The purpose of this study was to examine the influences of chronic shoulder pain on the muscle tone in trunk muscles. The study's subjects were 40 men and women in their 30 to 50s, which were divided into two groups. A chronic shoulder pain group consisted of 20 subjects who had been diagnosed with chronic shoulder pain by doctors, and a painless group consisted of 20 subjects who had experienced no such pain. An analysis was performed using electromyography on the muscle tone in the rectus abdominalis, external oblique, internal oblique, and erector spinae muscles under the same conditions between the two groups. The analysis results were as follows. The chronic shoulder pain group exhibited an overall high level of trunk muscle tone than the painless group, along with a statistically significant difference in the rectus abdominalis(p<.05). Moreover, the chronic shoulder pain group showed differences in the trunk muscle tone depending on the affected side. The chronic left shoulder pain group yielded higher levels of muscle tone in the right-side trunk muscles. In particular, the group revealed statistically significant differences in the rectus abdominalis and internal oblique(p<.05). The chronic right shoulder pain group exhibited higher levels of muscle tone in the left-side trunk muscles with a statistically significant difference in the internal oblique(p<.05). The above results suggested that chronic shoulder pain influences increases in the muscle tone in the trunk muscles on the opposite side to the affected shoulder.

This study has investigated the effect of isometric contractile force and muscle activity applying sperficial heat according to the time from the biceps brachii muscle. In this study, 20 university students participants without musculoskeletal and neurological disorders. By applying a hot pack 5min, 10min, 20min and 30min respectively. After that measurement are skin temperature, contractile force and muscle activity. Skin temperature of the hot 5 min applied that rapidly changing. Increasing the time it takes to apply a variance has been reduced(p<.001). Isometric contractile force was not statistically significant but highest when applying the hot pack 5 minutes and lowest when applying the hot pack 30 minutes(p<.001). Muscle activity and median frequency was highest when applying the hot pack 5 minutes. To analyze the above results, it was found that isometric contractile force and muscle activity changed according to the applying time. These result lead us to the conclusion that this study will be more evidence for changes in muscle contraction to apply hot pack on clinic.

This study aims to address the effect of interferential current therapy and thereby to provide basic resources to physical therapies for internal medicine by identifying symptoms for functional dyspepsia and serum gastrin level that shows gastric motility. Following results were obtained by performing interferential current therapy to 16 subjects composed of 8 for functional dyspepsia group and 8 for control group for 20 minutes a day, 3 days a week, for 6 weeks. In control group, serum gastrin level was significantly( p<.01), lowered after the therapy whereas there was no significant difference observed in all questions from questionnaire for symptoms of functional dyspepsia between before and after the therapy. In functional dyspepsia group, serum gastrin level was significantly(p<.01), lowered after the therapy and there was also significant(p<.01) reduction in every question from questionnaire for symptoms of functional dyspepsia between before and after the therapy. There was more significant decrease in serum gastrin level and reduction in questionnaire for symptoms of functional dyspepsia in the functional dyspepsia group compared to the control group(p<.01). This study confirms the interferential current therapy as an effective therapeutic method for internal diseases including functional dyspepsia since it not only improves the symptoms of functional dyspepsia but also allows the gastric motility close to normal.

The purpose of this study is to find out the activity of gluteus medius muscle by the changes of load given to the upper limbs in single support phase. This study was twenty healthy men from A College. The left gluteus medius muscle was measured using SEMG(surface Electromyogram). Only the left foot was supported, and for the right foot, the right upper limbs were abducted while hip joint and the knee joint were bent at a 90° angle. The study was made by giving weight using dumbbells, depending on the RM of the subject(0RM, 1RM, 3RM, 5RM, 7RM). Gluteus medius muscle showed a large activity for those given weight to the upper limbs(1RM, 3RM, 5RM, 7RM) than that without weight(0RM). There was a significant difference in the activity of gluteus medius muscle between each RM. Gluteus medius muscle is high active when weight is given to the upper limbs in single support phase.

