In this study, mass concentrations and chemical compositions of PM2.5, including water-soluble ions and elements were determined at the 1,100 m-highland of Mt. Hallasan in Jeju Island across four seasons from August 2013 to August 2014. The average mass concentration of PM2.5 was 12.5±8.41 /m3 with 45.8% of the contribution from eight water-soluble ionic species. Three ionic species (SO4 2-, NH4 +, and NO3 -) comprised 96.2% of the total concentration of ions contained in PM2.5 and were the dominant ions, accounting for 43.5% of the PM2.5 mass at Mt. Hallasan. On the basis of the mass concentration level, seasonal variation, enrichment factor, and relationship among elements, we can presume that Mg, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Co, Sr, Ba, Nd, and Dy originated mainly from crust or soil and that V, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb were significantly enriched in PM2.5 owing to the effects of the anthropogenic emissions. These results and the local distribution of emission sources and topographic characteristics near this sampling site suggest that the compositions of PM2.5 collected at the 1100 m-highland of Mt. Hallasan were largely influenced by inflow from outside of Jeju Island.

There are futures, options as derivatives in our capital-market including KOSPI200 futures and options. Unfortunately linked-manipulations between stock tradings and derivatives tradings happen too often. It is able to distinguish linked-manipulations from faked-normal stock tradings using some criterias ; real purposes of tradings, rationals manners or not, the scales of profits. These acts of unfair trades are increasing in our capital market and especially the occurrences of new type of unfair trades cast attentions on same fields for example manipulations disguising hedge in option trades etc. Crimes in manipulations fields are developing without halts. In order to cope with its revolutions, we should make clear standards to distinguish linked-manipulations from faked-normal stock-tradings by searching same case studies.

1951년 9월 8일 48개 연합국과 일본 간에 체결된 “대일평화조약”(the Peace Treaty with Japan)에 한국은 체약당사국이 아니나 동 조약 제21조의 규정에 의해, 동 조약 제2 조, 제4조, 제9조 그리고 제12조는 한국에 적용된다. 한국에 적용되는 제2조 (a)항은 “일본은 한국의 독립을 승인하고, 제주도, 거문도 및 울릉도를 포함하는 한국에 대한 모든 권리, 권원 및 청구권은 포기한다”라고 규정하고 있다. 한편 “조약법 협약”은 “제3자에게 권리를 부여하는 조약은 그 제3자가 동의의 의사표시를 할 때 그 조약으로부터 권리가 발생한다라 고 규정하고, 제3자가 동의의 의사표시를 하지 아니해도 동의의 의사표시가 있는 것으로 추정한다”라고 규정하고 있다(제36조 제1항). 한국은 동의의 의사표시를 한 바 없으며 동 조의 규정에 의해 동의의 의사표시를 한 것으로 추정되어 “대일평화조약” 제2조 (a)항은 한국에 대해 효력이 발생한 것으로 된다. “대일평화조약” 제2조 (a)항 전단은 “일본은 한국의 독립을 승인하고”라고 규정하고 있다(이하 “독립승인조항”이라 한다). 이는 동 조약이 체결되기 전까지 한국은 비 독립국가의 지위에 있었음을 전제로 한 것으로 그것은 비 독립상태의 법적 근거인 "한일합방조약“이 유효함을 전제로 한 것이다. (a)항 후단은 “일본은 … 한국에 대한 모든 권리, 권원 및 청구권을 포기한다”라고 규정하고 있는바(이하 “권리포기조항”이라한다), 이는 동 조약이 발효 되기 직전까지 일본이 한국에 대한 권리, 권원 및 청구권을 갖고 있음을 의미한다. 갖고 있지 아니한 권리를 포기할 수 없기 때문이다. 이는 일본이 한국에 대한 권리, 권원 및 청구권을 갖고 있다는 것은 그의 근거인 “한일합방조약”이 유효함을 전제로 한 것이다. 이 연구는 이러한 법적 효과를 지적하고, 이러한 법적 효과를 배제하기 위해 한국정부의 “이 조약의 어떠한 조항도 한일합방조약이 유효한 것으로 해석되지 아니한다”는 내용의 “해석선언”(interpretative declaration) 또는 “해석유보”(interpretative reservation)를 함을 요한다는 제의를 하기로 한다.

