PURPOSES: This study evaluates the reliability of the patterns of changes in the road surface temperature during winter using a statistical technique. In addition, a flexible road segmentation method is developed based on the collected road surface temperature data. METHODS: To collect and analyze the data, a thermal mapping system that could be attached to a survey vehicle along with various other sensors was employed. We first selected the test route based on the date and the weather and topographical conditions, since these factors affect the patterns of changes in the road surface temperature. Each route was surveyed a total of 10 times on a round-trip basis at the same times (5 AM to 6 AM). A correlation analysis was performed to identify whether the weather conditions reported for the survey dates were consistent with the actual conditions. In addition, we developed a method for dividing the road into sections based on the consecutive changes in the road surface temperature for use in future applications. Specifically, in this method, the road surface temperature data collected using the thermal mapping system was compared continuously with the average values for the various road sections, and the road was divided into sections based on the temperature. RESULTS : The results showed that the comparison of the reported and actual weather conditions and the standard deviation in the observed road surface temperatures could produce a good indicator of the reliability of the patterns of the changes in the road surface temperature. CONCLUSIONS: This research shows how road surface temperature data can be evaluated using a statistical technique. It also confirms that roads should be segmented based on the changes in the temperature and not using a uniform segmentation method.

For the development of a low-melting point filler metal for brazing aluminum alloy, we analyzed change of melting point and wettability with addition of Sn into Al-20Cu-10Si filler metal. DSC results showed that the addition of 5 wt% Sn into the Al-20Cu-10Si filler metal caused its liquidus temperature to decrease by about 30 oC. In the wettability test, spread area of melted Al-Cu-Si-Sn alloy is increased through the addition of Sn from 1 to 5 wt%. For the measuring of the mechanical properties of the joint region, Al 3003 plate is brazed by Al-20Cu-10Si-5Sn filler metal and the mechanical property is measured by tensile test. The results showed that the tensile strength of the joint region is higher than the tensile strength of Al 3003. Thus, failure occurred in the Al 3003 plate.

Mineral filler is used for resin compounds, because it increases the stiffness and thermal stability of a resin compound, and it also cuts down the cost. Calcium carbonate, silica, magnesium oxide, and others are used as filler materials in general, and the type of filler material, the size, and content can affect the physical properties of compounds. Those factors also influence the viscosity of resin mixtures and the workability, and should be adjusted by changing the contents of the filler, which depends on the size. In this study, five kinds of ground calcium carbonate, which were different in size, were used to produce polyester compounds ; the physical properties were compared with the filler size and contents. The mechanical properties were measured by bending strength and tensile strength, and the heat deflection temperature was obtained for thermal stability.

In this study, environmental new feeding and management system that are suitable for hot and cool water supply and floor heating system was developed and analyzed the effect for productivity and meat quality with supplying hot water in winter, the results were as follow as. HWSS was not affecting improvement with broiler productivity in initial time. Supplying hot water made the temperature inside broiler barn not go down rapidly as time went by from former term to latter term and continuous supplying hot water made boiler be adapted properly to the temperature and humidity of breeding environment that was requiring at its own growth phases. With unsaturated fatty acid / saturated fatty acids, HWSS was higher in broiler breast but CWSS was higher in the leg. With AST, ALT in blood, HWSS is higher than CWSS but with neutral lipid, protein, glucose, albumin, cholesterol, HWSS is higher than CWSS. Water circulation heating system gave an impact on meat quality and PH showed a higher in CWSS system. Also, redness and yellowness of the meat color was confirmed to be greater in HWSS. It was proved that the temperature difference of drinking water affected farm productivity, the blood and flesh quality, therefore, that could be estimated to be utilized successfully, if that should be used appropriately for productivity improvement according to the week-old of growth phase.

