곤충 머리에 있는 subgena (아랫뺨)와 clypeus (두순)는 연속된 피부판으로 통칭하여 peristome (입둘레판)으로 일컫는다. 따라서 subgenal sulcus (아랫뺨선)는 peristomal sulcus (입둘레홈) 또는 cranial-stomal sulcus (두개-입선)로 개정한다. 집파리류 성충 머리에 있는 ptilinal suture (이마주머니선)는 ptilinal fissure (얼굴주름)로 개정한다. 가슴에 있는 wing process (날개돌기)는 등판에 있는 것은 notal process (등판돌 기), 옆판에 있는 것은 pleural process (옆판돌기)로 각각 개정한다. 곤충 몸 아래쪽을 지칭하는 영역을 복부는 ventum (배판), 가슴은 sternum (가 슴판)으로 각각 지칭한다.

Patent trends on foundation technique and application technologies of rapeseed by-products were analyzed for major producing countries including Korea, USA, Japan, China and Europe, to determine the usability and economical efficiency. To date, patents related to these by-products have been increasing steadily, since the first patent application in 1973. Patent applications in China are overwhelmingly active but those of Korea are steadily increasing. Japan and Europe unions have been slow in applying patents since the mid-2000s. The most number of application is the MB company in Canada, which is actively, doing research to develop technologies related to extraction and purification of useful substances from rapeseed. Most applicants were focusing on one or two of the major field technologies, depending on the company’s main products. Agricultural material section category accounted for more than half of the patent applications followed by technology for separation and purification of useful substances for cosmetics. In the early years of technology development, patent applications were mainly related to technologies on functional protein foods, agricultural materials and separation and purification of useful substances. In recent years, research had shifted on various fields such as cosmetics and medicines technology development is being attempted. In terms of section category, the USA has applied for the most number of patents in all fields except agricultural materials, where China is currently leading, Agricultural development efforts is well supported and encouraged by the Chinese government’s policies. In conclusion, it is suggested that technology development pertaining to separation and purification of useful substances from rapeseed by-products for cosmetics, functional protein foods, medicines and biotic pesticides to enhance value-added utilization of rapeseed by-products.

갈색날개매미충은 발육단계별로 선호하는 기주에 차이가 있었다. 약충기간에는 수목류에 서식하기 보다는 바람과 비 등의 환경적 요인에 의해 바닥으로 떨어진 약충들이 1년생 초종부터 관목류에 이르기 까지 다양한 식물체를 섭식하였으며 특히 공주시 팔봉산 산림 속의 경우 노린재 나무, 노박덩굴, 화살나무, 엄나무, 두릅나무, 때죽나무, 멍석딸기, 복분자, 산딸기, 상수리나무, 산수유, 싸리나무, 자귀나무, 조록싸리, 철쭉, 영 산홍을 선호하였다. 성충 출현 이후 홍성군 용봉산 조사에서 산란전기간의 성충은 주로 해바라기, 달맞이꽃, 까마중을 가장 선호하였고 산란기에 접어 들면서 이들 해바라기, 달맞이꽃, 까마중 같은 1년생 초종에서의 거의 볼 수 없었고 대부분은 산란을 위하여 수목류나 관목류의 목본류로 이 동하는 양상을 보였다. 공주시 팔봉산 조사에서 산란기주는 주로 병꽃나무, 가죽나무, 갈참나무, 개모시, 고욤나무, 대추나무, 때죽나무, 매실나 무, 벚나무, 조팝나무, 산딸기, 버드나무, 산철쭉, 층층나무 였다. 갈색날개매미충의 산란정도, 산란수, 성충수는 산림 속 음지보다는 양지에서 월 등히 밀도가 높았으며 산란정도와 산란수의 경우 고도에 따른 차이는 없었으나 성충수는 고도가 낮을수록 발생량이 많았다. 본 결과는 갈색날개 매미충의 발육단계별 선호기주에 관한 보고로서 특정 시기에 선호하기는 기주를 선발하였고 이러한 결과는 추후 갈색날개매미충 유인트랩식물 개발에 도움을 줄 것으로 기대된다.

화색변형 화훼 형질전환체 개발을 위한 유전자를 개발하고자 클레마티스로부터 청색소 발현 유전자를 동정하여 ClF3 ′5 ′H로 명명하였다. 아그로박테리움 공동배양 경유 형질전환기술을 이용 하여 페튜니아 Dream’s Red 품종에 ClF3 ′5 ′H 유전자를 도입하였 고, 선발배지에서 재분화한 식물체 51개체를 PCR분석하여 49개체로 ClF3 ′5 ′H 유전자의 도입을 확인하였다. 또한 22개체의 서던분석 을 통해 ClF3 ′5 ′H 유전자가 1~3개 copy가 도입되었음을 확인하였 고, 노던분석을 통해 형질전환체에서의 ClF3 ′5 ′H 유전자의 정상 적인 발현을 확인하였다. ClF3 ′5 ′H 유전자가 도입된 페튜니아 형질전환 식물체 7개체가 개화할 때 ClF3 ′5 ′H 유전자가 도입된 페튜니아아의 꽃잎 주요색이 적색에서 진적색으로, 화관 내부색이 적보라색에서 진적보라색 또는 자주색 계역로, 암술머리색이 연두색에서 자주색 계열로, 꽃잎 가장자리 모양이 물결모양으로 변형되는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 실시간 정량 유전자 분석을 통해 형질전환 7개체에서의 표현형적 변화가 ClF3 ′5 ′H 유전자의 발현에 의한 것임을 입증하였다.

