빨간집모기(Culex pipiens)는 우리나라 도시지역에서 가장 흔하게 발견되는 모기이다. 국내에서는 아직 특별한 질병과 관련이 없지만, 일부 국가에서는 반크로프트사상충증과 전염성뇌염의 매개체이다. 따라서, 기후변화와 환경변 화에 따라 국내에서도 새로운 질병을 매개할 가능성이 있다. 이러한 이유로 모기방제기술의 필요성이 증가함에 따라 여러 부작용이 발견된 화학적 방제방법 대신, 초음파를 이용한 물리적인 방법의 방제를 하고자 하여 실험을 진행하였다. 빨간집모기의 천적인 갈색박쥐(Myotis lucifugus)가 내는 20~100kHz의 초음파대역에서 실험을 통해 모기가 기피행동을 보이는 구간을 확인하였다. 초음파 노출 직후 기피율이 가장 높게 나왔고, 시간이 지남에 따라 기피율이 낮아지는 것을 확인하였다. 실험결과 특정대역에서 높은 기피율을 나타내는 것을 확인하였다

본 연구는 잎들깨 재배 시 많은 피해를 주고 있는 점박이응애를 방제하기 위해 천적인 칠레이리응애를 사용하였다. 잎들깨는 660㎡ 하우스에 10×10㎝ 간격으로 48,000주를 정식하기 때문에 칠레이리응애를 골고루 방사하기가 매우 어렵다. 따라서 방사 면적을 줄이기 위해 육묘 처리 시 천적을 방사하는 연구를 수행하였다. 유리온실 내에 6개의 배드(1.5×3m ; 잎들깨 80주)를 조성한 후, 점박이응애를 접종(2016. 08. 23 ; 80주당 200마리 이상)하였다. 천적인 칠레이리응애는 2일 후 80마리(1마리/1주)를 방사하였고, 점박이응애와 칠레이리응애를 7일 간격으로 조사하였다. 천적 방사 후 점박이응애의 밀도가 9월 하순까지 높아졌으나(20마리/10잎), 그 이후부터 점박이응애의 밀도는 감소되기 시작하였다. 칠레이리응애에 안전한 살비제를 선발한 결과 Acequinocyl 등 4약제를 선발하였다. 농가 육묘 단계에서 48,000주당 칠레이리응애 1병(2,000마리)을 살포하였고, 잎들깨에 등록된 약제인 Flufenoxuron을 정식 이후에 살포한 후 점박이응애 밀도를 조사하였다. 그 결과 점박이응애 발생밀도는 매우 낮았으며, 10월 이후에는 발생되지 않았다.

전국 136개 시군에 있는 690개소 벼 관찰포에서 12종의 주요 해충을 6월 1일부터 9월 13일까지 15일 간격으로 총 8회 조사한 결과를 국가농작물병해충관리시스템(NCPMS)을 통하여 수집하였다. 2016년도 벼 주요해충 12종의 총 발생 추정면적은 165,499ha로 재배면적 대비 21.3%에 발생되었다. 발생면적이 가장 많았던 해충은 혹명나방으로 50,277ha(재배면적 대비 6.3%)이였고, 그 다음으로는 흰등멸구 43,636ha(재배면적 대비 5.5%), 벼물바구미 21,856ha(재 배면적 대비 2.8%), 애멸구 15,291(재배면적 대비 1.9%)순이었다. 하지만 혹명나방은 평년보다 66%, 흰등멸구는 60%, 벼물바구미 34%, 애멸구 36%로 수준으로 발생하여 농가에 직접적인 피해를 크게 주지는 않았다. 평년보다 발생면적이 많았던 해충은 먹노린재와 이화명나방 2화기로 먹노린재는 13,388ha 발생하여 평년보다 189% 수준이었으 며, 이화명나방 2화기도 6,759ha로 평년의 154% 수준임을 확인하였다. 결론적으로 2016년 벼 주요해충의 발생정도는 전년 대비 102% 수준으로 다소 높아졌지만, 평년대비는 50% 수준으로 발생이 낮은 경향임을 확인하였다.