태백산도립공원의 남사면인 금천계곡과 북사면인 제당골의 식생을 조사하여 사면 및 해발고별 식생구조 및 변화의 특징을 살펴보았다. 해발 850m의 금천계곡에서 1,380m의 마루금을 거쳐 950m 제당골까지 해발 50m간격으로 30개 조사구를 설치하고 조사 및 종조성 분석을 실시하였다. 분석결과 태백산도립공원은 사면에 관계없이 신갈나무, 거제수 나무, 층층나무, 피나무, 당단풍나무, 함박꽃나무 등 낙엽활엽수가 넓게 분포하고 있었으며, 고로쇠나무, 물푸레나무, 물박달나무, 생강나무 등은 남사면에, 마가목, 귀룽나무, 개벚지나무, 시닥나무 등은 북사면에만 분포하고 있었다. Ordination 분석결과 사면별로 식생이 불연속적으로 분포하고 있는 것으로 나타났는데, 특히, 북사면의 식생은 사면향 에 따른 환경요인의 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 해발 1,200m이상에서 우점종으로 나타나는 신갈나무는 환경요인 중 해발고의 영향을 받는 것으로 판단되었다. 연륜분석결과 주요 식생인 거제수나무는 53년, 신갈나무는 최고 94년생까 지 분석되었다.

The effects of dissolved inorganic and organic matter in seawater and the characteristics of fouling on the membrane surface were investigated within membrane distillation (MD) process. The changes of the membrane flux of PE and PVDF hollow fiber membranes under natural and synthetic seawater were compared with given variances of temperature. The flux of both membranes under the synthetic seawater, without any organic matter, were higher than that of the natural seawater, indicating the organic fouling on the membrane surface. The surface of the membrane was analyzed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) to examine the fouling. The experiment with organics has shown the formation of thin film over the membrane surface, while the experiment with inorganics has shown only the formation of inorganic crystals. The results indicated the organic matter as the major foulants and that the organics affected the formation of the crystals. Permeate water conductivity of all conditions verified the quality of the water to be better if not similar to that of RO.

This study investigated the chemical composition of Cirsium japonicum var. ussurience Kitamura essential oil and the quantitative changes of major volatile flavor compounds according to the harvesting season. The essential oils obtained by the method of hydrodistillation extraction from aerial parts of C. japonicum var. ussurience Kitamura were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Sixty-four volatile flavor compounds were identified in the essential oil from C. japonicum var. ussurience Kitamura harvested in May 2012; hexadecanoic acid (49.31%) was the most abundant compound, followed by 6,10,14- trimethyl-2-pentadecanone (13.72%), phytol (13.40%) and 9-hexadecenoic acid (4.16%). Eighty-three compounds were identified in the essential oil from the plant harvested in October 2012; phytol (40.56%), hexadecanoic acid (17.69%), 6,10,14- trimethyl-2-pentadecanone (13.71%), and caryophyllene oxide (4.15%) were the most abundant compounds. Types and levels of volatile compounds from different harvesting seasons varied. The essential oil composition of C. japonicum var. ussurience Kitamura harvested in the spring and autumn was characterized by higher contents of aliphatic fatty acid, diterpene and sesquiterpene, respectively.

The Pressure Retarded Osmosis (PRO) is the next generation desalination technique and is considered as a eco-friendly energy. This was conducted to evaluate the effect of the temperature and pressure on the PRO performance. The flux of the permeation was measured under different operating conditions and estimated the power density. An improvement of PRO performance is depend on increasing solution temperature and optimum pressure. The effect of increasing feed solution temperature has stronger impact on the PRO performance comparing to the draw solution temperature. The reason of the results was due to the change of osmotic power, viscosity, water permeability and structure parameter(s).

식염 5%를 첨가한 저염 오징어 젓갈을 10℃에서 8주간 숙성시키면서 핵산관련물질의 변화를 분석하였다. 숙성발효에 따른 정미성분의 변화를 보면, 핵산관련물질 중 ATP 및 ADP는 소실되어 검출 되지 않았으며 초기에만 AMP가 존재하고 숙성중반까지 현저히 감소한 반면에 inosine 및 hypoxanthine은 숙성중반까지 증가하였다가 다시 감소하였으며 핵산관련물질의 대부분을 차지하였다. pH는 식염농도가 낮고 숙성온도가 높을수록 숙성후반까지 계속 유의성 높게 증가하여 숙성이 촉진되었 으며 적정산도는 숙성후반까지 감소하였다. 이상의 결과처럼 저염 오징어 젓갈의 적정 발효조건을 추정 해 보면 발효온도 10℃, 식염 10%, 발효기간 5주로 추정되어 활용가치가 높다고 사료된다.

