methylene chloride (A+M) and methanol (MeOH) extracts of the red onion powder on the growth of HT- 1080 and HT-29 cancer cells increased in a dose dependent manner (p<0.05). The inhibitory effect was greater on the growth of HT-29 cells, while the A+M extracts had a higher inhibitory effect than the MeOH extracts. Treatment with the hexane, 85% aq. methanol, butanol and water fractions of the extract led to significant inhibition of the growth of both cancer cell lines (p<0.05). Among the fractions, the hexane and 85% aq. methanol fractions showed a greater inhibitory effect. To determine the protective effect on H2O2-induced oxidative stress, a DCFH-DA (dichlorodihydrofluorescin diacetate) assay was conducted. All fractions, including the crude extracts of dried red onion, appeared to lead to a significant reduction in the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and these reductions occurred in a dose dependent fashion (p<0.05). Among the fractions, the 85% methanol fraction showed the greatest protective effect on the production of lipid peroxides.

해양사고의 대부분은 해상교통량이 많은 연안해역과 해수욕장, 방파제 등 많은 사람들이 찾는 연안지역에서 발생한다. 최근 해양레포츠의 활성화로 연안에서의 안전사고위험은 더욱 증가하고 있다. 그러나 연안의 안전사고에 대한 대책이 안전사고 증가속도에 적절하게 대응하지 못하고 육지와 바다를 연계한 안전관리가 체계적이지 못하다. 최근 5년 동안 발생했던 안전사고를 분석하여 사고발생을 최소화할 수 있는 안전관리 대책방안에 대하여 연구하였다. 연안의 안전사고는 육지와 바다가 접촉되는 연안지역에서 발생하기 때문에 종합적인 안전대책이 필요하며, 종합적인 안전망 구축을 위해서 제도상 법률상으로 주무기관이 일원화되어야 한다. 또한 사고발생시 신속하게 인명과 재산을 구조할 수 있는 사고대응 체제가 체계적이고 효율적으로 작동되도록 구축되어야 한다.

본 연구는 아동을 대상으로 기쁨, 슬픔, 분노, 스트레스와 무료함의 다섯 가지 정서를 유발시키는 정서프로토콜을 개발하고 이를 표준화하고자 실시되었다. 심상을 유발하는 이야기 음악 색깔 인형을 이용하여 각각의 정서를 유발시키는 상황을 구성하였다. 또한 정서 평가를 위하여 아동용 정서평가척도를 개발하였다. 아동은 다섯 가지의 정서 상황을 경험한 후, 자신의 정서 상태를 평가하였다. 정서 프로토콜에 대한 평가는 아동의 자기보고와 전문가의 행동 관찰 분석으로 이루어졌다. 연구 결과, 개발된 정서 프로토콜은 각각의 정서를 효과적으로 유발시킨 것으로 나타났다. 연령별 별 비교에서는, 남아보다는 여아가 무료함을 더 강하게 느꼈으며, 학령 이후의 아동은 학령이전의 아동보다 슬픔에 더 민감한 것으로 나타났다.

This study was carried out to investigate the current status of pesticide residues in 3,735 agricultural products in the northern area of Seoul from January to December in 2008. 3,735 samples, comprising 119 types of agricultrural products were assessed via a multiresidue method to detect 260 pesticides. Pesticide residues were detected in 19.7%(737 of 3,735 samples), and the rate at which the detected residues violated the maximum residue levels(MRLs) of the Korean Food Code was 3.2%(121 of 3,735 samples). Pesticide residues were detected in 72 spinaches, 64 peppers, 45 sweet peppers, 40 perilla leaves, 38 korean cabbages and 37 dried agricultural products. The samples that violated the MRLs included 14 perilla leaves, 13 spinaches, 12 leek, 6 lettuces(leaf), 6 chards and 6 gyeojchaes. Procymidone, endosulfan, chlorfenapyr, cypermethrin, bifenthrin, tebuconazole and fenvalerate were all frequently observed. Procymidone, endosulfan, dimethomorph and diniconazole were the pesticides most frequently detected at levels that violated the Korean Food Code MRLs.