사과원에 무인자동 해충 발생예찰 장치를 설치하고, 이로부터 획득된 나방류 이미지는 서버컴퓨터로 전송된다. 해충 이미지를 채도(saturation), 농도(intensity), 색상(hue)에 의해 추출하여, 컬러영상과 밝기영상으로 분리한다. 분리된 컬러영상과 밝기영상의 화소값 분포를 노이즈 제거 및 영상분할을 하기 위해 정규화한다. 컬러영상과 밝기영상을 이진화하는 threshold 기법과 vector classification 으로 2개의 영상을 이진화된 영상으로 결합한다. 이진화를 통해 해충과 배경의 경계가 뚜렷하게 구분된다. 다음으로 해당 해충보다 작은 이물질을 제거하고, 분리되었던 해충을 결합하는 형태학적 처리(morphological processing)를 통해 이진화된 영상을 확산한다. 확산된 영상에서 이물질을 제거하는 후처리과정을 거쳐, 해충의 개체수를 측정하는 image processing 과정을 거친다. 복숭아순나방과 복숭아심식 나방의 경우 image processing을 거쳐 육안대비 인식율이 각각 96.0, 95.0%였다.

납작먹좀벌과(Platygasteridae)의 큰검정알벌속(Trissolcus)에 속하는 T. japonicus (Ashmead) (썩덩큰검정알벌, 신칭)이 과수원에서 과일 에 심한 피해를 일으키는 해충인 썩덩나무노린재의 알에 기생하는 것으로 확인되었고, 생물적 방제인자로써 가능성이 기대된다. 또한 천마큰검정 알벌(T. itoi Ryu)이 북쪽비단노린재 알을, 검은다리큰검정알벌(T. nigripedius Nakagawa)이 알락수염노린재 알을 숙주로 각각 기생하는 것이 확 인되었다. 동정을 위한 진단형질 및 영상자료와 한국에 분포하는 큰검정알벌속(Trissolcus)의 종들에 관한 숙주목록을 제공하였다.

Euiam and Paldang Reservoirs have often been facing water quality problems, such as eutrophication, algal blooms and off-flavors by treated wastewater effluent (TWE) in the North-Han and the Han River basins, but little is examined on the direct biological effect of TWE. This study tested algal growth potential (AGP) of four TWEs discharged into Euiam and Paldang Reservoirs to evaluate water fertility in September 2014 and March and September 2015. Test alga was used Anabaena circinalis isolated from Paldang Reservoir. Mean concentration of T-N and T-P in TWEs was 3,956.7 μg N L-1 and 50.8 μg P L-1, and the proportion of NO3-N and PO4-P to the total fraction was 72.1% and 40.8%, respectively. Both N and P were high in TWEs, but much higher N than P concentration indicates strong P-limitation. As a consequence, the maximum AGP was determined by PO4-P concentration (r=0.998, p<0.01). Mean AGP value was 15.4 mg dw L-1 among four effluents indicating its eutrophic condition. Due to the establishment of tertiary (advanced T-P) treatment method in the studied plants recently, P concentration was significantly decreased in TWEs compared to the years prior to 2012. However, P concentration seems to be still high enough to cause eutrophication and algal blooms. Therefore, wastewater treatment to P-free level needs to be considered if effluents are directly discharged into the drinking water resources.

We explore each of the three major domestic fishery product markets in South Korea- Frozen Squid, Frozen Hair tail and Dried Anchovy- to assess whether we can find evidence for Law of One Price (LOP) across the five major cities- Seoul, Dae-Jeon, Dae-Gu, Gwang-Ju and Busan. To achieve our aim, we utilize two different types of unit root tests: Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Kwiatkowski-Phillips-Schmidt- Shin (KPSS) unit root test. In each of the three fishery product markets, we find evidence in support of LOP among several cities, which confirms that these markets are integrated to a certain extent. In particular, we find stronger evidence of LOP for Dried Anchovy market relative to the other two fishery product markets. Based on our findings, we argue that the Dried Anchovy market exhibits a greater degree of market integration across the five major cities in South Korea compared to the other two fishery product markets. The greater degree of market integration in the Dry Anchovy market is facilitated by its higher substitutability across cities; taken together these findings show that the market for Dried Anchovy in South Korea is more efficient than the markets for Frozen Squid and Frozen Hair tail.

This experiment was carried out to study the effect of rice black-streaked dwarf virus(RBSDV) infection rate on forage productivity of corn varieties in Cheonan of chungcheongnamdo from 2006 to 2008. Forage corn varieties of 10 were cultivated with first cropping(seeding in the last ten days of April) and second cropping(seeding in the last ten days of May) system in field and tested the infection rates of RBSDV and productivity of forage. The Infection rate of RBSDV was significant difference between corn varieties in middle district of Korea. Resistant corn varieties for RBSDV were ‘Kwanganok’, ‘P3156’, ‘Kwangpeyongok’ and ‘P3394’ but susceptible varieties were ‘Suwon19’, ‘DK697’, ‘GW6959’ and NC+7117. Dry matter(DM) yield of forage corn according with infection rates of RBSDV in field was significant difference between varieties(p<0.05). DM yield of susceptible varieties, ‘Suwon 19’, ‘DK697’ and ‘GW6959’ was lower about 20% than that of resistant varieties, ‘Kwangpeyongok’ and ‘P3156’. For increasing the productivity of forage corn, recommend of resistant varieties for RBSDV and control of seeding time are very important in middle district of Korea.

