Different biotic agents such as bacteria, fungi, nematode and virus interact with plants, and causes significant annual crop loss. The plants interact with these pathogen and undergo various changes at physiological, biochemical and molecular levels. The omics technique is a powerful way which provides important information related to molecular changes occurring during plant-pathogen interaction. Several studies have been conducted and revealed either up or down-regulation of many genes involved in metabolism, energy, photosynthesis, signaling, defense and ROS upon pathogen interaction. In this review, we highlight recent progress in proteomic studies of plant-pathogen interaction, which could be useful for controlling disease and development of molecular markers for early detection of different diseases.

In this study, we examine the relationship between climate change and food productivity using empirical econometric methods. The existing literature shows that natural hazard caused by climate change has a negative impact on food productivity since the natural disaster devastates farmers and food supply. The conventional study however considered only the correlation between food productivity change and climate condition such as optimum air temperature rather than the association between food productivity and climate change. Agricultural area, crop per unit area and crop productivity are known as the most important factors in food productivity. Thus, we explore the relationship between the three factors and climate change. We analyze the carbon dioxide concentration level in the atmosphere as a proxy for the climate change since the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere affects global temperature. We found that agricultural area, crop per unit area and crop productivity are negatively associated with climate change.

Climate change, in particular temperature change, has an impact on the demand for heating and cooling. This paper explores the effect of gradually warming climate on the demand for heating and cooling in Seoul during 1995-2014 using an autoregressive distributed-lag model, a family of timeseries econometric multivariate regression model. The estimated results reveal that there are two peaks in Seoul's electricity consumption because cooling degree days (CDD) and heating degree days (HDD) are statistically highly significant. CDD’s regression coefficient for a short and long-run model is approximately twice bigger than HDD’s and the summer peak is more important in terms of electricity consumption in Seoul. Furthermore, there exists a long-run relationship between electricity consumption and the explanatory variables such as economic growth, CDD, HDD, seasonal dummies, and black out dummy.

This study analyzed a variation in warmth index and coldness index in South Korea for the past 40 years (1974~2013) and its spatial distribution (2004~2013). To this end, monthly average temperature data in 62 meteorological observation points and 583 meteorological observation points for prevention against disasters in South Korea were used. According to the observed area, the warmth index in general ranged from 56.84(°C·month) to 144.49(°C·month) or so. And an analysis showed that the coldness index ranged from -43.94(°C·month) to 0(°C·month). And overall average warmth index was 104.22(°C·month) and overall average coldness index was -14.42(°C·month). In almost all observation points, these indices tended to increase, and their increase rate was high in an inland urban area in particular. With regard to the spatial distribution, an analysis showed that it was the lowest in the some mountainous areas of Taebaek mountains lying across Gangwon province and around the peak of Mount Halla. And it was high in southwest coastal area including Mokpo, Jeju Island, some areas in the east coast and south coast, and Yeongnam inland regions including Daegu, and so on. It is thought that the above can be utilized as baseline data for explaining the fact such as the productivity of agricultural products, plant phenology, and a change in plant habitat due to climate change.

This study aims to show that the change of damages and damage areas caused by typhoon has an impact on South Korea using the typhoon track data and the data of damages caused by typhoon. This study analyzed the frequency of typhoon, damages and the distribution of damage by cities. The damages caused by typhoon sharply increased and typhoon scale is intensified after 1990s. The frequency of typhoon which has an impact on South Korea is concentrated in August and September. The frequency of typhoon is stable in August but increases in September. The typhoon which passed by the South sea and the Yellow sea damaged South Korea, and the frequency of typhoon which hits the south coastal increased. During the latter half of the period than the first half of the period in August and September, the damage area expands and damage scale grows ‘W’. The damage area of typhoon which hits the South coastal expands during the latter half of the period than the first half of the period. The damage area of typhoon which passed by the Yellow sea moved to the West coastal. The damage area of typhoon which passed by the East sea decreased.

It is the first evaluation model that explains the capabilities of natural disasters and crisis matters by subdividing the evaluation model for organizational management of existing public institutions. This paper improves the capabilities associated with climate change in the future weather systems, including the typhoon and cold weather changes, operational systems, and reflux systems, by carrying out the evaluation of the results. This evaluating model which is response capacity to future climate change, supports the method of Analytic Hierarchy Process and Delphi to calculate the weight of the evaluation model. Using the crisis management of the evaluation model or domestic public institutions, it can be utilized to derive the improvement of capabilities and Risks of typhoon and cold weather.

