This study aims to investigate the effects of exogenous succinic acid (SCA) on Brucella (B.) abortus infection in macrophage RAW 264.7 cells and ICR mice. Firstly, the in vitro experiment was conducted by MTT cytotoxicity and bacterial internalization assay to evaluate the uptake of B. abortus into macrophage cells. Two non-cytotoxic concentrations of SCA demonstrated attenuated invasion of Brucella into macrophages at 30 and 45 min post- infection (pi). Secondly, ICR mice were treated with SCA and infected with B. abortus. On day-14 pi, spleen and blood serum were collected to evaluate the bacterial burden and total spleen weight as well as the production of cytokine/chemokine, respectively. The results showed that SCA treatment promoted bacterial growth and reduced the total spleen weight in mice. Furthermore, SCA treatment increased the level of IL-10 cytokine in the sera, while dampening the production of MCP-1 chemokine compared to the control. The results of bacterial load in spleen and spleen weight together with cytokine/chemokine production profile in the sera indicated that SCA induced the host anti-inflammatory response which is beneficial for the survival of Brucella. Therefore, these findings suggest that SCA contributed to host immunity against Brucella infection and the emerging potential topic-immunometabolism should be invested for further investigations.

This study utilized Automated Speech Recognition technology to determine the potential utility and acceptance of such technology in the English as a Foreign Language classroom. Learners were made aware of the Automatic Speech Recognition potential of their mobile devices and provided with some direction in, and incentive for, its use. Participants were then scored on their assessment of the technology according to the Technology Acceptance Model. Participants showed a marked appreciation for the ease and utility of the technology with over 72% agreeing that the technology was both accessible and useful. Support for the use of Automatic Speech Recognition as a testing method was somewhat mixed, with 75% of participants agreeing that the testing was fair, but only 60% reporting that they felt they did well on the test. As a secondary point of interest, this study examined the potential use of Automatic Speech Recognition technology for teaching and testing pronunciation.

The objective of this study was to establish a selection process for high quality sperm in bovine semen using sperm separation by magnetic activation (MACS). For this, semen from 21 Nellore bulls was collected using an artificial vagina. To guarantee the presence of pathologies in the ejaculate, animals previously declassified in four consecutive spermiogram were used. Semen was analyzed in five statuses: (1) fresh semen (fresh); (2) density gradient centrifugation (DGC), percoll column; (3) non-apoptotic fraction after separation by MACS (MAC); (4) apoptotic fraction from the separation (MACPOOR); and (5) MAC followed by DGC (MACDGC). Using a computerized analysis system (CASA), motility was measured. The sperm morphology was evaluated by phase contrast, and the supravital test was completed with eosin/nigrosin staining. For DGC, 20 × 106 cells were used in a gradient of 90% and 45% percoll. MACS used 10 × 106 cells with 20 μL of nanoparticles attached to annexin V, and filtered through the MiniMACS magnetic separation column. Membrane integrity was assessed with SYBR-14/IP and mitochondrial potential with JC-1 by flow cytometry. Processing sperm by MACDGC, was more effective in obtaining samples with high quality sperm, verified by the total of abnormalities in the samples: 35.04 ± 2.29%, 21.50 ± 1.47%, 17.30 ± 1.10%, 30.68 ± 1.94% and 10.50 ± 1.46%, respectively for fresh, DGC, MAC, MACPOOR, and MACDGC. The subpopulation of non-apoptotic sperm had a high number of live cells (82.65%), membrane integrity (56.60%) and mitochondrial potential (83.98%) (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that this nanotechnological method, that uses nanoparticles, is efficient in the production of high-quality semen samples for assisted reproduction procedures in cattle.