Recent Engineered nanoparticles were increasingly exposed to environmental system with the wide application and production of nanomaterials, concerns are increasing about their environmental risk to soil and groundwater system. In order to assess the transport behavior of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), a saturated packed column experiments were examined. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and a DLS detector was used for concentration and size measurement of AgNPs. The column experiment results showed that solution chemistry had a considerable temporal deposition of AgNPs on the porous media of solid glass beads. In column experiment, comparable mobility improvement of AgNPs were observed by changing solution chemistry conditions from salts (in both NaCl and CaCl2 solutions) to DI conditions, but in much lower ionic strength (IS) with CaCl2. Additionally, the fitted parameters with two-site kinetic attachment model form the experimental breakthrough curves (BTCs) were associated that the retention rates of the AgNPs aggregates were enhanced with increasing IS under both NaCl and CaCl2 solutions.

Soil salinity is the most critical problem at reclaimed tidal saline soil in Korea. The objective of this study was carried out investigate the salt movement in upland soils at Gyehwa-do region in Saemangeum reclaimed land on the south Korea coasts. The experiment was conducted 5% sloped polt (3.0 m × 10.0 m) with 14 treatments and it were separated by low salinity division (LSD) and high salinity division (HSD) install. The cation content in ground water increased during time course, but in the case of land surface water the content was variable, and K+was lower than that of Na and Mg. At the LSD under rainproof condition, the salinity was directly proportional to soil water content, but at the HSD the tendency was no reversed. In condition of rainproof, the amount of soil salinity was higher at the HSD than at the LSD. Positive correlation was obtained between the soil water content and available phosphorous content at the rainfall division, but there was no significance at the surface soil of the rainproof division. Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and anion (Cl−, SO4 −) contents in soil were repressed in the order of vinyl-mulching > Rice straw-mulching > control plot. Our results indicate that soluble salt control is critical at reclaimed tidal saline soil and the results can provide some useful information for deciding management plans to reduce salt damage for stable crop production and diverse utilization or cultivation could be one of the management options to alleviate salt damages at reclaimed tidal saline soil in Korea.

Control degree and property changes of dissolved organic matter (DOM) were conducted by coagulation of chemical treatment for 2 sewage treatment plants with different technical methods. As the result, SUVA value of the second treated water (supernatant of the second settling pond after biological treatment) was increased and DOC was reduced in comparison with supplied raw water. And, SUVA value and DOC were reduced by coagulation after coagulation treatment of the second treated water. Properties of dissolved organic matter for 2 sewage treatment plants's DOC were divided. As the result, there was lots of hydrophilic component with hydrophilicity in case of plant A. In case of the second treated water, Plant A showed fulvic acid with little molecular weight was reduced among the hydrophobic component with hydrophobicity, but numic acide with lots of molecular weight was increased. However, in case of plant B, both fulvic acid with little molecular weight and humic acid with lots of molecular weight were increased among the hydrophobic components with hydrophilicity. Before the operation of phosphorus facility, properties of dissolved organic matter after biodegradation with effluent water showed hydrophilic components were reduced and hydrophobic components were increased. However, after coagulation treatment of the second treated water, hydrophilic components and hydrophobic components were outstandingly decreased or increased. During the biodegradation after coagulation treatment, hydrophilic components were significantly decreased and hydrophobic components were increased.