In this study, we compared disease incidence rate and phyllosphere microbial community between drought resistance transgenic rice (Agb0103) and non-transgenic Ilmi (NGM) during 2011-2014 to examine an environmental risk assessment of drought resistance transgenic rice (Agb0103). As the results, major diseases such as sheath blight, brown spot, leaf blast and false smut were occurred, however, there were no significant disease incidence rate between Agb0103 and NGM. As the results of counting bacterial and fungal viable cell, the colonies were increased or decreased which affected by environmental conditions, however there were no differences between Agb0103 and NGM. Also unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averaging (UPGMA) analysis based on polymerase chain reaction with denaturing gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) revealed that DGGE band pattern of bacterial and fungal communities were clustered by each month and there were no differences between Agb0103 and NGM. Furthermore, isolated casual agents causing sheath blight and brown spot were collected from Agb0103 and NGM, and they revealed that each of pathogens were no differences in morphology and pathogenicity. Therefore, our results suggested that Agb0103 showed no differences in disease incidence rate, characteristic of pathogens and phyllosphere community with NGM. In this way, it can be assumed that transgenic rice Agb0103 could not influence phyllosphere microorganism community and environmental conditions.

The ambient mass concentration and chemical composition of the PM2.5 were determined at the highland site with 1,100 m above sea level on Jeju Island from June 2013 to November 2014. Yearly averaged mass concentration of PM2.5 was 11.97±8.63 /m3. PM2.5 concentrations were highest during the spring, while they tended to be lowest during the summer. Eight water soluble ionic species attributed 45.5% to PM2.5 mass. SO4 2-, NO3 - and NH4 + were major ions, which occupied to 27.9%, 3.7% and 12.3%, respectively. The greatest contributors to total mass concentration of water-soluble ions contained in PM2.5 were sulfate, ammonium and nitrate. These three ions accounted for 96.6% in total ions mass concentration of PM2.5. We could infer that these three secondary ions exist mostly in the form of (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3. Ca2+ and Mg2+ had a good relationship and with r=0.9. The molar ratio of Mg2+/Ca2+ in this study was lower than the value observed in sea water and higher than that in soil dust, indicating that these two ions originated from other sources rather than ocean and soil dust in this study.

This study investigates the characteristics of metallic and ionic elements concentration, concentration according to transport path, and factor analysis in PM10 at Guducsan in Busan in the springtime of 2015. PM10 concentration in Guducsan and Gwaebeopdong were 59.5± 9.04 ㎍/㎥ and 87.5±20.2 ㎍/㎥, respectively. Contribution rate of water-soluble ions and secondary ion in PM10 concentration in Guducsan were 37.0% and 27.8% respectively. [NO3 -/SO4 2-] ratio and contribution rate of sea salt of PM10 in Guducsan and Gwaebeopdong were 0.91 and 1.12, 7.0% and 5.3%, respectively. The results of the backward trajectory analysis indicates that PM10 concentration, total inorganic water-soluble ions and total secondary ions were high when the air parcels moved from Sandong region in China than non-Sandong and northen China to Busan area. The results of the factor analysis at Guducsan indicates that factor 1 was anthropogenic source effects such as automobile emissions and industrial combustion processes, factor 2 was marine sources such as sea salts from sea, and factor 3 was soil component sources.

‘Jungmo1024’ is a blast resistant early maturing rice cultivar with high temperature tolerance during grain filling stage. ‘Jungmo1024’ was derived from a sodium azide treatment on ‘Suweon472’, a high yielding japonica elite line which was latterly registered as ‘Namil’. Comparison with the agronomical traits of ‘Namil’, ‘Jungmo1024’ was uniquely characterized as the induced gained function due to the reduced culm length, increased tiller number, strong blast resistance and especially high temperature tolerance during grain filling stage. The high temperature tolerance of ‘Jungmo1024’ was supported by two years experiments by comparing the head rice ratio produced in ordinary paddy field and green house condition. The heading date of ‘Jungmo1024’ was July 29 in central plain area, which was 9 days earlier than that of ‘Hwaseong’. The milled rice yield performance of ‘Jungmo1024’ was about 4.98 MT/ha in local adaptability test for three years. ‘Jungmo1024’ had 69 cm in culm length, which was 15 cm shorter than that of ‘Hwaseong’, 20 cm in panicle length, 16 in tiller number, and 22.3g in 1,000 grain-weight of brown rice. ‘Jungmo1024’ exhibited strong rice blast resistance, but do not have any clear resistance gene sources against bacterial blight, viral diseases and insect fests. ‘Jungmo1024’, nevertheless, would be a useful rice cultivar could be used as a donor line for the breeding programs for developing southern plane adaptable early maturing rice cultivars with enhanced rice blast resistance, lodging tolerance, and especially high temperature tolerance during grain filling stage.