이 연구는 뉴로 마케팅의 여러 연구 기법들 중 시선추적 기술(Eye-tracking)을 이용하여 농구 경기 장면 중 남성의 동공이 전체 데이터의 3시그마 범위를 벗어난 상위 0.135 % 비율로 동공이 확장 되었을 때의 시선 관찰 및 관심도를 측정하였다. 특히 동공 크기 확장과 관련해서 시선추적 기술의 데이터 중 어느 정도의 범위일 때의 크기가 유의미하다고 밝히기는 힘들기 때문에 이 연구에서는 전체 데이터 중 상위 3시그마 범위를 동공이 확장되어지는 범위로 설정하였다. 실험에 사용된 장면은 농구 경기 중 한 상황으로 설정하였으며, 총 7,200개의 데이터 중 유효율 90 %가 넘는 유효데이터가 산출되었고 이를 통해 34명의 데이터 중 유효데이터에 해당하지 않아 사용할 수 없는 데이터를 제외한 29명의 데이터를 사용하였다. 동공의 크기를 구하기 위해 동공의 너비(Pupil Width)와 높이(Pupil Height) 값을 [동공의 크기 = 동공의 너비/2 × 동공의 높이/2 × π] 공식에 대입하였다. 분석한 결과 농구경기장 내 마케팅으로 활용되기 위해 사용된 광고판들은 크게 영향력을 끼치지 않았다. 관중으로서의 피험자들의 동공의 크기가 커졌을 때, 경기장내에 광고판 보다는 선수들 혹은 주변 배경에 주시빈도가 높았다. 이 연구를 통하여 무분별하게 광고판을 사용하기보다는 뉴로마케 팅을 이용하여 경기장내 마케팅 및 광고판 효용성을 높이는 방안의 필요성이 요구된다.

This study explored spatiotemporal variability of water quality in correspondence with hydrometeorological factors in the four stations of Euiam Reservoir located in the upstream region of the North-Han River from May 2012 to December 2015. Seasonal effect was apparent in the variation of water temperature, DO, electric conductivity and TSS during the study period. Stratification in the water column was observed in the near dam site every year and vanished between August and October. Increase of nitrogen nutrients was observed when inflowing discharge was low, while phosphorus increase was distinct both during the early season with increase of inflowing discharge and the period of severe draught persistent. Duration persisting high concentration of Chl-a (>25 mg m-3: the eutrophic status criterion, OECD, 1982) was 1~2 months of the whole year in 2014~2015, while it was almost 4 months in 2013. Water quality of Euiam Reservoir appeared to be affected basically by geomorphology and source of pollutants, such as longitudinally linked instream islands and Aggregate Island, inflowing urban stream, and wastewater treatment plant discharge. While inflowing discharge from the dams upstream and outflow pattern causing water level change seem to largely govern the variability of water quality in this particular system. In the process of spatiotemporal water quality change, factors related to climate (e.g. flood, typhoon, abruptly high rainfall, scorching heat of summer), hydrology (amount of flow and water level) might be attributed to water pulse, dilution, backflow, uptake, and sedimentation. This study showed that change of water quality in Euiam Reservoir was very dynamic and suggested that its effect could be delivered to downstream (Cheongpyeong and Paldang Reservoirs) through year-round discharge for hydropower generation.

For the asset management of a water pipe network, it would be necessary to understand the extent of the maintenance cost required for the water pipe network for the future. This study would develop a method to draw the optimum cost required for the maintenance of the water pipe network in waterworks facilities to maintain the aim revenue water ratio and to achieve the target revenue water ratio, considering the water service providers’ waterworks condition and revenue water ratio comprehensively. This study conducted a survey with 96 water service providers as of the early 2015 and developed models to estimate the optimum maintenance cost of the water pipe network, considering the characteristics of the water service providers. Since the correlation coefficient of all the developed models was higher than 0.95, it turned out that it had significant reliability, which was statistically significant. As a result of applying the developed models to the actual water service providers, it was drawn that increasing revenue water ratio to more than a certain level can reduce the maintenance cost of the water pipe network by a great deal. In other words, it is judged that it would be the most efficient to secure the reliability of waterworks management by increasing the short-term revenue water ratio to more than a certain level and gradually increase the revenue water ratio from the long-term perspective. It is expected that the proposed methodology proposed in this study and the results of the study will be used as a basic research for planning the maintenance of water pipe network or establishing a plan for waterworks facilities asset management.