Analysis of nutritional compositions of soybean sprouts cultivated with bamboo ash was carried out. Bamboo ash was utilized as sprouting water of soybeans and adjusted to 0.2, 0.6, 1.0, 1.4, 2.0, 6.0 and 10.0 g/L. Stem length and contents of isoflavone (daidzin, glycitin, genestin, daidzein, glycitein, and genestein) and vitamin C in soybean sprouts cultivated with 0.2 g/L were higher than those in soybean sprouts cultivated with only water. Potassium, magnesium, and calcium of all cultivation methods were detected in higher contents than others. In particular, potassium showed a high absorption rate in the soybean sprouts. The major amino acid was asparagine (616.05~849.15 mg/100 g, soybean eq.), and contents of lysine, leucine, and ornithine in soybean sprouts cultivated at 0.2 g/L were higher than those of methods by only water and addition of 6-benzylaminopurine. According to the results, soybean sprouts cultivated with 0.2 g/L of bamboo ash were effective for increasing nutritional compositions.

최근 정삼투(FO) 공정의 성능향상을 위해 유입수에 낮은 수압을 가하는 가압형 정삼투(PAFO) 공정이 관심을 받 고 있다. Structure parameter는 FO 및 PAFO 공정 운전시 유도용질의 확산 저항성(Solute resistivity)을 결정하며, 이는 Solution-diffusion model (S-D model)을 통한 수투과 및 염투과 성능 예측을 지배하는 인자 중에 하나이다. 본 연구는 S-D model을 이용하여 가압형 정삼투시 유입수 측에 가해지는 압력에 따른 Structure parameter 변화 양상을 예측하고자 하였다.

At the SBSTA 42 (The 42th Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice), there was rich exchange of views on the topics of in-session workshop among the Parties. And draft conclusion (FCCC/SBSTA/2015/L.2) was adopted through the contact group meetings. Agriculture is a distinctive area of issues on food security and economies of most countries, in particular developing countries, as it has suffered from undesirable negative climate change impacts. Early warning systems (EWS) are essential to ensure the sustainability of agricultural systems, safeguarding the food production capacity and welfare of people related to agriculture directly or indirectly. Hence, it is the key component of any adaptation strategy. EWS should be integrated into information and communication technology (ICT) affordable and appropriate to local situation. The UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) should promote, in collaboration with relevant international organizations, measures to support adaptation of agro-ecosystems to the adverse effects of climate change. Korea had submitted its opinion on the development of early warning systems in relation to extreme weather events. The SBSTA 42 took note of the views submitted by Parties during the two insession workshop held at this session, and agree to consider the reports on those workshops at SBSTA 43. Also, it will continue its works referred to in paragraphs 87 ~ 89 of document FCCC/SBSTA/2014/2.

알파 프로테박테리아(α-proteobacterium)인 볼바키아(Wolbachia) 세균은 절지동물 세포내의 중요한 공생균 중의 하나이다. 그람 음성 세 균인 이 공생균은 기주동물의 여러 생물적 과정에 관여하고 있으며, 현재 생물적 방제 수단으로 주목 받고 있다. 볼바키아는 기주 세포의 세포질에 서식하는 세균인데 암컷을 통하여 세대간 전염된다. 볼파키아의 감염 개체 밀도를 높이기 위해 기주의 생식방식을 조작하는 다양한 전략을 발달시 켰다. 볼바키아 유전자형 계통은 볼바키아 표면 단백질(WSP)의 고변이영역 아미노산 서열과 복합좌위 서열 타이핑(Multilocus sequence typing, MLST)으로 결정된다. 상이한 유전계통 판별은 wsp, 16S rRNA, ftsZ, gltA, groEL 등 유전자 분자표지를 이용하게 된다.. 이 계통 볼바키아 세균과 그들의 우월한 표현형이 농업해충과 인간의 질병매개 곤충에 대한 방제 프로그램에서 이용 가능성이 고려되고 있다. 볼바키아 표현형들은 세포질불일치(cytoplasmic incompatibility, CI), 단성생식 유도(parthenogenesis induction, PI), 여성화(feminization, F), 수컷치사(male killing, MK) 등을 유발하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 기타 볼바키아 세균의 농업과 위생곤충 방제 프로그램에서 응용 방안을 고찰하였다.