Aflatoxin (AF) and Ochratoxin A (OTA) are carcinogenic and possible carcinogenic mycotoxins respectively produced by Aspergillus spp or Penicillium spp. The study for contamination survey and proposal for reduction of mycotoxin in red pepper were carried out. 192 samples were collected at such various stages and markets as pre/post-harvest stages, internet shopping mall /super-market and small stakeholder mill/geographically indicated company. As only 2 samples were positive for aflatoxin, so contamination rate was 1.04%. In the meanwhile, contamination rate for ochratoxin A was 21.88% and a various amount of OTA was detected in 42 positive samples. 6 samples were found to be contaminated at higher level than 5 μgkg−1 for ochratoxin A, which was established recently as a maximum permissible limit in korea. There was no difference in degree of contamination with regard to cultivation type because any mycotoxin was not found at all in both organically and conventionally grown red pepper. But, there was statistically significant difference in the process of manufacturing. Finished products were OTA-contaminated at a level of 2.32 ± 6.54 μgkg−1(mean ± SD), even though OTA was not detected in deep frozen red peppers right after long term storage. And contamination for OTA was a level of 0.33 ± 0.91 μgkg−1(mean ± SD) in red paprika powder after uv sterilization, while the contamination for OTA was 2.78 ± 4.49 μgkg−1(mean ± SD) in non-uv sterilized powder. In addition, our investigation shows that higher OTA contamination occurred in some of famous brand products sold in super-market and domestic products than products collected through on-line shopping or from small stakeholder mills and imported products respectively, however, difference was not statistically significant.

목적: 수평 및 수직 프리즘을 가입하여 인위적으로 편위를 유발시킨 후 시간 경과에 따라 사위도의 변화를 조사하여 프리즘적응을 분석하고자 하였다. 방법: 정상 양안단일시를 하는 25.3±3.2세의 성인 42명(남자 23명, 여자 19명)을 대상으로 프리즘적응 검사를 실시하였다. 16Δ BO, 8Δ BI, 우안기준 3Δ BU 및 3Δ BD으로 편위를 유발시켰다. 프리즘 가입 전과 가입 직후, 3분, 6분, 12분, 20분 및 30분 후에 원·근거리(3m, 40cm)에서 Modified Thorington 방법으로 수평 및 수직 사위를 측정하였다. 결과: 16Δ BO을 가입한 직후 외편위, 8Δ을 BI 가입한 직후 내편위, 3Δ BU을 가입한 직후 우안 기준 좌안 상편위 및 3Δ BD을 가입한 직후 하편위가 각각 유발되었다. 이때 빠른 융합버전스 작용에 의해 프리즘 가입양의 약 36∼60% 정도가 1차적으로 적응되었다. 30분 동안 프리즘가입으로 유발된 편위는 원거리와 근거리에서 모두 느린 융합버전스 작용에 의해 원래의 사위도(baseline)를 향해 점차 회복되는 지수감소곡선의 회귀식을 보였다. 프리즘 가입 양이나 기저방향에 관계없이 가입 초기부터 약 12분까지 원래의 사위도 방향으로 급하게 회복되는 2차 적응이 일어났고, 그 이후부터는 약하게 회복되는 3차 적응이 일어나 30분의 검사시간 동안 가입된 프리즘양의 약 90% 정도의 적응을 보였다. 프리즘적응의 정도는 프리즘의 기저방향이나 주시거리에 따라 차이가 있었다. 결론: 수평 및 수직 프리즘 가입 직후 빠른 융합버전스 작용이 일어났으며 시간이 경과함에 따라 느린 융합버전스 작용이 일어나 원래의 사위도로 회복되는 1차, 2차 및 3차의 프리즘적응현상이 확인되었다. 따라서 임상에서 수평 및 수직 프리즘을 처방할 때 프리즘적응 현상을 고려하고 프리즘적응의 영향을 최소화하기 위해서 프리즘을 처방하기 전에 프리즘적응 검사가 필요하다고 사료된다.