본 연구는 다음 두 가지 목표를 가진다. 첫째, 미시오 데이(missio Dei)를 신자들의 삶에서 경험하는 영성으로 측정하는 개념적 틀을 구상하는 것이다. 둘째, 이 틀을 바탕으로 영성을 양적으로 또한 질적으로 조사할 수 있는 설문지를 만드는 것이다. 이 연구는 미시오 데이(missio Dei)와 사람들의 영적 경험 간의 관계를 살펴보는 문헌 조사를 시작으로 수행된다. 그 다음에는 미시오 데이(missio Dei)를 주관적 영성 경험으로 측정할 수 있는 틀을 구상하고, 윤리적 고려사항에 대한 권고와 2020-2021년 봉쇄, 고립, 격리 기간에 사람들의 영성을 측정한 설문 조사 결과의 데이터 분석으로 마무리된다. 본 연구는 미시오 데이(missio Dei)를 영적 양과 질로 측정할 수 있는 개념적 틀을 고안하여 미래 연구 설계의 기반으로 사용된다는데 큰 의의를 가진다.

We investigated the cytotoxic potential of three different commercially available absorbent feminine hygiene products and one transdermal patch using direct contact and extract exposure methods. Two different cell lines were used – mouse fibroblast L929 and normal human skin fibroblast CCD-986sk cell lines. The test samples were extracted using three different methods in accordance to International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Viability of cells was analyzed using MTT assay and morphology of the cells were also observed using phase contrast microscopy. Overall, the direct contact method using L929 cells showed that all the test samples had no toxic effect when exposed to extracts for 1 h. For the exposure method, no toxic effect was observed in both L929 and CCD986sk cells incubated with all the test samples regardless of the extraction methods used.

이전의 스트레스 및 대처 문헌은 효과적인 스트레스 대처 전략이 개인의 복지에 대한 스트레스의 부정적인 영향을 감소시킬 뿐만 아니라 대처가 조직에도 도움이 될 수 있다고 제안한다. 본 연구에서는 노력-보상 불균형이 직원의 잡 크래프팅에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 알아보고 이 관계에서 직원의 지각이 고용가능성과 조직몰입이 조절역할을 하는지 알아보고자 하였다. 또한, 노력-보상 불균형과 반생산적 과업행동 간 관계를 잡 크래프팅이 매개하는지 알아보고였다. 이를 위하여 본 논문에서는 한국에 종사하는 203명의 직원들을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였으며 회귀분석법으로 자료를 분석하였는데, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 노력-보상 불균형이 높을수록 잡 크래프팅이 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 특히, 노력-보상 불균형과 구조적 직무자원을 증가시키는 행동, 사회적 직무자원을 증가시키는 행동, 그리고 도전적인 직무요구를 증가시키는 행동에 정 (+)의 관계가 있는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 그런데, 노력-보상 불균형과 방해되는 직무요구를 감소시키는 행동에 관계가 없는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 또한 과도위임과 사회적 직무자원을 증가시키는 행동, 도전적인 직무요구를 증가시키는 행동에 정 (+)의 관계가 있는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 둘째, 노력-보상 불균형과 잡 크래프팅 간의 정적 관계는 지각이 고용가능성이 낮을 때보다 높을 때 더 강하게 나타났다. 셋째, 노력-보상 불균형과 잡 크래프팅 간의 정적 관계는 조직몰입이 낮을 때보다 높을 때 더 강하게 나타났다. 넷째, 잡 크래프팅은 노력-보상 불균형과 반생산적 과업행동 간의 관계에서 매개역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 추가적으로 해당 연구를 통해 얻어진 결과들을 토대로 연구의 의의 및 한계 점, 향후 연구를 위한 제언 등을 통합적으로 논의하였다.