본 연구는 대추나무 생산농가의 합리적인 생산 계획수립을 지원하는 방안으로 2015년 9월부터 10월 사이에 경북 경산시 과원에서 5~30년생 대추나무의 수령별 과실특성, 수체특성 및 생산량을 조사하였 다. 대추나무 수령에 따른 과실 특성에 있어서, 과실 중량, 과실종경, 과실횡경은 5~25년생에서는 유의 성을 나타내지 않았으나, 30년생에서 감소된 수치를 나타냈고, 과형지수는 수령이 증가할수록 감소되는 경향을 나타냈다. 그러나, 과실당도는 23.28~25.46°Brix 범위로 수령에 따른 유의성이 나타나지 않았 다. 대추나무 수령에 따른 수체특성에 있어서, 수고, 근원경, 수관 폭 및 수관면적은 10년생까지 유의성 을 나타내며 생장하였으나, 10년생부터 30년생까지는 유의성을 나타내지 않았다. 생대추 생산량은 25년 생부터 유의하게 증가하는 경향을 나타내어, 대추나무의 수령이 생대추 생산량에 영향을 미치는 것을 확인하였다. 대추나무 수령이 생대추 생산량에 영향을 미치는 인자를 비교하였으며, 조사된 수체특성 인자에 대하여 상관계수를 도출하였다. 그 결과 생대추 생산량에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 수체특성 인자 는 수관폭으로 나타났다.

Lots of fishery stocks are overexploited and the overcapacity exists in Korean fishing fleets. One of the reasons is technological development, which increases the efficiency of the vessels continuously. The analysis was conducted to identify the change of fishing power index to develop the vessel and gear technology that may have improved the fishing efficiency of the offshore large powered purse seine fishery from 1960s to 2010s. Gross tonnage and horse power per fishing vessel was increased annually. Fishing gear material was changed to the knotless webbing to settle faster. Fishing equipments was modernized and supply rate was also increased. Therefore the relative fishing power index in the offshore large powered purse seine fishery increased from 0.4 in 1970 to 1.0 in 1980, to 1.5 in 2000 and to 1.6 in 2010, but the rate of increase slowed down gradually. The results are expected to contribute to reasonable fishery stock management.

We have investigated the washing method of as-synthesized CdSe/ZnS core/shell structure quantum dots (QDs) and the effective surface passivation method of the washed QDs using PMMA. The quantum yield (QY%) of assynthesized QDs decreases with time, from 79.3% to 21.1%, owing to surface reaction with residual organics. The decreased QY% is restored to the QY% of as-synthesized QDs by washing. However, the QY% of washed QDs also decreases with time, owing to the absence of surface passivation layer. On the other hand, the PMMA-treated QDs maintained a relatively higher QY% after washing than that of the washed QDs that were kept in toluene solution for 30 days. Formation of the PMMA coating layer on CdSe/ZnS QD surface is confirmed by HR-TEM and FT-IR. It is found that the PMMA surface coating, when combined with washing, is useful to be applied in the storage of QDs, owing to its long-term stability.

This study was a report on 60 heads of Hanwoo steers(5 treatments⨯4 heads⨯3 repeats). Their start weights were 361.2±14.39 kg to 380.5±27.33 kg; 12.7 to 13.6 months of age. The aim was to investigate the effect of herbal probiotic supplementation on the weight, blood composition, meat quality and immunity in beef. In case of body weight gain, con. 1 plot(183.8 kg) in the early fattening stage, T3 plot(115.1 kg) in the middle fattening stage, and T2 plot(163.3 kg) in the late fattening stage significantly increased(p<0.05). There was a statistically significant difference in the blood content of T-Cho and IgG: con. 1 plot and T1 plot in the early fattening stage, T3 plot and T2 plots in the middle fattening stage, and con. 2 plot and T1~T3 plots in the late fattening stage had higher blood content than that of other treatment plots (p<0.05). In addition, the carcass weight was highest in the T1 plot and T2 plot among the total treatment plots(p<0.05). However, no statistical significant difference was observed in the different treatments; all individual treatment plots(T1~T3 plots) were somewhat higher than the control plots(con. 1~con. 2 plots) with respect to the carcass quantity and carcass quality. Combining and analyzing all results revealed that the dietary addition of herbal probiotics for Hanwoo steers had a positive effect on the improvement of weight, amount of meat, meat quality and immunity