The economic geography has not secured climate change and its effects as certain study realms. In order to overcome this limitation, discourse which builds the logic of knowledge about climate change and its effects is required above all things. This study, therefore, was to suggest new study realms and subjects of economic geography on climate change and its impacts. New study realms of economic geography on climate change and its impacts are: the natural resource inputs entering into the economic process; the environmental loads in economic process ; environmental costs to overcome the effects of climate change; the development of environmental technologies; and policy development on the impact of climate change. Study subjects are: negative and secondary effects of climate change and its impact on economic process; commercialization of climate change and its impacts itself; and alternative policy development based on sustainable development etc.

The objective of this study was to predict land use change based on the land use change scenarios for the Hwangguji river watershed, South Korea. The land use change scenario was derived from the representative concentration pathways (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios. The CLUE (conversion of land use and its effects) model was used to simulate the land use change. The CLUE is the modeling framework to simulate land use change considering empirically quantified relations between land use types and socioeconomic and biophysical driving factors through dynamical modeling. The Hwangguji river watershed, South Korea was selected as study area. Future land use changes in 2040, 2070, and 2100 were analyzed relative to baseline (2010) under the RCP4.5 and 8.5 scenarios. Binary logistic regressions were carried out to identify the relation between land uses and its driving factors. CN (Curve number) and impervious area based on the RCP4.5 and 8.5 scenarios were calculated and analyzed using the results of future land use changes. The land use change simulation of the RCP4.5 scenario resulted that the area of urban was forecast to increase by 12% and the area of forest was estimated to decrease by 16% between 2010 and 2100. The land use change simulation of the RCP8.5 scenario resulted that the area of urban was forecast to increase by 16% and the area of forest was estimated to decrease by 18% between 2010 and 2100. The values of Kappa and multiple resolution procedure were calculated as 0.61 and 74.03%. CN (Ⅲ) and impervious area were increased by 0-1 and 0-8% from 2010 to 2100, respectively. The study findings may provide a useful tool for estimating the future land use change, which is an important factor for the future extreme flood.

이 논문은 조선후기 산수 유람의 실태와 그 문화적 양태 가운데 지리산 유람이 보이는 특성을 살피는 데 목적이 있다. 특히 유람환경에서 변화가 보이던 18세기 후반 지리산 유람의 양상에 주목하였다. 18세기는 조선후기의 사회경제적 변화에 따라 유람의 성격과 환경에 있어서도 그 전과 다른 현상들이 발견되는 시기이다. 유람문화가 크게 유행하면서 유람가라고 지칭될 수 있는 인물들이 등장하였으며 관련 문예도 풍부하게 창작되었다. 또한 유람주체들의 계층과 성격도 다양화되고 원거리, 장기간 여행이 늘어났다. 이와 더불어 화폐를 소지하고 주점을 이용하는 여행환경의 변화도 일어났다. 이러한 시대적 변화 속에서 영남지역의 사족들은 자신들의 역사와 전통을 보유한 지역내 명승 유람에 더욱 몰두하는 현상을 보였고 지리산은 그 대표적 유람지였다. 이는 영남지역의 사족이 처했던 정치적 상황과 지역의 전통적 문화특성이 큰 영향을 끼쳤던 것으로 보인다. 특히 조선후기 지리산 유람기의 작성자는 대부분 근방의 처사들이었다. 이들 유람에서 보이는 특성 중 하나는 집단적이며 장기적 여행이 이루어진 점이다. 지리산 유람이 이 지방사족들의 집단적 遊樂로서 기능하면서 그들의 사회적 연망을 재확인하고 확대하며 결속을 높이는 계기가 되었음을 확인할 수 있다. 또한 이들이 유람을 하면서 酒店을 이용하는 장면이 전보다 자주 등장하는 점도 흥미롭다. 18세기 후반의 사회경제적 변화를 보여주는 일면이다. 이 밖에 지리산 유람자들은 지리산이 남방의 祖宗이라는 인식을 가지고 천왕봉에 오른 소회를 토로했다. 지리산의 위상에 자부심을 갖고 지방 사족으로서의 자의식을 투영하였음을 엿볼 수 있었다. 이 논문은 이제까지 지리산 유람기의 분석에서 간과되었던 시대적 맥락과 지역적 특수성을 살피려는 시도를 하였다. 이러한 시도가 지리산 유람문화의 역사적 전개를 탐구하는 데 일조하길 기대한다.