In veterinary medicine, anaesthesia is fundamental for many medical acts, as complementary tests or surgical procedures. This discipline has evolved enormously in recent years, both in terms of practices as well as in terms of materials and used molecules.The aim of the present study was to compare three anaesthetic protocols, using injectable anaesthesia Ketamine/xylazine/acepromazine, ketamine/xylazine, and ketamine/xylazine /meloxicam in rabbits. Nine adult males, Neo-Zealand breed rabbits, weighing between 2.5 and 3.5 Kg were randomly divided into three groups, housed indoor to accommodate the place of experiments to evaluate their effects on risk factors associated with peri-anaesthetic mortality, along with gastrointestinal complications, in order to establish a suitable anaesthetic protocol, coupled with continuous monitoring of the anaesthetized animal. The association of acepromazine, xylazine, and ketamine, which give a deep myorelaxation and remarkable analgesia, obtained the anaesthesia. Fixed products do not lead to any myorelaxation of the mandibular muscles. The addition of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug increased the effect of the peri-anaesthetic analgesia. The protocol using acepromazine, xylazine, and ketamine is the best schema for the potentiated general anaesthesia in rabbit, because of its insignificant effect on the intestinal motility.

본 연구는 현대 교회의 모습이 성경의 에클레시아와 다르다는 전제를 갖고 시작한다. 교회 내의 여러 위기는 기독교 신앙에 대한 신뢰의 선교적 위기로 분석되고 표현된다. 이러한 위기를 극복하기 위해서 “교회”를 신약 성경 에클레시아의 번역으로 사용할 수 있는지를 질문할 필요가 있다. 모순과 시대착오의 이유로 성경에서 “교회”를 타당한 번역으로 볼 수 있는지 의문이 제기된다. 에클레시아와 까할(qahal)의 더 올바른 번역인 “집회”를 사용하는 것이 성경의 에클레시아와 현대 교회를 구분하기 위한 방법으로 제안되기도 한다. 이러한 차별화의 의미는 현재의 선교학에 대해, 그리고 신뢰성의 선교적 위기에 대한 해결책으로 논의된다.

This study investigated the efficacy of four Brucella (B.) abortus recombinant proteins, namely adenylate kinase (Adk), nucleoside diphosphate kinase (Ndk), 50S ribosomal protein (L7/L12) and preprotein translocase subunit (SecB), as a combined subunit vaccine (CSV) against B. abortus infection in BALB/c mice. Immunoblotting assay showed that these four recombinant proteins as well as pcold-TF vector reacted individually with Brucella-positive serum, but not with Brucella-negative serum. The peripheral blood CD4+ T cell population was increased in CSV-immunized mice compared to PBS and pcold-TF vector groups. In addition, CSV and pcold-TF groups displayed induced IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies production compared to PBS and RB51 group, whereas IgG2a titer was higher than IgG1 titer in CSV group. The secretion profiles of IgG1 and IgG2a production together with an enhancement of CD4+ T cell population suggested that CSV did not only induce T helper 1 (Th1) T cell immunity but also humoral immunity. Therein, Th1 T cell immunity is more predominant in eliminating intracellular bacteria B. abortus. Furthermore, CSV immunization significantly reduced the bacterial burden in the spleen as well as the spleen weight in comparison to PBS and pcold-TF groups. Altogether, combination of these antigens could be potential to induce protective immunity against B. abortus infection in animals.

To attenuate and control the spread of infectious disease, a body of research has been conducted to generate safe vaccines and to continue national-level surveillance. However, understanding on viability and persistence of avian influenza virus (AIV) in infected carcasses, and effective disposal approaches are still limited up to date. Here, using HA test and RT-PCR, we assessed active status of AIV and degradation of viral RNA in collected specimens at different sites and time points. First, AIV infectivity was recovered until day 2, and viral nucleic acids persisted to day 14 and 21 in inorganic and organic samples, respectively, in sealed vials incubated at room temperature. Second, AIV was totally inactivated in all examined specimens, and viral RNA was not detectable at all time points tested at least one month post-infection in AIV-inoculated carcasses buried directly in soil or fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) bin. Lastly, among different burial sites in South Korea, 6 out of 17 sampling sites in Jeonbuk province showed the presence of viral genetic materials, while the rest of the field samples displayed neither the presence of infective AIV nor detectable viral RNA. This study showed a linear relation between time and degradation degree of viral RNA in buried samples suggesting that burial disposal method is effective for the control or at least attenuation of spread of AI infection in infected animals although consistent monitoring is required to verify safety of disposal.

