The study of odor generation conditions in urban areas which were outside odor controlled(or management) areas were investigated using the air dilution olfactory method and instrumental analysis in Incheon city. From the study the generation of odor from residential sources and industrial sources was different from region to region. Odor intensity was high in industrial regions in the afternoon, but was low in school regions in urban areas. From the analysis, more effective regional policy suggestions to address different kinds of odor problems in urban areas are proposed.

Volatile organic compounds(VOCs) detected frequently in the indoor air of child-care centers causes neurological disorders, lung, eyes, and bronchial irritation, and acute and chronic toxicity. In this study, the distributions of carcinogenic VOCs detected in child-care centers were characterized and a health risk assessment of the VOCs was performed, which can provide the necessary information for drawing up safety plans with respect to the concerned materials. The sampling of sites in day-care centers was undertaken two times: in the morning (10:00~12:00), and afternoon(16:00~20:00)-at 23 daycare centers located in Seoul, Korea from April, 2012 to July, 2012. The overall average concentrations of individual VOCs were benzene(1.61 μg/m3) > carbon tetrachloride (0.78 μg/m3) > chloroform(0.67 μg/m3) in order. Indoor/outdoor(I/O) ratios of benzene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform were 1.33, 1.09, 1.72, respectively. Benzene and carbon tetrachloride are thought to be more strongly associated with outdoor sources as compared to chloroform. Spearman correlation of benzene, carbon tetrachloride between indoor and outdoor concentration showed statistically significant levels(p < 0.05). The linear correlations for benzene, styrene, and carbon tetrachloride were tested. A significant correlation was observed only for carbon tetrachloride, accounting for 83 % of the variance. The risk assessment of the carcinogenic VOCs for teachers, infants, and children showed that none of the targeted VOCs posed a serious risk.

The aim of this study is to analyze error cases induced during the proficiency test of certified odor measurement agencies. In the case of the homogeneity test performed in three panel groups, the geometric mean dilution factor of the site boundary PTMs(proficiency testing materials) was 1.4 ± 0.2, 1.7 ± 0.2, 1.8 ± 0.1 and that of the outlet PTMs was 3.7 ± 0.2, 3.7 ± 0.3, 3.7 ± 0.3, respectively. In the case of the stability test for 72 h, the geometric mean dilution factor of the site boundary PTMs was 1.6 ± 0.1 and that of the outlet PTMs was 3.6 ± 0.1. Among error cases induced during the proficiency test of certified odor measurement agencies, the proportion of error cases was in the order of case II(discontinuance of estimation)(40.0%) > case I(error on estimation procedure by panelist)(33.3%) > case III(miswriting of estimation result)(13.3%) > case IV(miswriting of dilution factor) and V(writing of wrong estimation result)(6.7%). Therefore, it seems likely that additional education related to error cases II and I is required.

The objectives of this study were to characterize the factors affecting exposure to the VOCs and NO2 in the vicinity of Gwangyang industrial complex. The VOCs and NO2 levels were measured for residents of an exposure group (industrial area within 5 km) and a control group (15 km farther), respectively using the VOCs and NO2 filter badge as a passive sampler from August to September 2006. The means of indoor, outdoor, workplace and personal exposure levels of benzene were 1.10 ppb, 0.94 ppb, 1.85 ppb and 2.35 ppb respectively in the exposure group. The means regarding toluene for the exposure group were 9.29 ppb indoor, 8.09 ppb outdoor, 14.5 ppb workplace, 14.2 ppb personal exposure. The means regarding ethylbenzene were 4.96 ppb(indoor), 4.45 ppb(outdoor), 6.84 ppb (workplace), 6.10 ppb(personal exposure), and the means regarding xylene were 0.10 ppb(indoor, outdoor), 0.18 ppb(workplace) 0.17 ppb(personal exposure). The means for the indoor, outdoor, workplace and personal exposure level of NO2 were 18.40 ppb, 18.51 ppb, 18.59 ppb, 18.80 ppb respectively in the exposure group. Correlations between personal exposures and workplace concentrations of individual VOCs and NO2 exposures, and each of the microenvironment was statistically significant.