Long-term variations of PM10 and the characteristics of local meteorology related to its concentration changes were analyzed at 4 air quality sites (Ido-dong, Yeon-dong, Donghong-dong, and Gosan) in Jeju during two different periods, such as PI (2001-2006) and PII (2007-2013), over a 13-year period. Overall, the long-term trend of PM10 was very slightly downward during the whole study period, while the high PM10 concentrations in PII were observed more frequently than those in PI. The concentration variations of PM10 during the study period was clarified in correlation between PM10 and meteorological variables, e.g. the low (high) PM10 concentration with large (small) precipitation or high (low) radiation and in part high PM10 concentrations (especially, Donghong-dong and Gosan) with strong wind speed and the westerly/northwesterly winds. This was likely to be caused by the transport effect (from the polluted regions of China) rather than the contribution of local emission sources. The PM10 concentrations in “Asian dust” and “Haze” weather types were higher, whereas those in “Precipitation”, “Fog”, and “Thunder and Lighting” weather types were lower. The contribution of long-range transport to the observed PM10 levels in the urban center (Ido-dong, Yeon-dong, and Donghong-dong), if estimated by comparison to the data of the background site (Gosan), was found to explain about 80% (on average) of its input.

Background: We evaluated the effect of ulinastatin on paw withdrawal threshold (PWT), IL-6, and IL-10 in SD rats after spinal nerve ligation (SNL). Methods: Group C received N/S and Group E received ulinastatin IV for three days following SNL. PWT, IL-6, and IL-10 were measured on the 3rd, 5th, and 7th day. Results: Group E showed higher PWT compared to group C. IL-6 was lower in group E than in group C. No differences in IL-10 were observed between group C and group E. Conclusion: Ulinastatin increased the PWT and its effect appears to be involved with IL-6, not IL-10.

Purpose – This aim of this study is to examine how conglomerates in Korea have evolved from the perspective of institutional economics. The growth of the economy, dominated by large conglomerates, is projected in light of the dynamic equilibrium between government and capitalists. Research design, data, and methodology – The historical formation of big business groups is examined in chronological order. For the analysis, we divide the assessment into three different eras: Japanese colonial rule, liberation up to the civil war, and the fast growing period since the military coup. Each period is viewed as a dynamic equilibrium that is shaped by economic agents. Results and Conclusion – Despite the rise of modern commerce during the colonial era, contemporary conglomerates came into being with the "enemy property" allotted by the government. Around the civil war, the government coexisted with prototype conglomerates through foreign aid. As the external aid decreased, the system could not be sustained anymore, thus the military coup took place. The reinstated strong bond between government and the conglomerates has shaped the forms of the modern conglomerates thereafter.

The study is compressive strength of 110MPa PHC pile using ground granulated blast furnace slag to NAC, AC curing method. In the result, 20% of ground granulated blast furnace slag could be substituted for cement in PHC pile concrete.