The purpose of this study was to investigate spirometric lung pattern, respiratory function and degree of fatigue by lung function tests and fatigue tests of 39 elderly people in a care facility aged 65 and over. The respiratory function tests were used to the Spirovit SP-1 and fatigue tests were used modified Piper fatigue scale(mPFS). Regarding the respiratory function, the FVC was 1.41±0.36ℓ, the FVC % predicted was 69.10±14.98%, the FEV1 was 1.02±0.31ℓ, the FEV1 % predicted was 63.27±16.05%, the FEV1/FVC was 72.77±13.40%, and the fatigue score was 5.83±1.09. As for the spirometric lung pattern, 19 patients had a restrictive pattern(48.7%), followed by 11 with a mixed pattern(28.2%), 5 with an obstructive pattern( 12.8%), and 4 with a normal pattern(10.3%). Regarding the respiratory function and fatigue by spirometric lung pattern, the FVC and the FVC % predicted of patients with a normal pattern or an obstructive pattern were greater than other groups at a statistically significant level. As for the FEV1, that of patients with a normal pattern was significantly higher than others, and for the FEV1 % predicted, that of patients with a normal pattern or a restrictive pattern was significantly higher(p<.001). Fatigue score by patients with a normal pattern was significantly less than patients of other patterns(p<.001). Therefore, pulmonary physical therapy is considered necessary to improve respiratory function and fatigue degradation of elderly in a facility.

This study is intended to examine the tDCS and Morris Water maze training in Alzheimer’s disease(AD) rats on Tau protein expression. Experiment groups were divided into four groups and assigned 16 rats to each group. Group Ⅰ was a control group(AD induced by scopolamine); Group Ⅱ was a experimental control group(AD injured by scopolamine and treatment tacrine); Group Ⅲ was a group of tDCS application after AD injured by scopolamine; Group Ⅳ was a group of morris water maze training after AD injured by scopolamine. In cognition test, the outcome of group Ⅱ was significantly lower than the groups(p<.001). and group Ⅲ, Ⅳ were significantly low result at 14 days(p<.05). In histological finding, the experimental groups were destroy of micro vessels and finding of cell atropy and swelling. Group Ⅲ, Ⅳ were decreased in degeneration of liver and kidney cells. In immuno- histochemistric response of BDNF and tau protein in hippocampus, BDNF expression of Group Ⅱ was more increase than the other groups. and increase of BDNF expression was Ⅲ, Ⅳ were higher than group Ⅰ at 21 days. Tau protein expression of Group Ⅱ was more decrease than the other groups. and decrease of Tau protein expression was Ⅲ, Ⅳ were lower than group Ⅰ at 21 days. These result suggest that improved tDCS and morris water maze training after scopolamine induced is associated with dynamically altered expression of BDNF and Tau protein in hippocampus and that is related with cognitive function.

The purpose of this study was to assess the intra-rater test-retest reliability of tibial external rotation angle measurement using a smartphone-based photographic goniometer, DrGoniometer (DrG) compared to a three-dimensional motion analysis system (Vicon). The current study showed an interchangeable method using DrG to measure the tibial external rotation angle in standing knee flexion at . Twelve healthy subjects participated in this study. A rest session was conducted 30 minutes later for within-day reliability and five days later for between-day intra-rater test-retest reliability. To assess the validity of the measurement using DrG, we used a three dimensional motion analysis system as a gold standard to measure the angle of tibial external rotation. Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and the standard error of measurement (SEM) values were used to determine the within- and between- day intra-rater test-retest reliability of using DrG and a three dimensional motion analysis system. To assess validity, Pearson correlation coefficients were used for two measurement techniques. The measurement for tibial external rotation had high intra-rater test-retest reliability of within-day (ICC=.88) and between-day (ICC=.83) reliability using DrG and of within-day (ICC=.93) and between-day (ICC=.77) reliability using a three-dimentional motion analysis system. Tibial external rotation angle measurement using DrG was highly correlated with those of the three-dimensional motion analysis system (r=.86). These results represented that the tibial external rotation angle measurement using DrG showed acceptable reliability and validity compared with the use of three-dimensional motion analysis system.