We studied the changes in the concentration of total volatile organic compounds generated in newly-built schools (five kindergarten schools, two primary schools, three middle schools, one high school) by the bake-out. Samples were collected in classrooms. By using the bake-out technique the removal efficiency of total volatile organic compounds was 89.1%(maximum) and 27.5%(minimum). By using this bake-out technique the removal efficiency was 42.5% greater than the ventilation method. Therefore, we determined that it is appropriate to apply both the bake-out and ventilation methods in the case of newly-built schools

Radon is an inert gas, and a naturally occurring radioactive material. Radon is produced by radium and uranium. Generated radon causes lung cancer through the inhalation. Therefore, If uranium contaminated soil is close to indoor spaces, residents may be exposed to this radioactive material(Radon). Generally, radon affects the first to third floors of buildings. But our research team has often detected high radon concentration in the indoor air of high-rise apartments. The reason for this is that building materials containing uranium and radium are brought into apartments. This study was conducted an investigation into the radon emission rate of building materials being used in South Korea. Also, our team conducted an investigation into the radon emission rate of gypsum tiles and concrete found in an apartment(17th floor apartment indoor radon concentration 5.03 pCi/L, Rad- 7(DURRIDGECo.USA)). Finally, we investigated the radon emission rate of bricks containing the soil near a uranium mine. The average radon emission rates of general building materials are as followings: (gypsum board : 0.20·h-1/kg, gravel : 0.05, gypsum tile : 0.02, indoor tile : 0.08, general brick : 0.02, red clay tile : 0.02, concrete : 0.11, uranium mine soil : 4.81). The results regarding the radon emission rate from a 17th floor apartment’s building materials are as followings: (gypsum board : 0.70, concrete : N/A). The results regarding the radon emission rate from bricks containing soil near a uranium mine was 0.19. This experiment indicates that gypsum boards show the highest radon emission rate among general building materials. In particular, the radon emission rate from the gypsum boards in a 17th floor apartment was 3.5 times higher than general gypsum boards. Overall the results suggest that building materials that possess high levels of uranium emit more radon gas than any other materials. South Korea has not established legal regulations on radon emission from building materials. However, the results of this study strongly suggest that it is of the utmost importance to manage the radon emission rate of building materials and control their usage before construction.

In this study we investigated odor (hydrogen sulfide) dispersion around a cubic building by using commercial FLUENT CFD code. The FLUENT Shear-Stress Transport (hereafter SST) k-ω turbulence model was used to simulate odor dispersion from an odor source. The results were compared with a wind tunnel experiment and other simulation results. SST k-ω turbulence model provided good grounds for making reasonable predictions about the building surface concentrations and concentration profiles of selected leeward positions of the cubic building. It was found that a vent, which was positioned 7 m above the top of the square building center, decreased the plume length lower by 0.73 and increased the plume height by 1.43 compared to roof top vents. It was also found that by increasing the vent height there a corresponding decrease in the maximum dimensionless concentration around the roof surface.

This study investigated the emission characteristics of airborne particles and bacteria from six types of household vacuum cleaners in the closed chamber. A test cleaner without HEPA filter was examined focusing on the first one minute of initial operation, observing significant generation of airborne particles, and especially for particle size of 0.5 to 2.5 μm, the generation rate increased up to 68.5 × 103 particles/min. Concentrations of airborne particles and bacteria depends on the production year, the motor power, and the dust filter efficiency of the vacuum cleaner. The observed results should be taken into consideration in the design of the vacuum cleaner as well as how they are operated in indoor environment.

This study attempted to decompose typical odorous VOCs including toluene, isopropyl alcohol, benzene and acetone using a dielectric barrier discharge plasma in a pilot experiment scale up to 60 m3/min. It utilized oxygen ions(205,000 ions/cm3) and various radicals formed by a plasma generator. Although ozone as a byproduct( approximately 300 ppb) contributes to destroying organic compounds in their gas phase, the residual release could be captured by post manganese filters showing a maximum 30% removal. The present process was more effective for acetone, which is composed of relatively simple molecules, with a 56% decomposition rate. Whilst toluene, benzene and isopropyl alcohol were shown to have of rates of 19%, 37% and 36% respectively.

An elementary school is a significant facility for educating and cultivating children and it is where they spend most of their days. The purpose of this study is to conduct an analysis on PM10 and TBC concentrations in 110 elementary schools in Suwon. We investigated 110 elementary schools from March 2011 to December in 2012. The mean concentration of PM10 and TBC were 51.3 ± 18.0 μg/m3(GM: 47.9 μg/m3) and 311.0 ± 125.3 CFU/m3 (GM:293.3 CFU/m3), respectively. All measurement concentrations did not exceed the Ministry of Education IAQ guidelines. Also, the concentrations of PM10 and TBC were not affected by various conditions such as Outdoor PM10, school construction year, class student number, temperature(oC) and humidity(%). The results of the study suggest that management of the IAQ plan in elementary schools should be implemented through Daily-Pattern and Activity-Pattern analysis for assessment of IAQ.