‘중모1023’은 중부지역 평야지 조기재배 적응 고품질 품종을 육성할 목적으로 2003년 하계에 영덕34호를 모본으로, 익산456호와 SR21097-B-B-19-2-2가 교배된 F1을 부본으로 교배하였다. 후대에서 SR29156-11-2-B-2계통을 선발하여 ‘수원534호’로 계통명을 부여하였고, 2012년 12월 농촌진흥청 직무육성 신품종선정위원회에서 ‘중모1023’으로 선정되었다. ‘중모1023’은 중부지역 보통기 재배에서 평균 출수기가 8월 3일로 ‘화성’보다 6일 빠른 조생종이다. 간장은 80 cm로 ‘화성’보다 4 cm 작은 단간 내도복성이며, 이삭당 입수는 107개로 ‘화성’보다 14개가 많았다. 등숙비율은 85%로 ‘화성’보다 높고, 현미 천립중이 21.8 g으로 ‘화성’과 비슷한 중소립종이다. ‘중모1023’은 잎도열병에 강한 저항성 반응을 보였고, 이삭도열병 포장검정에서도 ‘화성’보다 강한 반응을 보였다. 흰잎마름병에는 K1, K2, K3균계에 강한 반응을 보이고 K3a 균계에는 저항성이 없었다. 줄무늬잎마름병에도 강한 반응을 보였으나 오갈병, 검은줄오갈병 및 벼멸구에 대한 저항성은 없었다. ‘중모1023’은 3.3%의 불시출수 현상을 보였고, 종합적인 내랭성은 중정도, 수발아율 17.3% 그리고 도복 관련 특성은 ‘화성’과 비슷한 반응을 보였다. ‘중모1023’의 쌀 외관은 맑고 투명하였으며, 아밀로스함량은 18.4% 이었고, ‘화성’보다 밥맛이 우수하였다. 도정률은 ‘화성’보다 1.9% 낮았지만, 완전미율이96.2%로 높아 완전미 도정수율은 ‘화성’의 55.2% 보다 높은 70.1%로 도정특성이 우수하였다. 쌀수량은 2010∼2012년 3개년 중부지역 7 개소에서 보통기 보비재배 평균 4.56 MT/ha로 ‘화성’의 93% 수량성을 보였다. 그러나 조기재배 2년 평균 4.99 MT/ha로 ‘조평’ 대비 98%의 수량성을 보여 평야지 조기재배 적응성을 보였다. ‘중모1023’의 재배적지는 중부·중북부 평야지 및 동북부해안지이다.

Dendrobium loddigesii (DL) is a valuable and versatile herbal medicine with the anecdotal claims of anti-oxidant and anti-inflammation. In the present study, we investigated the whitening effects of DL under various conditions with B16F10 melanoma cells. The DL extract inhibited melanin contents and tyrosinase activity in a dose-dependent manner, compared with untreated group. Treatment of the DL extract effectively suppressed the α-MSH-stimulated melanin formation, tyrosinase activity and dendrite outgrowth. Moreover, the α-MSH-induced mRNA expressions of tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1), tyrosinase-related protein-2 (TRP-2), microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and protein expression of tyrosinase were significantly attenuated by DL treatment. These results indicate that DL may be a great cosmeceutical ingredient for its whitening effects.

The production of highly concentrated PM10 is in the spotlight as a social issue, and it increases the attack rate of Asthma. This study aimed to analyze the characteristics of concentration and distribution for PM10 from 2000 to 2011, and investigate its correlation with the death from Asthma. Furthermore, this study was designed to analyze it by dividing into two cases like including Asian dust and excluding Asian dust because it presented the high concentration when Asian dust was occurred in the spring. This study has found that the annual average concentration distribution of PM10 in Seoul was higher in the central area than the peripheral area. The annual average concentration of PM10 and death from asthma displayed the tendency to gradually decrease. The correlation coefficient for all period was 0.92(p=0.000), and the correlation was 0.84(p=0.001) in case of remove Asian dust. The monthly average concentration of PM10 has increased in the winter and decreased in the summer. The death from Asthma and correlation coefficient for all period was 0.588(p=0.044) and 0.640(p=0.025) in case of removing Asian dust. Although the causes of Asthma had a great diversity, the similar tendency by a factor of PM10 meant that the correlation was high.