The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability and validity of the postural balance program which uses the movement accelerating field principles of posture balance training and evaluation equipment and smartphone movement accelerometer program (SMAP) in healthy young adults. A total of 34 people were appointed as the subject among the healthy young adults. By using Biodex stability system (BSS) and SMAP on the subject, the posture balance capability was evaluated. For the test-retest reliability, SMAP showed the intra-class correlation (ICC: .62~.91) and standard error measurement (SEM: .01~.08). BSS showed the moderate to high reliability of ICC (.88~.93) and SEM (.02~.20). In the reliability of inter-rater, ICC (.59~.73) as to SMAP, showed the reliability of moderate in eyes open stability all (EOSA), eyes open stability anterior posterior (EOSAP), eyes open stability medial lateral (EOSML) and eyes open dinamic all (EODA), eyes open danamic anterior posterior (EODAP), and eyes open danamic medial lateral (EODML). However, ICC showed reliability which was as low as .59 less than in other movements. In addition, BSS showed the reliability of high as ICC (.70~.75). It showed reliability which was as low as ICC (.59 less than) in other movements. In correlation to the balance by attitudes between SMAP and BSS, EOSML (r=.62), EODA (r=.75), EODML (r=.72), ECDAP (r=.64), and ECDML (r=.69) shown differ significantly (p<.05). However, the correlation noted in other movements did not differ significantly. Therefore, SMAP and BSS can be usefully used in the posture balance assessment of the static and dynamic condition with eyes opened and closed.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the reliability and validity of goniometer measurements of the hallux valgus angle (HVA) compared to radiographic measurements, which are the current standard. Twenty subjects (10 female, 10 male) were recruited for this study (40 feet). The HVA of the subjects was measured using goniometer and radiographic measurement. In three trials, measurements were taken of each subject by two examiners using goniometer and radiographic measurements using radiography in a standing position. The reliability of the measurements was investigated using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC(3,1)), and the validity was tested using the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient and an independent t-test. The intra-rater reliability of left and right HVAs were poor (ICC=.409 and .341, respectively). The inter-rater reliability of left and right HVAs were poor and moderate (ICC=.303 and .501, respectively). Left and right HVAs measured using goniometer and radiographic measurements were also poor and moderate (Pearson r=.246 and .544, respectively). These results suggest that goniometer measurements of the HVA are inaccurate and have unacceptable validity compared to radiographic measurements.

This study was conducted in order to examine whether abdominal draw-in maneuver (ADIM) with isometric shoulder flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction selectively contracted deep abdominal muscles. This study's subjects were 13 males 17 females. In order to evaluate the comparison of effects of ADIM and ADIM with isometric shoulder flexion, extension, adduction and abduction, measurements were made on transverse abdominis (TrA), internal oblique (IO), and external oblique (EO) using a real-time ultrasonic diagnostic imaging system. Each position was repetitively measured three times with a real-time ultrasonic diagnostic imaging system and their mean values were used for analysis. The ADIM with isometric shoulder flexion, extension, adduction and abduction significantly increased the thickness of TrA relative to the ADIM only (p<.05). The ADIM with isometric shoulder abduction significantly increased the thickness of IO compared to the ADIM only (p<.05). The ADIM with isometric shoulder extension and abduction significantly decreased the thickness of EO compared to the ADIM only and the ADIM with isometric shoulder extension significantly decreased the thickness of EO relative to the ADIM with isometric shoulder adduction (p<.05). ADIM with isometric shoulder abduction is an effective method to selectively strengthen deep abdominal muscles and therefore may be employed as an intervention for trunk stabilization.

This study examined differences in the activity of upper limb muscles according to how an ultrasound head is gripped. Twenty-two adult males were participated in the study. Each participant was asked to apply ultrasound treatment on to a lump of pork meat by two different ultrasound head grip patterns: spherical and cylindrical grips. Muscle activity was measured in the extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL), flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU), and pronator teres (PT), triceps brachii (TB), middle deltoid (MD), and upper trapezius (UT) muscles. There were no significant differences in the EMG signals of any muscle according to the ultrasound head grip pattern (p>.05). There were significant differences in the EMG signal of each type of muscle (p<.05). The EMG signal of UT was the lowest and that of TB was lower than ECRL and FCU. There were interactions between ECRL and FCU, between ECRL and PT, between FCU and ECRL, and between FCU and MD. The EMG signal of ECRL using the cylindrical head was low and that of FCU with the cylindrical head was high, while the opposite was the case with the spherical head ( <.05/15). The results of this study indicate that the wrist muscles worked actively when the participants applied ultrasound therapy using both spherical and cylindrical heads. A spherical head might induce imbalanced muscle activity among the wrist muscles, leading to deviation of the wrist joint. Therefore, the cylindrical head is recommended for ultrasound therapy because it produced a constant, repeated force.