This study was carried out to measure temperature, humidity, and bacterial concentration and species from the indoor air of a greenhouse used for shiitake cultivation. The highest level of humidity in the greenhouse was recorded at over 91.5% and the lowest humidity was recorded at 50% during 12 months. Temperature was between 5.1-30.5oC except for January. These results indicate that bacteria can survive in the indoor air of the greenhouse. Total bacterial concentration exceeded the Korean indoor air quality standard value (8.0 × 102 cfu/m3) in winter. A total of 13 genera and 17 species were isolated and identified from the indoor air of the greenhouse. Especially, 3 species (Kocuria rosea, Staphylococcus xylosus and Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens) have been reported to affect on human health. This is first report of airborne bacteria in a greenhouse used for shiitake cultivation.

The purpose of this study is to validate and verify a head nose exposure inhalation system for nano particle inhalation toxicity studies. Carbon nano tube(CNT) particles were generated by a chemical vapor deposition(CVD) generator. And purchased single wall carbon nanotubes(SWCNT) and multi wall carbon nanotubes(MWCNT) were generated by an atomizer. CNT particle distribution was measured by Scanning Nano-Particle Spectrometer(SNPS) and Condensation Particle Counter(CPC). Diameter and length of MWCNT generated by CVD were 10~40 nm and 220~20 μm respectively. Particle number concentration of MWCNT generated by CVD were 1.3×105, 4.1×104, 5.6×103#/cc in high, middle, low chamber respectively. Distribution of particles which were less than 100 nm was 45%. Particle number concentration of SWCNT generated by atomizer after magnetic stirring were 8.5×106, 5.3×105, 1.1×104#/cc and after sonication 6.7×106, 4.1×105, 9.5×103#/cc in high, middle, low chambers respectively. Particle number concentration of SWCNT generated by atomizer after magnetic stirring were 6.7×106, 4.6×105, 8.6×103#/cc and after sonication 7.7×106, 5.1×105, 1.3×104#/cc in high, middle, low chambers respectively. We set up head nose exposure inhalation system to conduct a study on nano particle inhalation toxicity. There were sufficient particle number concentrations of nano particles generated in each chamber.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the theoretical backgroud of a phraseo-didactics in French as Foreign Language and to present concrete ways to develop it in an effective way. The teaching methodology for french phraseolgy is very critical to improve one’s communicative competence among Korean learners. In this regard, this article raised the following 4 issues: 1) To distinguish the type of french phraseology. 2) To examine the status of phraseology in Common European Framework of Reference. 3) To investigate components of phraseology which are divided into three parts: sociocultural component, linguistic component, pragmatic component. 4) To set up some issues for the teaching of french phraseology in Korean context. For an effective teaching, this paper need to more carefully consider the teaching lists, rages, time and various methods of french phraseological expressions.

This article presents the didactic possibility of using movies in the university teaching, most of all in the faculties of german studies. As like other forms of arts, films can be used as a serious object for learning and teaching. In this article I want to present a case study of film didactics, or a sustained image of a teaching situation with films - a set of circumstances that produces significant learning in students. The purpose of this article lies also in the transformation of the image of good teaching. It is argued that student-centered learning and discussion-based teaching with movies are possible and necessary.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird versucht, das Berliner-Modell von Paul Heimann zu erläutern, um den Deutschunterricht von einem lernerzentrierten Gesichtpunkt aus aufzubauen und zu planen. Das Berliner-Modell möchte helfen, unter Berücksichtigung der je unterschiedlichen Bedingungen und Situationen zu sinnvollen Entscheidungen über das Warum, Wohin, Was und Wie in einer Gruppe zu kommen. Das Berliner Modell hebt sechs Struckturelemente hervor: Anthropogene und sozialkulturelle Voraussetzungen werden als reale Gegebenheiten bei der Unterrichtsplanung berücksichtigt. Sie beziehen sich auf vier Entscheidungsfaktoren Absicht, Gegenstände, Methode und Mittel. In diesem Artikel wird der Unterricht “Zimmer besuchen” mit den sechs Strukturelementen von dem Berliner-Modell je nach dem Lernprozess gelpant und analysiert. Bei der Unterrichtsvorbereitung muss der Stellwert entsprechendes Lernprozesses dem Lehrer klar werden

This study aims at exploring the theoretical perspectives and research related to second language teacher identities. In particular, this paper focuses on the studies on the identities of English teachers in the Korean educational system. Major findings are as follows: First, based on the previous literature on teacher identities, teacher identities are defined as dynamic, multidimensional, and changing, as they continuously interact with individual, social, and cultural contexts. Second, it was found that studies have focused on (1) the meta-analyses of English teacher identities, (2) native-speaking English teacher identities, (3) the identities of non-native-speaking English teachers co-teaching with native-English-speaking teachers, (4) the identities of non-native-speaking English teachers including pre- and in-service teachers, and (5) teacher identity development through teacher education activities. Lastly, this paper brings up issues and suggestions on the formation and development of English teacher identities. It also offers directions for the future research on professional identities of second language teachers.