The study investigates the characteristics of PM10 concentration in Guducsan air quality observatory and in particular, analyzes the relationship between sudden increase of PM10 concentration in the morning of spring 2014 and meteorological parameters. PM10 concentration in April was 46.9 ㎍/㎥, the highest, followed by 45.5 ㎍/㎥ and 44.6 ㎍/㎥ in March and May, and 21.9 ㎍/㎥ in August. The low concentration in the early morning appeared on 0800 LST in spring, summer, and fall, whereas it emerged on 0900 LST in winter. High concentration in daytime lasted from 1200 LST to 1500 LST in spring and fall, whereas it continued from 1300 LST to 1600 LST in winter. The findings of PM10 concentration and change of meteorological parameters in Guducsan from April 20th to 27th in 2014 are as follows. The low concentration at dawn and in the morning decreased due to strong land breeze. Also, the sudden increase of PM10 concentration in the morning was attributable to low wind speed. Lastly, the sudden decrease of PM10 concentration in the afternoon was attributed to diffusion by strong sea breeze.

Flavonoids and total polyphenols are important secondary plant metabolites, as they play a role in reducing the oxidative stress caused by ROS In this study, we investigated for flavonoid contents, total polyphenol contents, and antioxidant activities in 27 accessions from 10 Vicia species. Among 27 vicia accessions, NAC17 (V. monantha) and NAC14 (V. hyrcanica) had the highest total flavonoid (1.42 ± 0.09 mg/g) and total polyphenol (124.2 ± 0.5 μg/GAE mg) contents, respectively. In four flavonoids, naringenin showed the highest concentrations in Vicia species. The DPPH and ABTS were the range from 0.2 (NAC24, V. sativa subsp. nigra) to 18.5 (NAC13, V. faba) μg/ASC mg and 19.1 (NAC7, V. cracca) to 253.4 (NAC13, V. faba) μg/Trolox mg, respectively. Among the 10 Vicia species, V. monantha and V. hyrcanica had the highest flavonoid (1.31 ± 0.09 mg/g) and total polyphenol (116.5 ± 2.0 μg/GAE mg) contents, respectively. The highest antioxidant activity was detected in V. faba. These results will expand the flavonoid database and provide information on Vicia species valuable for development of functional foods or feed-additives resources.

무는 한국인의 주요 부식인 김치 뿐 아니라, 국, 무침, 찌개 등 다양한 요리의 재료가 되는 전통 채소이다. 70년대 초반에 우수한 일대잡종 품종을 개발하였으며, 70년대 중반부터 일본에 수출을 시작하여 이후 꾸준하게 수출이 증가하여, 2014년에는 일본, 중국, 미국 등에 8,896US$를 수출하여 전체 채소종자 수출액의 22%를 차지하게 되었다. 최근 중국과 인도의 채소종자 시장이 일대잡종 시장으로 변화되며 우수 품종이라면 고가를 주고라도 구입하려는 농가가 증가하고 있어 국내 뿐 아니라 외국 시장의 수요를 충당할 수 있는 다양한 특성의 품종 개발이 필요하게 되었다. 이를 뒷받침하기 위해 국립원예특작과학원 채소과에서는 다양한 특성의 중간모본을 육성하여 신속하게 민간에 보급코자 연구를 수행하였다. 제주 지역은 단지무, 갯무 등 다양한 무 자원이 자생하는 곳으로 육종 적으로 중요하다. 따라서 2005년에 제주 지역에서 수집된 자원을 2006년에 수원에서 평가 후 뇌수분을 통한 세대진전을 지속적으로 수행하였다. 2010년 가을 노지에서 재배하며 그 원예적 특성을 민간 육종가와 공동 평가한 결과 우수한 계통으로 선발되었다. 2010년엔 무 파종 직후 태풍이 강하게 발생하여 성숙모본의 상태가 불량하여 당해연도엔 종자의 증식이 원활치 못하여 2011년부터 2014년까지 종자 증식 및 증식된 종자의 순도 검정을 수행하였다. 2015년에 증식 완료된 종자를 국립종자원에 ‘원교 10045호’(출원 2015-398)로 품종등록 하였다. ‘원교 10045호’는 지상부와 지하부 전체 무게가 593g으로 대조인 ’서호무‘의 2,231g보다 작았으며, 뿌리 무게도 479g으로 대조의 1,862g보다 작았고, 뿌리의 길이는 16.3cm로 대조의 22.1cm보다 짧았다. 근폭은 잎과 닫는 부위인 상부의 지름이 41mm로 대조의 67mm보다 좁았으며, 가장 두꺼운 부위의 지름은 9cm로 대조의 14cm보다 좁았고, 끝부분인 하부의 지름은 20mm로 대조의 29mm보다 좁았다. 엽수는 20.5매로 대조인 ’서호무‘의 24.1매보다 적었으며, 잎의 길이는 23.5cm로 대조의 39.3cm보다 짧았다