The purpose of this study was to compare the slouched and upright sitting positions on lumbar joint reposition error (LJRE). Twenty subjects without low back pain were recruited for this study and, using a random number table, were randomly assigned to two groups; the upright sitting position group (UP group) and the slouched sitting position group (SP group). UP group was first asked to sit in an upright position and the SP group to sit in a slouched position as an intervention, and then the LJRE of both groups was measured at the neutral sitting position (lumbar flexion ). The measurement of the LJRE was repeated after one day. The sitting positions were performed for five minutes each and the LJRE was measured using an electronic goniometer. An independent t-test was used to compare the LJRE of both groups after each sitting position and after one day. The results of this study showed that the LJRE after an intervention in the UP group was lower than in the SP group (p<.05) and the LJRE after one day in the UP group was lower than in the SP group (p<.05). The findings of this study indicate that the upright sitting position can be applied to decrease LJRE, compared with the slouched sitting position. These findings also support that the upright sitting position reduces the potential for proprioceptive loss.

Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is a painful condition that arises from e+M8xercise-induced muscle damage after unaccustomed physical activities. Various therapeutic interventions have been applied to reduce the intensity and duration of DOMS-related symptoms. Recently, pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) intervention has been introduced as an alternative noninvasive treatment for DOMS. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled experiment was conducted to examine the effects of PEMF therapy on DOMS in elbow flexors at 24, 48, and 72 hours after the experimental DOMS induction. Thirty healthy volunteers ( yrs, cm, and kg) participated in this study. Each was randomly assigned to a PEMF or placebo group. On the first day, DOMS was induced in the elbow flexors by repeated isokinetic motions at low () and fast () speeds in all subjects. Thereafter, the PEMF group received 15-min daily treatment with a PEMF device. The placebo group received sham treatment of the same duration. Overall, PEMF application was more effective than the sham treatment in reducing the physiological symptoms associated with the DOMS including perceived soreness, median frequency, and electromechanical delay of the surface electromyography. In addition, median frequency and isokinetic peak torque of the PEMF group recovered to the pre-DOMS induction level earlier than the placebo group. In conclusion, this study suggests that PEMF can be applied as a new recovery strategy in reducing DOMS symptoms. Further experiments are required to examine the effect of the PEMF treatment on different types of exercise conditions and to determine the optimal treatment dosage and duration in a real clinical setting.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the changes that occur in the leg muscle activity of unstable surface with different levels of air pressures. Three groups of college students have been placed randomly on unstable surfaces with different air pressures at group 1.0 psi (=36), group 1.4 psi (=40), and group 1.8 psi (=40). Using surface electromyography, the recruitment of the tibialis anterior, peroneus longus, and the gastrocnemius was measured. Maximal voluntary isometric contraction was measured at the different air pressures based on the manual muscle test, then normalizing the value to %maximal voluntary isometric contraction (%MVIC). The tibialis anterior muscle activity was significant change from the unstable surface with difference levels of air pressures between group 1.0 psi and 1.8 psi and between group 1.4 psi and 1.8 psi. peroneus longus muscle activity was significant changes in muscle activity occurred between 1.0 psi and 1.4 psi group and between 1.0 psi and 1.8 psi group. Gastrocnemius muscle activity was significant change in muscle activity occurred between 1.0 psi and 1.4 psi group and between 1.0 psi and 1.8 psi group. In conclusion it identify that 1.0 psi group is most effective on muscle activity than the other groups. These suggest that the rehabilitation or strengthening of patients with ankle injuries, balance exercise with low air pressure like 1.0 psi can be more effective.