에클레시아[ecclesia (ἐκκλησία)]의 성경적 개념과 오늘날 현대교회 의 차이를 다루는 교회 문헌의 세 가지 경향을 밝힌 연구에 기초하여, 본 연구는 교회가 성경적 에클레시아와 약간 다른 조직이라는 것을 인정하는 네번째 접근을 취하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 성경적 에클레시아의 형태, 기능, 목적을 탐구하기 위해 신약의 에클레시아를 분석하고 구약의 카할 [qahal ( קה ל )]과 연결한다. 천국과 그 계시에 연결되어 성령의 인도 하에 이 땅에서 사는 것뿐 아니라 예루살렘과 유다의 한계를 넘는 에클레시아의 팽창을 조사한다. 에클레시아에 적용되는 성전, 몸, 신부의 비유뿐만 아니라, 성경적 에클레시아의 단일성과 다양성을 관찰하고 논의한다. 본 연구의 결론은 남한과 북한의 선교적 관계와 아시아의 다른 현대적 접근을 참고하여 논의된다.

BALB/c mice were vaccinated with Brucella (B.) abortus recombinant protein L27 (50S ribosomal protein L27) cloned into a pMal vector system. L27 was induced, purified and injected intraperitoneally (IP). Mice were vaccinated on 0-, 15- and 35-day. Serum cytokines were evaluated on 36- and 49-day from first vaccination. Mice were intraperitoneally infected with 5×104 CFU of virulent B. abortus 544 on day-50 and sacrificed after two weeks from infection. Bacterial burden from the spleen was quantified and showed a 0.7- and 0.9-log reduction in vaccinated mice in comparison to PBS and MBP (maltose binding protein) groups respectively. Cytokines in the serum demonstrated increased interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and other pro-inflammatory cytokines such as macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and interleukin 6 (IL-6). On the other hand, interleukin 10 (IL-10) was attenuated in the sera of vaccinated mice. This cytokine profile is indicative of a cell-mediated type of immune response which is favorable for the eradication of intracellular infections. The current study showed the potential of another B. abortus ribosomal protein in inducing protective immunity against B. abortus infection.

Spotted wing drosophila (SWD), Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae), is an important quarantine insect pest on blueberry and strawberry exportation in Korea. Due to IPPC recommendations of replacement of methyl bromide (MB) and recent critical issue about its chronic inhalation toxicity to fumigator and related workers along with post-fumigation, alternatives to MB is urgently required. Thus, we evaluated efficacies of ethyl formate (EF) to SWD eggs using two different bioassay methods; using eggs oviposited on artificial diet and on blueberries naturally infested with SWD adults. In results, there was no differences between two bioassay methods in terms of LCT99 value of EF.

In this study, we examined the protective immunity of a combination of seven Brucella abortus recombinant proteins; superoxide dismutase (rSodC), riboflavin synthase subunit beta (rRibH), 50S ribosomal protein (50s rL7/L12), nucleoside diphosphate kinase (rNdk), malate dehydrogenase (rMDH), arginase (rRocF), and elongation factor (rTsf) cloned in a pMal vector system and expressed in DH5α. Mice groups were immunized thrice with a combined subunit vaccine (CSV-7) at 0, 2, and 5 weeks and subsequently challenged with B. abortus at 5 × 104 CFU at 6 weeks. At four weeks post-infection, the mice were sacrificed and the bacterial burden in their spleens was quantified. Results revealed bacterial log reductions of 0.63 and 0.34 in comparison to PBS and maltose-binding protein (MBP), respectively. Cytokine profiling revealed a marked increase in IFN-γ (interferon-gamma), MCP-1 (macrophage chemoattractant protein-1) and IL-6 (interleukin 6) cytokines at 5-weeks post-immunization. On the other hand, only TNF was heightened at 7-weeks post-immunization. In general, this cytokine profile is consistently reflective of a Th1 immune response, which is beneficial for host immunoresistance.