This study evaluated the physicochemical and microbial quality characteristic of seasonal commercial kimchi for hygienic safety levels. The pH of seasonal commercial kimchi was 3.84-6.36 and the titratable acidity and salinity of the samples were 0.21-1.16 and 1.19-1.54%, respectively. The content of nitrate and nitrite in the commercial kimchi were lower in the spring and summer, which was affected by acidic condition of the kimchi depending on fermentation. Heavy metal contents in commercial kimchi are not an issue because they were detected only at very low levels. The total aerobic bacteria and coliforms counts ranged from 5.25 to 8.44 Log CFU/g and 0.00 to 5.08 Log CFU/g, respectively. The total aerobic bacteria and coliforms were detected more in summer than in the other seasons. E. coli was detected in three of the samples tested. Food-borne pathogens were not detected in any of the samples except for B. cereus. B. cereus was detected in the fall in more than 70% of samples. These results suggest that commercial kimchi distributed in the fall maintain the quality properties and the microbiological safety of kimchi compared to the other seasons. Therefore, further studies as an effective distribution system for the particular seasons will be needed to guarantee the hygienic safety levels of commercial kimchi required by the consumers.

본 연구는 면봉산 일대의 장기모니터링을 위한 고정조사구의 목본류 임분동태를 해석하기 위하여 실시되었다. 본 연구대상지는 1 ha의 조사구 내 10×10 m의 소조사구 100개소를 설치하여 흉고직경 2㎝이상의 목본류 개체를 중심으로 흉고직경, 수고 및 공간좌표를 측정하였다. 본 연구대상지의 목본식물의 흉고직경급은 역J자형이며, 2~6 ㎝의 개체수가 증가하는 경향으로 조사되었다. 흉고단면적은 2014년 33.22 ㎡/ha에서 2018년 34.25 ㎡/ha로 조사되어 증가하는 경향으로 나타났다. 주요 수종의 공간분포는 대부분 집중분포하는 경향으로 분석되었다. 중요치 분석결과 상층부를 우점하는 소나무, 신갈나무는 감소하고 중층의 쇠물푸레나무는 증가하는 경향으로 나타났다.

Considering the situation in the early 20th century when the existing urban system centered on urban areas began to change, the biggest factors causing urban structural changes in urban areas are construction of railroad and urban dismantling. The change process of Eupseong, in the microscopic viewpoint, can be understood as a process of change in the course of dismantlement of town's demarcation, improvement of accessibility and urban expansion due to the construction of railroads, process of urban expansion following the crumbling boundaries and structural changes. This study aimed to look at the transformation process of the Eupseong in the early 20th century, focusing on the demolition of the castle and the railway construction from a microscopic point of view of city.

The former administration office building of Kyeong-seong-bu(京城府) was a building converted from the Japanese residency-general's of Kyeong-seong(京城理事廳) which was originally built as the Japanese consulate in J oseon(日本領事館). It was too worn and too small as a Kyeong-seong-bu administration office even with several annexes. Kyeong-seong-bu tried to build a new big administration office building at the vacant north side of the same site, which was closely faced to the rotary in front of the Bank of J oseon(朝鮮銀行前廣場). But this trial was ended in vain due to insufficient budget. Therefore Kyeong-seong-bu built a new administration office building in another site and moved to it in 1926 with debts. For paying for the debts Kyeong-seong-bu sold the former site after partitioning with new roads through it. As a result the nature of the former site and its surroundings was changed. This study traces the changes and inquires how the authorities in the colonial J oseon and various commercial powers of Kyeong-seong-bu behaved for their own interests in the meantime. It makes use of the historical records and documentary literatures between early 1910s and early 1930s.

애긴노린재류(Nysius species)는 세계에 널리 퍼져 있는 해충으로 기주범위는 매우 넓으며 특히 국화과의 주요해충으 로 알려져 있다. 최근 종실 들깨에서 피해가 보고되고 있으며, 들깨를 수확할 때 종실과 같이 다량의 애긴노린재류가 함께 혼입되어 그 발생밀도가 매우 높음을 알 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 애긴노린재류가 들깨에 미치는 영향을 연구하고자 들깨 종실의 무게변화와 발아율을 조사하였다. 건전한 들깨(들샘) 종실에 애긴노린재류 성충 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25마리를 인위적으로 접종하여 3일과 5일 후 들깨 무게를 측정하였다. 측정결과 접종한 노린재 밀도가 5, 10, 15, 20, 25마리로 높아질수록 0마리일 때 보다 들깨 무게가 3일 접종 시에는 각각 2.6, 5.5, 9.0, 10.5, 11.0% 감소하였고, 5일 접종 시에는 각각 2.9, 9.9, 12.0, 17.6, 18.1% 감소하였다. 애긴노린재의 밀도가 높아질수록 종실의 무게가 감소폭은 컸으며, 3일 접종 때보다 5일 접종 때가 들깨의 무게는 더욱 많이 감소하였다. 또한 들깨무게가 감소함에 따라 발아율도 함께 떨어졌다. 노린재 흡즙에 의한 피해로 들깨 종실의 무게가 감소하였다는 것을 추정할 수 있으며, 이로 인해 들깨의 발아율이 떨어진 것으로 생각된다.

Statistical modeling to predict community change for large geographical scale is difficult when community responses to similar climate changes differ among regions. This study attempted to present a solution for this problem by predicting species responses to local environment. Our model for predicting community change consisted of species response models to local environmet parameters, in which the estimated abundance of each species was used to reconstruct the community composition. Our method was verified by data from continuous surveys at Hyangrobong, Odaessan and Taebaeksan in Gangwon-do, in which environmental factors and ground beetle community at each site were continuously recorded. We show our method performes better than an ordinary model that predicts directly a change in the community.