In order to increase the toughness of ZTA(zirconia toughened alumina) ceramics, the present study focused on rearrangement and densification of particles according to the particle size of the parent material. When rough alumina was used for production of ZTA, densification behavior was observed in the specimen sintered at a temperature over 1550˚C. However, it was found that the densification behavior was occurred in the specimen sintered at 1450˚C when fine alumina powder was used. High relative density exceeding 98% was obtained when fine alumina powder was mixed with 15 wt% of 3Y-TZP and sintered at 1600˚C. Also, a hardness of 1820.2 Hv was obtained when a specimen containing 10 wt% of 3Y-TZP was sintered at 1600˚C. In the case of 3Y-TZP containing rough alumina powder that had been sintered the hardness value was around 1720.3 Hv. It was predicted that an improved toughening effect in ZTA could be achieved by using finer alumina powder as the parent material.

Nano-sized β-SiC nanoparticles were synthesized combined with a sol-gel process and a carbothermal process. TEOS and carbon black were used as starting materials for the silicon source and carbon source, respectively. SiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized using a sol-gel technique (Stober process) combined with hydrolysis and condensation. The size of the particles could be controlled by manipulating the relative rates of the hydrolysis and condensation reactions of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) within the micro-emulsion. The average particle size and morphology of synthesized silicon dioxide was about 100nm and spherical, respectively. The average particles size and morphology of the used carbon black powders was about 20nm and spherical, respectively. The molar ratio of silicon dioxide and carbon black was fixed to 1:3 in the preparation of each combination. SiO2 and carbon black powders were mixed in ethanol and ball-milled for 12 h. After mixing, the slurries were dried at 80˚C in an oven. The dried powder mixtures were placed in alumina crucibles and synthesized in a tube furnace at 1400~1500˚C for 4 h with a heating rate of 10˚C/min under flowing Ar gas (160 cc/min) and furnace cooling down to room temperature. SiC nanoparticles were characterized by XRD, TEM, and SAED. The XRD results showed that high purity beta silicon carbide with excellent crystallinity was synthesized. TEM revealed that the powders are spherical shape nanoparticles with diameters ranging from 15 to 30 nm with a narrow distribution.

Electrochemical surface treatment is commonly used to form a thin, rough, and porous oxidation layer on the surface of titanium. The purpose of this study was to investigate the formation of nanotubular titanium oxide arrays during short anodization processing. The specimen used in this study was 99.9% pure cp-Ti (ASTM Grade II) in the form of a disc with diameter of 15 mm and a thickness of 1 mm. A DC power supplier was used with the anodizing apparatus, and the titanium specimen and the platinum plate (3mm×4mm×0.1mm) were connected to an anode and cathode, respectively. The progressive formation of TiO2 nanotubes was observed with FE-SEM (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy). Highly ordered TiO2 nanotubes were formed at a potential of 20 V in a solution of 1M H3PO4 + 1.5 wt.% HF for 10 minutes, corresponding with steady state processing. The diameters and the closed ends of TiO2 nanotubes measured at a value of 50 cumulative percent were 100 nm and 120 nm, respectively. The TiO2 nanotubes had lengths of 500 nm. As the anodization processing reached 10 minutes, the frequency distribution for the diameters and the closed ends of the TiO2 nanotubes was gradually reduced. Short anodization processing for TiO2 nanotubes of within 10 minutes was established.

We collected Seokganju minerals (regions in Gyeryong Mountain, Sangsin-ri, Banpo-myeon, GongjuChungcheongnam-province), which were used as natural color pigments for grayish-blue during the 15th~16th centuries of theJoseon era, and investigated their crystallographic features to develop a black pigment having a spinel structure. By a Ramananalysis, the color of Seokganju under transparent glaze as a pigment for painting was black because hematite (Fe2O3) inSeokganju was converted to magnetite (Fe3O4) However, Seokganju into the transparent glaze as a pigment was brown becauseof hematite (Fe2O3) and small amounts of maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) in Seokganju minerals. Only Seokganju mineral is used, it isnot suitable for black pigment into the transparent glaze. This study tried to develop a spinel crystal black pigment stabilizedby Seokganju with CoO, Cr2O3, NiO, and MnO2 at 1280oC. A Raman spectroscopy analysis was performed to verify thepresence of Mn The results showed that it existed as spinel, and two crystal phases CoFe2O4 and MnFe2O4 were mixed.CoFe2O4 spinel has a dark grayish black color and Mn2O4 spinel has a greenish black color, and these two appeared as black.The color of a specimen calcined by adding 6wt% of pigment mixed with 5wt% of MnO2 added to lime glaze was analyzedwith a UV spectrophotometer. When applying the color pigment, it appeared black stabilized with L*24.23, a* 0.12, b* −2.29at 1260oC oxidative calcination, With 1240oC reduction firing, it is appeared black stabilized with low brightness of L* 23.13,a* −1.12, b* 0.54.