This study explored spatiotemporal variability of water quality in correspondence with hydrometeorological factors in the five stations of Paldang Reservoir located in the Han River during 4 years from May 2012 to December 2015. Variability of basic water quality factors were largely related with seasonal fluctuations of hydrology. Temperature stratification occurred in the deep dam station, and prolonged hypoxia was observed during the draught year. Nitrogen nutrients were increased with decreasing inflow in which changing pattern of NH4 reversed to NO3 by the effect of treated wastewater effluent. Phosphorus increase was manifest during the period of high inflow or severe drought. Chl-a variation was reversely related with both flow change and AGP (algal growth potential) variations. Our study demonstrated that water quality variability in Paldang Reservoir was largely attributed to both natural and operational changes of inflow and outflow (including water intake) based on major pollution source of the treated wastewater (total amount of 472×103 m3 d-1) entering to the water system from watershed. In the process of water quality variability, meteorological (e.g., flood, typhoon, abnormal rainfall, scorching heat of summer) and hydrological factors (inflow and discharge) were likely to work dynamically with nutrients pulse, dilution, absorption, concentration and sedimentation. We underline comprehensive limnological study related to hydro-meteorolology to understand short- and long-term water quality variability in river-type large reservoir and suggest the necessity of P-free wastewater treatment for the effective measure of reducing pollution level of Paldang drinking water resource.

To investigate the oviposition preference and development of azuki bean weevil (Callosobruchus chinensis L.), the following six different leguminous seeds were used in this study: red bean (Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi & Ohashi), black soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), seoritae (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), small black bean (Rhynchosia nulubilis) and kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris var. humilis Alef.). In the study of oviposition preference, the numbers of eggs per leguminous seed on red bean, black soybean, soybean, seoritae and small black bean were 1.23, 0.61, 0.69, 1.05 and 1.13, respectively. The maximum daily number of eggs was observed at 48 hours and the minimum was at 96 hours. According to each host leguminous seed, developmental time for each host seed was different. The shortest adult emergence time was on red bean (25.27 days). The other five leguminous seeds increased or doubled the adult emergence time. Adult emergence rates feeding on red bean, seoritae, black soybean, soybean, small black bean were 83.33%, 28.23%, 27.87%, 20.44%, and 11.59%, respectively. Emergence rate on red bean was four times higher than the rate on other seeds. The longevity of emerged female adults was almost all longer than that of males. The male adults weighed the lowest of feeding on small black bean. Female adults weighed the lowest of feeding on soybean. Adult weights were the heaviest for both males and females feeding on red bean. As a result, hosts of azuki bean weevil could decrease oviposition rate, emergence rate, adult longevity, and adult weight but increase emergence time. Especially in kidney bean, adult was not completely emerged. No eggs were laid. These results suggest that there might be emergence inhibitors in kidney bean. These imformation might be used to control damages caused by azuki bean weevils.

In this study, we explain the environmental variables that mainly influence the spatial and seasonal pattern of Galerucella nipponensis in 38 wetland and stream located at mid-low Nakdong River. G. nipponensis were found at total of 32 wetland, was strongly positively correlated with the biomass of Trapa japonica (t=2.173, r2=0.013, p<0.05). In result of seasonal distribution during 3 years, the largest density of G. nipponensis adult were observed in summer (7~8 months), egg and larva was recorded in only early spring (4~5 months). Rainfall were negatively related with the seasonal distribution of G. nipponensis. They were more abundant in dry season (2015 year) than rainy seasons (2013~2014 year). Stable isotope analysis showed that the G. nipponensis consumed as food source no submerged leaf of T. japonica than other plant. However, utilization of T. japonica on Galerucella nipponensis were not influence to plant biomass and/or species composition in vegetated bed. Those considered as adaptive strategies for sustainable habitat maintenance that because T. japonica use as not only food source but also their lives for G. nipponensis.

This study evaluated the effect 3 types of conditioning (Untreated, Impeller, Roller) and the number of times for tedding (rake-teder) performed in one day on the drying rate of tall fescure hay. The experiment was performed at The forage site of Cheonan-si seongwhan-eup National Institute of Animal Sciencee. It took 3 days to make tall fescue hay. The Impeller and Roller conditioning types shortened the haymaking period by 1 day compared to untreated hay. Impeller and roller samples had less than 20% of water content by the 23rd-day at 13 o’clock. Tedding frequency failed to affect haymaking. There was no correlation between the three types of conditioning or tedding frequency and acid digestible fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), total digestible nutrients (TDF), crude protein (CP), or relative feed value (RFV) in tall fescue hay. CP was 12.5~12.9% for the three types of conditioner with 1 or 2 times of tedding a day, Threrfore, conditioner types and gedding frequency had no significant effect on CP.