최근 환경 ; 에너지 ; 안전 ; 고령화 ; 양극화 ; 보건의료와 같은 사회영역의 문제를 해결하기 위해 기술혁신을 어떻게 활용할 것인가에 대한 관심이 증대하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 사회문제 해결을 위해 기술혁신활동을 수행하는 새로운 주체로서 ‘기술집약적 사회적 기업(technology-based social enterprise)’을 설정하고 그 의미를 탐색한다.이를 위해 우선 사회적 혁신의 개념과 기술집약적 사회적 기업의 특성을 정리하고 외국의 기술집약적 사회적 기업의 혁신 사례를 검토한다. 그리고 사례 연구를 귀납적으로 정리하여 기술집약적 사회적 기업의 혁신활동을 ‘파괴적 혁신’의 관점에서 접근해야 한다는 논의를 전개한다. 이러한 논의는 경제 ; 경영 중심의 혁신전략과 정책에 대해 새로운 차원의 시각을 제공해줄 수 있을 것이다. 또 사회적 기업을 둘러싼 논의에서도 기술집약적 성격을 갖는 새로운 유형의 사회적 기업 모델을 탐색하는 데 도움을 줄 수 있을 것이다.

《左传》是一部涉及大约250多年的春秋时代历史的中国最初的完备的编年体历史书。具体记述了春秋时代各国的政治与军事、外交等重大历史事件。整体的思想倾向则接近于儒家, 故强调了阶级秩序与宗法伦理。从当今的文学理论观点察看《左传》, 则难寻以主要范畴议论的内容。《左传》的编书年代迟于《春秋》, 但登载的内容先于孔子时代, 故通过《左传》可以知道孔子和先秦诸子的文论思想产生的背景。尤其偏重《诗经》与政治的关系, 阐明‘赋诗言志’, 生动地反映了春秋时期政治交往当中对《诗经》的具体运用。本文选译了在《左传》接受《诗经》的‘赋’的意义变化和因对‘赋诗断章’的实用主义态度而唤起的文学作品的思想及作品的关系、叔孙穆子的“三不休”论、生动反映春秋时期政治交往中对《诗经》具体运用的一些例子、孔子论诗之前季札观赏音乐演奏而谈及的有关文学批评的理论、有关晏子的“和同之辨”之事。这对理解先秦时期文艺理论方面提供了珍贵的资料。

This study was to analyze the philologicalcharacterofHuangdizhaijing(黃帝宅經). Huangdizhaijing isafirststagescripturesofYangzhaiFengshui(陽宅風水)whichisthe firstlymentionedbookinSikuquanshu(四庫全書).Huangdizhaijingisanobligatory book to read to understand the palace ofancientdynasty as wellas generalhousing of people. Huangdizhaijing measured housing conditions divided into Yangzhai(陽宅) and Yinzhai(陰宅).The contents succeeded traditionalYangzhaiguan(陽宅觀)which values direction(方向)andJiri(吉日).Thatis,classifying Yangzhaiinto24directionsbasedon QiofYinYang(陰陽之氣)theory,generalcontentsofHuangdizhaijingexplainsregulatory rulesand propitiousday in accordancewith theYangzhaimathematicalprinciplesand archaeology through Jixiongshenshalun(吉凶神煞論).Huangdizhaijing includesthekernel ofunderstanding thechinesearchitectsystem andhousing culturebecauseitdescribes closereciprocalinfluencesbetweenmanandhouse. It seems that the author of Huangdizhaijing is not the emperor but he was represented by descendants who systemized the idea ofHuangdizhaijing in Yangzhai shu(陽宅書).Being theremany ofdocumentspresentedby emperorlikeHuangdineijing (黃帝內徑),Itiscountedthatthereasonoftherepresentingemperoristoshow offits originhaslongandauthoritativehistory. Itseemsthatthepreserved period ofwriting Huangdizhaijing isTang(唐)dynasty, butcounting thatvariousYangzhaishuprevailed,Huangdizhaijing'scontentshasmuch in common with Dunhuangben(敦煌本), and it valued Menfazhidu(門閥制度) of Weijinnanbeichao(魏晉南北朝) dynasty,the many ofthe contents of Huangdizhaijing shouldbe formedbeforeTangdynasty. The exiting editions ofHuangdizhaijing could be divided into generally 8 kinds:① Zhengtongdaocangben(正統道藏本) ②Yimenguangduben(夷門廣牘本) ③Jindaimishuben(津 逮秘書本) ④Shuofuben(說郛本) ⑤Gujintushujichengben(古今圖書集成本) ⑥ Sikuquanshuben(四庫全書本)⑦Xuejintaoyuanben(學津討原本)⑧Dunhuangben(敦煌本)