‘중모1044호’는 중만생 내병 다수성 품종육성을 목적으로 2003/2004년 동계에 국립식량과학원 (구)벼맥류부에서 운봉30호(♀) X 익산482호(♂)를 인공교배하여 육성한 다수성 복합내병성 찰벼품종으로 주요특성과 수량성을 요약하면 다음과 같다. ‘중모1044호’의 출수기는 호남 및 영남평야지 보통기 보비재배에서 8월 16일로 신선찰벼보다 8일 정도 늦은 중만생 품종이다. 도열병 저항성은 밭못자리 검정에서 신선찰벼보나 약하나 내구저항성에서는 남평벼보다 강한 편이다. 흰잎마름병 레이스 K1, K2 및 K3에 강하며 줄무늬잎마름병에 강하다. ‘중모1044호’는 불시출수와 위조현상은 없고 저온발아성은 신선찰벼보다 우수하다. 내냉성은 신선찰벼보다 강한 편이고 수발아율은 20.6%로 신선찰벼보다 매우 낮다. 도복지수는 신선찰벼보다 낮고 포장도복은 강한 편이다. 수량관련 특성은 주당수수가 13개로 신선찰벼와 비슷하고 수당립수는 많으며, 천립중은 약간 무거운 편이다. 제현율, 도정율은 74.2%로 신선찰벼보다 높으나, 백미완전립율 및 완전미도정수율은 각각 91.5%, 67.9%로 신선찰벼 보다 약간 낮은 편이다. 쌀수량은 2012～2014년 3개년간 실시한 지역적응시험 보통기 보비재배에서 5.23MT/ha로 신선찰벼보다 13% 증수되었다.

“중모1039호”는 국립식량과학원 상주출장소에서 중산간지 적응 복합내병성 고품질 벼를 육성하고자 2007년 하계에 고품질인 무사시노7과 고시히까리와 벼멸구 저항성 계통인 익산495호를 교배한 계통을 인공교배한 F1 계통을 세대촉진을 위하여 약배양을 실시하여 식물체를 양성한 후 계통육종법에 의하여 육성 선발하면서 주요 농업형질 조사 및 병해충·미질검정을 실시하였다. 2010～2011년 생산력검정을 실시한 결과 내도복이고 복합내병성이며 수량성이 우수한 HR27645AC166-4 계통을 선발하여 “상주48호”로 계통명을 부여하였다. 2012～2014년 지역적응성시험을 실시한 결과 대조품종에 비해 수량성이 높고 내도복성이며 도열병, 흰잎마름병 및 줄무늬잎마름병에 강하며 외관품위와 도정특성이 매우 우수하여 2014년 농작물 직무육성 신품종 선정심의회에서 신품종으로 선정하여 “중모1039호”라 명명하였다. “중모1039호”는 평균 출수기가 보통기 보비재배에서 8월 3일로 오대벼보다 8일 늦고 만기재배에서 8월 26일로 금오벼보다 1일 빠른 준조생 품종이다. 간장이 62cm로 단간이며, 주당수수가 오대벼보다 많으며 등숙비율이 85.6%로 오대벼보다 높고 현미천립중이 21.7g으로 중소립종이다. “중모1039호”는 도열병, 흰잎마름병, 줄무늬잎마름병에 모두 저항성인 복합내병성 품종이다. 쌀알은 심복백이 거의 없이 맑고 투명하며 도정률 및 완전미 도정수율이 각각 76.7, 72.4%로 오대벼보다 높다. 쌀수량은 지역적응시험 보통기 보비재배와 만기재배에서 각각 5.47, 5.04MT/ha로 오대벼와 금오벼보다 5% 증수하였다. “중모1039호”의 적응지역은 남부중산간지, 북부평야지 및 중산간지, 남부고냉지, 동북부해안지이다.