于堅의 시는 지배 이데올로기의 詩化에 대한 반대를 기점으로 한다. 그로 인해 그의 시는 몽롱파의 문혁 비판에 동조하지 않고, 일상의 진실에 근거한 디테일의 추구로 나아가는 모습 을 보여준다. 중심부로부터 멀리 떨어진 昆明에서 지루한 시간, 무료한 일상, 의미 없음의 집 적을 겪고 있었던 그는 雲南의 시공에 대한 天人合一이라는 자기 시의 특별한 분위기 속에서 개혁개방으로 인한 균열을 체험하게 된다. 시장화의 속도는 익숙한 모든 것들을 소멸시키거 나 오염시키게 되고, 그 속에서 디테일의 진실을 추구하던 于堅은 자신의 사회적인 의미를 깨달아 가면서 현실비판의 안전지대를 확대해 가게 된다.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate topographic characteristics revealed in the predicted distribution areas of Aporia crataegi, according to climate change. Towards this end, this study compared the differences of topographic factors, such as altitude, mountain slope and the aspect of slope, in the distribution areas with different potential inhabitation possibilities of the Aporia crataegi. The inhabitation possibilities of the Aporia crataegi were different, according to altitude and topographic slope, and the inhabitation possibility is judged to be affected more by the topographic conditions including altitude and mountain slope than by the aspect of slope. Especially, the inhabitation possibility of the Aporia crataegi was higher in the higher altitude area, as time goes on furthermore. The reason is that the current climate environment, which is suitable for the potential inhabitation of the Aporia crataegi, is forecast to be formed with an area with high altitude. Although the difference in the aspect of slope was not statistically significant according to inhabitation possibility, the reason why the inhabitation possibility of the Aporia crataegi varies in the mainly southeast slope is conjectured to be derived from the warmer heat environmental condition to grow from a larva into an imago. The result drawn in this study is expected to be utilized as basic data to establish a policy soundly preserving and managing the habitat of biospecies in consideration of climate change and topographic conditions in the natural ecosystem field by using the already built up various biological resources information.

The purpose of this study was to explore how motivational factors affect Korean EFL secondary students’ motivated learning behavior using structural equation modeling (SEM). It further examined differences in the internal structure of L2 motivation over time. A total of 489 secondary school students participated in the study. Data were collected at two time points during an academic semester: in the beginning and at the end of the semester. Results of the SEM showed that students’ ideal L2 self was the strongest determinant of their motivated learning behavior at both time points for middle school students, whereas for high school students, ought-to L2 self had the strongest direct and significant impact on their motivated behavior in learning English throughout the semester. It was also found that both middle and high school students’ perceptions about the international posture of English and their parents’ involvement in English learning made indirect effects on their motivated behavior. Pedagogical implications and research suggestions are discussed.

Curcumin plays a protective role in brain injury through its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Moreover, peroxiredoxin-5 exerts a protective effect against oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to investigate whether curcumin modulated the peroxiredoxin-5 expression in focal cerebral ischemic animal model. Middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO) was performed to induce cerebral ischemic injury in rats. Adult male rats were injected intraperitoneally with vehicle or curcumin(50㎎/㎏ B.W.) 1 h after MCAO and cerebral cortex tissues were collected 24 h after MCAO. Photographs of hematoxylin and eosin staining showed that MCAO induced necrotic changes with scalloped shrunken form and apoptotic changes with nuclear chromatin condensations. However, curcumin treatment attenuated MCAO-induced histopathological changes. Moreover, this study clearly showed that peroxiredoxin-5 expression was decreased in MCAO operated animal with vehicle using a proteomics approach. However, this decrease in peroxiredoxin-5 expression was attenuated by curcumin treatment. Reverse-transcription PCR and Western blot analyses confirmed that curcumin treatment alleviated the MCAO injury-induced decrease in peroxiredoxin-5 expression(p<0.05). These results demonstrated that curcumin regulates peroxiredoxin-5 expression in MCAO animal model. In conclusion, our findings suggest that curcumin exerts a neuroprotective effect in cerebral ischemia by attenuating the MCAO-induced decrease in peroxiredoxin-5 expression.