교육 과정에서 동기부여와 몰입유지를 위해 적절한 피드백은 매우 중요한 역할을 한다. 그러나 현실의 교육 현장에서는 과다한 학생 수, 부족한 수업 시간 등의 문제로 인해 적절한 피드백이 제공되지 못하는 경우가 많다. 본 논문은 앱을 이용한 게임과 같은 피드백이 피교육자에게 어떠한 영향을 주는 가를 분석한다. 이를 위해 브레이브팝스에서 개발한 Class123이라는 피드백 앱을 사용하여 한 학기 간 수업을 운영한 후, 학생들이 앱을 통해 게임과 같은 피드백을 받도록 하였으며, 학습동기와 공정성인식에서 어떤 변화를 보이는가를 조사하였다. 통계 분석 결과를 보면, 앱을 이용한 피드백은 학생들의 학습 동기 향상에 긍정적 영향을 주었다. 특히, 부정적 피드백보다는 긍정적 피드백이 보다 더 중요한 동기 요인으로 작용했음을 알 수 있다.

본 연구에서는 고해상도 기후시나리오를 이용하여 국내 대표 도시 지역인 서울특별시를 대상으로 기준기간(1971～2000년) 대비 미래기간 2020s (2011～2040년), 2050s (2041～2070년), 2080s (2071～2100년)의 기후변화에 따른 배수시스템의 영향을 평가하 였다. 이를 위해 과거 관측 강수량 자료는 기상청 관할 기상관측소와 자동기상관측망 자료를 이용하였으며, 기후변화 시나리오는 RegCM3과 Sub-BATS 기법을 통해 역학적 상세화된 5 × 5 km 해상도 기반의 시단위 강수량 자료를 생산하였다. 과거기간 대비 미래기간 확률강우량의 변동성을 비교한 결과 과거기간 대비 2080s의 확률강우량 증가율은 28～54%로 나타났으며, 특히 지속시간 3시간, 6시간, 24시간 확률강우량의 증가폭이 크게 나타났다. 또한 배수시스템의 기후변화 영향을 직접적으로 분석하기 위해 XP-SWMM을 이용하여 유출해석을 수행하였다. 평가 결과, 강우강도 증가로 인해 과거기간 대비 미래 3기간에 공릉1, 서초2, 신림4 배수분구의 침수발생 맨홀 수와 월류량이 크게 증가하였다. 이러한 결과는 현재 구축되어 있는 서울시 배수시스템은 기후변화 에 취약함을 나타내고 있으며, 이에 대응하기 위해 다양한 기후변화 적응대책이 요구됨을 의미한다.c

As occurrence of gradually increasing extreme temperature events in Jeju Island, a hybrid downscaling technique that simultaneously applies by dynamical method and statistical method has implemented on design rainfall in order to reduce flood damages from severe storms and typhoons.As a result of computation, Case 1 shows a strong tendency to excessively compute rainfall, which is continuously increasing. While Case 2 showed similar trend as Case 1, low design rainfall has computed by rainfall in A1B scenario. Based on the design rainfall computation method mainly used in Preventive Disaster System through Pre-disaster Effect Examination System and Basic Plan for River of Jeju Island which are considering climatic change for selecting 50-year and 100-year frequencies. Case 3 selecting for Jeju rain gage station and Case 1 for Seogwipo rain gage station. The results were different for each rain gage station because of difference in rainfall characteristics according to recent climatic change, and the risk of currently known design rainfall can be increased in near future.

Differential scanning calorimetry of the aggregated impregnated with PCM indicates 4～10 J/g of the amount of heat storage capacity. The results show that it is considered that lightweight aggregate concrete impregnated with PCM may have thermal energy storage capacity.

In this paper, the length change of mortar substituted the crushed heavy weight waste glass as fine aggregate are evaluated. From the results, when waste glass substitution ratio increase, ASR expansion increase. However, the dry shrinkage decrease. So, the length change of mortar are significantly affected by waste glass substitution ratio.

This study dealt with the change in the clamping force of bolt in the friction joint depending on the sectional damage of bolt. Based on the study of the clamping axial force of bolt and sectional damage, clamping force of bolt was affected by sectional damage of bolt head. Thus, relationship between clamping axial force of bolt and corrosion damage of bolt should be considered for maintenance of steel structures.

In this study, tensile behavior of friction joint with high strength bolt was examined according to sectional damage of bolt which cause the reduction of clamping force in the bolt. Thus, tensile strength test was conducted for bolt joint specimen with the decreased clamping force developed by the sectional damage of bolt.

Base on Korean design code, previous design code had not considered the effect of pavement on the orthotropic steel deck, however recent design code(Limit State Design Method, 2012) allowed to consider the effect of pavement on the orthotropic steel deck, and efforts to apply the stiffness of pavement to the deck continue. Meanwhile, research on the effect of ultra thin bridge deck overlay on the orthotropic steel deck is inadequate, previous study was limited in about fatigue stress and performance between pavement layer and the orthotropic steel deck. In this study, according to changing of pavement layer stiffness application, pavement materials, pavement thickness and steel deck thickness, analysis of shear stress. In addition to base on this result, consider effectiveness of ultra-thin pavement stiffness application on the orthotropic steel deck.