Al-based alloys have recently attracted considerable interest as structural materials and light weight materials due to their excellent physical and mechanical properties. For the investigation of the potential of Al-based alloys, a surface porous Al88Cu6Si6 eutectic alloy has been fabricated through a chemical leaching process. The formation and microstructure of the surface porous Al88Cu6Si6 eutectic alloy have been investigated using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The Al88Cu6Si6 eutectic alloy is composed of an α-Al dendrite phase and a single eutectic phase of Al2Cu and α-Al. We intended to remove only the α-Al phase and then the Al2Cu phase would form a porous structure on the surface with open pores. Both acidic and alkaline aqueous chemical solutions were used with various concentrations to modify the influence on the microstructure and the overall chemical reaction was carried out for 24 hr. A homogeneous open porous structure on the surface was revealed via selective chemical leaching with a H2SO4 solution. Only the α-Al phase was successfully leached while the morphology of the Al2Cu phase was maintained. The pore size was in a range of 1~5μm and the dealloying depth was nearly 3μm. However, under an alkaline NaOH, aqueous solution, an inhomogeneous porous structure on the surface was formed with a 5 wt% NaOH solution and the morphology of the Al2Cu phase was not preserved. In addition, the sample that was leached by using a 7 wt% NaOH solution crumbled. Al extracted from the Al2Cu phase as α-Al phase was dealloyed, and increasing concentration of NaOH strongly influenced the morphology of the Al2Cu phase and sample statement.

Activated magnetite (Fe3O4-δ) has the capability of decomposing CO2 proportional to the δ-value at comparativelylow temperature of 300oC. To enhance the CO2 decomposition capability of Fe3O4-δ, (Fe1-xCox)3O4-δ and (Fe1-xMnx)3O4-δ weresynthesized and then reacted with CO2. Fe1-xCoxC2O4·2H2O powders having Fe to Co mixing ratios of 9:1, 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, and5:5 were synthesized by co-precipitation of FeSO4·7H2O and CoSO4·7H2O solutions with a (NH4)2C2O4·H2O solution. The samemethod was used to synthesize Fe1-xMnxC2O4·2H2O powders having Fe to Mn mixing ratios of 9:1, 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, 5:5 with aMnSO4·4H2O solution. The thermal decomposition of synthesized Fe1-xCoxC2O4·2H2O and Fe1-xMnxC2O4·2H2O was analyzedin an Ar atmosphere with TG/DTA. The synthesized powders were heat-treated for 3 hours in an Ar atmosphere at 450oCto produce activated powders of (Fe1-xCox)3O4-δ and (Fe1-xMnx)3O4-δ. The activated powders were reacted with a mixed gas(Ar:85%, CO2:15%) at 300oC for 12 hours. The exhaust gas was analyzed for CO2 with a CO2 gas analyzer. The decom-position of CO2 was estimated by measuring CO2 content in the exhaust gas after the reaction with CO2. For (Fe1-xMnx)3O4-δ,the amount of Mn2+ oxidized to Mn3+ increased as x increased. The δ value and CO2 decomposition efficiency decreased asx increased. When the δ value was below 0.641, CO2 was not decomposed. For (Fe1-xCox)3O4-δ, the δ value and CO2decomposition efficiency increased as x increased. At a δ value of 0.857, an active state was maintained even after 12 hoursof reaction and the amount of decomposed CO2 was 52.844cm3 per 1g of (Fe0.5Co0.5)3O4-δ.