PURPOSES : The objective of this study is to develop a methodology to estimate the minimum required separation distance (MRSD) between a vehicle and a bicycle when overtaking.METHODS: Three steps have been conducted to develop a methodology to estimate MSRD. First, a literature review has been conducted on the measurement of MSRD, and how it may be applied in Korea. Second, two assumptions have been made to develop a methodology to estimate the MSRD. The first assumption is that the maximum separation distance between a vehicle and a bicycle can be observed when they are at the same location longitudinally. In addition, it is assumed that the separation distance is invalid when the contra-flow exists. Finally, three cameras were installed at a height of 10 m to record the vehicle-bicycle interaction. Moreover, the vehicle trajectories as well as the separation distance were coded and analyzed. Through the hypothesis test and the interval estimation, the sample mean was tested and the confidence interval was estimated.RESULTS : 141 records of separation distance data were collected, and the hypothesis test demonstrated that the MSRD in Korea is significantly higher than other countries. In addition, the confidence interval of the population mean of MSRD is from 1.51 m to 1.65 m with 95% level of confidence.CONCLUSIONS: It is expected that the proposed methodology to estimate MSRD would be beneficial in studying road safety of vehicles and bicycles. Also, the proposed MSRD is expected to be designated in the act of road and transportation.

최근 대기환경 및 난류해석분야에 관심을 받고 있는 대와류모사(LES)는 그 적용분야도 다양하다. 특히 LES를 이용한 난류 유동장 해석 시, 실제와 유사한 난류의 특성을 지니고 있는 입구조건을 부여하면 해석 도메인 내에서 실제 난류를 보다 빠르게 생성시 킬 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 LES를 이용한 해석으로 난류경계층을 수치해석 도메인 내에 빠르게 생성시킬 수 있도록 하기 위해 입구 조건으로 기존에 많이 적용하는 방법 중 하나인 합성법(synthesis method)이 이용되었고, 수치해석 도메인 내에 만들어진 난류특성들을 기존의 연구결과들과 비교하였다. 입구에 유입되는 몇몇 유동특성들은 기존의 연구결과와 동일한 값을 입력할 수 있으나 유동방향의 길이크기는 쉽지 않다. 그로인해 기존의 연구결과들과 비교하였을 때, 채널 내에서 발달한 난류특성들은 약간의 차이를 나타내지만 유입데이터와 큰 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 또한, 본 합성법을 통한 난류 입구유동의 길이크기에 따른 응답특성을 확인하기 위하여, 폭방 향으로 다양한 길이스케일 변화를 주어 그 특성을 확인하였다. 그 결과, 폭방향의 길이스케일이 커질수록 벽면의 전단응력의 회복이 빨라졌으며, 이는 난류경계층의 발달이 빨라지는 것을 의미한다.

Base isolation system is generally used for low-rise buildings. For high-rise buildings subjected to earthquake loads, a mid-story isolation system was proposed and applied to practical engineering. In this study, seismic responses of high-rise buildings considering the installation story of the mid-story isolation system were evaluated. To do this, the 20-story and 30-story building were used as example structures. Historical earthquakes such as Kobe (1995), Northridge (1994) and Loma Prieta (1989) earthquakes were employed applied as earthquake excitations. The installation location of the mid-story isolation system was changed from the bottom of the 1st floor to the bottom of the top floor. The seismic responses of the example building were investigated by changing the location of the isolation layer. Based on the analytical results, when the seismic isolation system is applied, story drift ratio and acceleration response are reduced compared to the case without the isolation system. When the isolation layer is located on the lower part of the building, it is most effective. However, in that case, the possibility that the structure is unstable increases. Therefore, an engineer should consider both structural efficiency and safety when a mid-story isolation system for a high-rise building is designed.

As an alternative to coupling beam in shear wall system, application of the damper which can dissipate energy is increasing. In this study, lintel beam type steel damper which is simple to construct and change depending on design load was proposed. Cyclic loading test was conducted to compare reinforced concrete coupling beam and lintel beam type steel damper. The test results showed that lintel beam type steel damper has higher initial stiffness and energy dissipation capacity than reinforced concrete coupling beam.

For evaluating equations of bursting force in different codes, comparative study of the formulas was conducted. Because the equations does not consider variables such as shape of anchorages, angle of tendons, and eccentricity, a relation between the bursting forces and the variables has to be analyzed. In this paper, therefore, a comparative analysis of bursting forces computed by equations in the codes and finite element analysis was performed. As a result, it could be figured out that bursting force equations in the local zone were determined by coefficient k.