This paper studies psychological experience of reading narrative literary texts from the cognitive perspective. Vicarious experience through literary texts as construction of a virtual human world, generally understood as situation model in the cognitive process of text comprehension, can be grasped as readers’ mental simulation on the backgrounds, scenes, and the actions of characters. Readers, however, not only simulate the outside world in the texts, but also recognize the inner states of the characters such as motivation, intention, and emotion, which makes readers’ reading experience psychological reality. This empathic experience can be explained as readers’ retrieving personal experience from the long-term memory as direct resources for inferencing the overall situation in the texts. In that cognitive text comprehension is closely connected with human learning by both updating and reconstructing memory, mental simulation through narrative literary texts ultimately leads to readers’ personal growth by deeper understanding on themselves and broadening their horizons. Finally this paper suggests two educational implications on reading in foreign language education; the importance of empathy through reading literary texts in communicative situation, and facilitation of foreign language learning by connecting readers’ own experience with it.

Les locutions idiomatiques du français sont l’une des bêtes noires des traducteurs étrangers qui travaillent vers leur langue maternelle. Le traducteur ayant été d’abord un apprenant, la faute nous incombe logiquement, nous, acteurs du FLE, qui redoutons la manipulation de ces, bien nommées pour le cas, « lexies complexes ». Les traducteurs de langues romanes voire germaniques se débrouillent malgré tout grâce à bon nombre de référents culturels partagés avec l’Hexagone mais il en est tout autre des Coréens qui les négocient, à leur insu, littéralement. Pour éviter les contresens et pire les non-sens, c’est dès le niveau A1 qu’il convient d’opérer un enseignement-apprentissage progressif et raisonné de locutions idiomatiques. « Progressif » parce qu’avant de manipuler les locutions dites « en filigrane », il est nécessaire d’avoir au préalable acquis des compétences linguistiques et culturelles conséquentes (« Choses promises chômedu !» = chose promise chose due + promesses non tenues de diminution du chômage en France). « Raisonné » car la phraséodidactique abhorre l’universalisme ; une locution jugée « facile » pour un public ne le sera pas nécessairement pour l’autre (« C’est une vraie tête de cochon ! » sera limpide pour un anglophone mais sera interprété autrement par un Coréen).

Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die Rolle des Intellektuellen in der Gesellschaft in Bezug auf Alfred Anderschs literarische und mediale Aktivitäten in den späten 50er Jahren. Gut 10 Jahre nach Kriegsende 1945 hat sich Alfred Andersch mit den Themen von Verfolgung, Flucht und Freiheit des Menschen auseinandergesetzt, wobei das Spannungsverhältnis zwischen Solidarität und Freiheit der Menschheit hervorgehoben wird. Andersch war ein überzeugender Befürworter für die engagierte Literatur. Sein geistiger Vater war der französische Romancier, Philosoph und Publizist Jean-Paul Sartre, der als Paradefigur der französischen Intellektuellen des 20. Jahrhunderts gilt. Andersch wurde von Sartres Philosophie und Literatur stark beeinflusst. Als engagierter Künstler hat er die Zeitschrift Texte und Zeichen herausgegeben und beim Süddeuschen Rundfunk das gesellschaftskritische Programm Radio-Essay geleitet. 1957 wurde sein erfolgreichster Roman Sansibar oder der letzte Grund erschienen.

Articles in one domestic journal, English Teaching (ET), and one international journal, TESOL Quarterly (TQ) from 2011 to 2013 were surveyed in order to analyze current research trends and to suggest better orientation toward future research focusing on participants, research methods, target language skills, and research topics. The results show that university students have participated most in both of the journal articles, indicating that they are practically available to the researchers in higher educational settings. The proportion of quantitative and qualitative research methods was well balanced in TQ, while, in ET, more than 50 percent of the articles relied on quantitative research methodology along with a relatively larger proportion of mixed method research in ET. In terms of target language skills, writing has been studied most in ET and speaking in TQ, showing growing interest in productive language skills nowadays. As for research topics, articles based on socio-cultural factors have been published most in TQ and articles based on classrooms pedagogy in ET, which reflects that English learning is performed mostly in classroom settings in Korea. Pedagogical implications and suggestions are made based on the findings