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study is to investigate the stresses of the middle slab in a double-deck tunnel owing to the slab lift to replace the underlying elastic pads during maintenance workMETHODS: The middle slab was divided into three different sections: typical section, expansion joint section, and emergency passageway section. Finite element analysis models of these three sections of middle slab were developed, and the stress distribution and maximum stresses were obtained using the models when the middle slab was lifted to replace the underlying elastic pads. Various slab lifting methods were examined in this study such as one-, two-, and multiple-point lifts, distributed lifts, and one or both slab side edge lifts.RESULTS: When the slab side edge is lifted, the longitudinal stresses of the slab are almost the same as the principal stresses. This implies that the governing stresses are the longitudinal stresses. The maximum stresses with both-edge lifts are generally smaller than those with one-edge lifts at all three sections of middle slab.CONCLUSIONS: If the middle slab in a double-deck tunnel is lifted for maintenance, the slab should be lifted at multiple points along the longitudinal direction to reduce the tensile stresses.

한국의 중앙교정기구인 현재의 교정본부로는 방대한 교정조직에 대한 효율적 운영 및 교정정책의 개발과 집행에는 한계가 있다 하겠다. 이러한 전제하에 본 논문에서는 한국 교정조직의 발전을 극대화시키기 위한 방안으로 현재의 교정본부를 청 조직으로 승격시켜 가칭 교정교화청을 신설하여야 하는 당위성을 역설하였다. 먼저 청의 개념, 설립근거, 설치목적 및 권한 등을 논의 하였다. 또한 외국의 교정조직의 현황을 개략적으로 한국과 비교･고찰 하였다.교정교화청의 신설 당위성으로는 교정조직 업무의 독자성 확보, 효율적인 재범방지 대책 구현, 교정직원의 사기진작 고취, 수용자의 범죄피해자 인권보호 향상, 불합리한 교정조직의 개편 등을 제시하였다. 설치방안으로는 그동안의 보안위주의 행형에 치우친 교정조직의 운영방식을 탈피하고 교화적인 기능을 활성화 시킨 교육형주의에 입각한 교정조직을 구축하자는 것이다. 궁극적으로 이러한 교정교화청의 신설은 최상의 교정서비스를 국민들에게 제공할 수 있다는데 그 의의를 찾을 수 있을 것이다.

SUS hexagonal bar, which is manufactured by drawing process of SUS circular bar, have been widely used to make various adapters and fittings. The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics and stability of variable roll unit including stand module. Stand module is essential part of variable roll unit. Structural analysis was performed to predict the stability of stand module using 3 loads (50, 75, 100 Ton), thus it may be of help to the manufacture of stand module. As the results, internal ring of bearing showed maximum equivalent stress, and moreover bearing, shaft and roller had to be preferentially considered in order to maintain its stability. In cases of 50 and 75 Ton, there were no problems for stabilities, respectively, on the other hand, problem for stability may occur in case of 100 Ton.

Although most of the automobile bodies are made of steel, the application of aluminum alloy sheet with high strength is under consideration for the development of environmentally friendly lightweight body for fuel economy improvement and carbon dioxide emission reduction. In the case of some inner plates, application of magnesium alloy sheet is examined. TRB plate has been studied mainly for weight reduction and rigidity reinforcement of steel plate parts. Recently, research on aluminum TRB rolled plate for light and environment friendly automobile application has been started, It is expected that the development of eco - friendly TRB rolling material made of light alloy will increase as the importance of light weight body for future energy efficiency increases. Therefore, in this study, we tried to obtain the technology to improve the quality of the product by pre - verifying the cooling performance of the hot forming process through the heat flow analysis and evaluating the cooling performance through the temperature distribution analysis. As a result, it was found that the temperature distribution through the flow velocity problem and the flow of the cooling channel can influence the quality of the final product through different heat distribution and cooling time depending on the shape of the mold and the product.

The microstructural evolution and modulation of mechanical properties were investigated for a Ti65Fe35 hypereutectic alloy by addition of Bi53In47 eutectic alloys. The microstructure of these alloys changed with the additional Bi- In elements from a typical dendrite-eutectic composite to a bimodal eutectic structure with primary dendrite phases. In particular, the primary dendrite phase changed from a TiFe intermetallic compound into a β-Ti solid solution despite their higher Fe content. Compressive tests at room temperature demonstrated that the yield strength slightly decreased but the plasticity evidently increased with an increasing Bi-In content, which led to the formation of a bimodal eutectic structure (β-Ti/TiFe + β- Ti/BiIn containing phase). Furthermore, the (Ti65Fe35)95(Bi53In47)5 alloy exhibited optimized mechanical properties with high strength (1319MPa) and reasonable plasticity (14.2%). The results of this study indicate that the transition of the eutectic structure, the type of primary phases and the supersaturation in the β-Ti phase are crucial factors for controlling the mechanical properties of the ultrafine dendrite-eutectic composites.