This study was conducted to identify the optimal root zone temperature for paprika cultivation, with an aim to increase the heating and cooling energy efficiency and prepare for extreme weather conditions. The greenhouse air temperature was maintained at 20oC and 25oC during the daytime (12 hours) and at 18oC during the nighttime (12 hours). The plant height did not show any significant differences between the treatment with air temperature and root zone temperature. The root length was highest under an air temperature of 25oC with root zone temperatures of 25oC and 30oC, and it was the lowest at 15oC. The leaf number was the highest when the root zone temperature was adjusted to 25oC and 30oC across all air temperatures. The leaf area increased with higher root zone temperatures, but considering the compactness of the seedlings, a root zone temperature of 25oC was found to be the most effective. The fresh and dry weight of the shoot increased with higher root zone temperatures at an air temperature of 25oC, while the fresh and dry weight of the roots tended to be higher when the root zone temperature was adjusted to 25oC and 30oC across all air temperatures. The compactness was most effective when the root zone temperature was adjusted to 20oC and 25oCC across all air temperatures. Based on the above results, adjusting the root zone temperature to 25oC at an air temperature of 25oC was found to be effective for the early growth of Paprika. The results of this study suggest that not only can growth be promoted through the regulation of root zone temperature, but it also contribute to the establishment of root zone temperature control technology, which can prevent an excessive drop and rise in the root zone temperature.

The present study estimated rumen fermentation characteristics and greenhouse gas emissions of different forages. Alfalfa, timothy, tall fescue, Italian ryegrass, and rice straw as the main forage sources for Hanwoo were used in the present study. Crude protein was highest in alfalfa but lowest in rice straw (p<0.05). Ether extract was higher in alfalfa and Italian ryegrass than in the other forages (p<0.05). Crude ash was highest in rice straw but lowest in tall fescue (p<0.05). Neutral detergent fiber was highest in tall fescue but lowest in alfalfa (p<0.05). Acid detergent fiber was highest in Italian ryegrass and rice straw but lowest in alfalfa (p<0.05). In vitro digestibilities of dry matter (DMD) and neutral detergent fiber (NDFD) were highest in timothy but lowest in rice straw (p<0.05). Rumen pH was highest (p<0.05) in alfalfa, while ammonia-N was higher (p<0.05) in alfalfa and Italian ryegrass than in the other forages. Total volatile fatty acid was highest (p<0.05) in timothy, while acetate and propionate were highest (p<0.05) in alfalfa and rice straw, respectively. Acetate to propionate ratio was higher (p<0.05) in alfalfa, timothy, and Italian ryegrass than in rice straw. Rice straw had lowest total gas (mL) (p<0.05) but highest its per DMD and NDFD. Rice straw had higher (p<0.05) CO2 (per DMD and NDFD) compared to alfalfa (per DMD and NDFD), timothy (per DMD and NDFD), tall fescue (per NDFD), and Italian ryegrass (per DMD). Again, rice straw had higher (p<0.05) CH4 (per DMD and NDFD) compared to timothy (per DMD and NDFD) and tall fescue (per NDFD). Therefore, this study indicates that timothy has a higher nutrient digestibility and volatile fatty acid in the rumen leading to a reduction of greenhouse gas emission.

Since maize (Zea mays L.) originated in central and south America, it requires warm climate conditions throughout its growing season. Growth halts when night-time temperatures drop below 10℃, and the plant may die if temperature reach -1.7℃. Thus, temperature should be maintained between 10 and 30℃ from seeding to maturity. The germination temperature for maize should be at least 8-11℃, whit an optimal range 32-34℃. Since temperature significantly affects the germination rate and period, it plays a crucial role in maize growth. In this study, we evaluated the quantity and feed value of 11 major varieties to determine those best suited for maize cultivation as feed in higher latitude, specifically in Democratic People’s of Republic of Korea, below 38 degrees north. A cultivation test was also conducted in Suwon in Republic of Korea, to assess adaptability in areas south of Mt. Suyang. Among the varieties tested, Shinhwangok2 reached silking the fastest, in 65 days, while Gwangpyeongok took the longest at 75 days. The stem length of all varieties exceeded 230 cm. Gwangpyeongok had the tallest stems, while Daanok and Shinhwangok2ho displayed the highest ear ratios. Dacheongok presented the highest values in both dry matter and TDN quantity, with 31,420 kg/ha and 21,66 kg/ha respectively. Pyeonggangok had the highest crude protein content at 8.0%. TDN (%) ranged from 57-68%, with Hwangdaok reaching up to 68%. Based on these findings, Dacheongok and Pyeonggangok appear to be the most suitable varieties for cultivation in terms of both quantity and feed value.

Owing to its diverse range of bioactive compounds, Ganoderma lucidumhas garnered significant research attention for health promotion and disease prevention. Ganodermanondiol, which has a triterpenoid structure, is one of the major active compounds of G. lucidum. In the present study, the anti-inflammatory effects of ganodermanondiol were investigated to evaluate its usefulness as a functional ingredient. Ganodermanondiol (0.5–2 g/mL) significantly inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO), the expression of the cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)??and interleukin 6 (IL-6), and the expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 (murine macrophage) cells. Ganodermanondiol (0.5–2 g/mL) also inhibited the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal molecules, including p38 and c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) in RAW 264.7 cells. Ganodermanondiol significantly inhibited the essential factors involved in the inflammatory responses of RAW 264.7 cells and would, therefore, serve as a potential prophylactic and therapeutic agent for immune-related diseases.

목적: 본 연구의 목적은 작업치료에서 과거와 비교하여 인지재활의 발전현황을 조사하고, 현재 인지평가와 인지중재에서 문제와 제도적 난제를 밝히며, 한국의 인지재활 발전을 위해 전략적 방향성을 제시하는 등 정책 제안을 도출하기 위함이다. 연구방법: 본 연구의 최초 조사대상자는 현재 작업치료 현장에서 직무수행을 하고 있고, 인지재활에 관심 있는 대한인지재활학회 정회원 3,448명을 선정하였다. 연구기간은 2022년 9월부터 2023년 2월까지 이루어졌 다. 이들 중 본 조사에 적극적으로 참여하여 성실하게 답변한 154명의 참가자가 최종 조사대상이다. 조사도구는 선행연구에서 인지재활 발전현황과 문제점 및 향후 발전방안을 델파이 조사를 통해 도출하고 타당성을 갖춘 104개 항목을 5점 리커트 척도로 정량화하여 사용하였다. 결과: 인지재활은 작업치료에서 지속적 발전을 거듭하였다. 법적으로 작업치료 업무범위로 보장을 받았고, 전문성 확보를 위한 전문 교육이 강화되었으며, 인지재활을 시행하는 기관과 치료사가 늘어났다. 그러나 작업수행 기반 인지재활 평가도구와 작업치료 시간 내 평가가능한 평가도구 개발이 필요하다. 제도적으로는 인지재활 의료보험 수가 확대와 인지재활 가이드라인 개발이 필요하다. 임상현장의 작업치료사들은 인지요소별 중재보다 작업수행 기반의 기능인지가 임상현장에서 실현되는 것이 필요하다고 인식하였다. 결론: 인지재활은 작업치료사의 주요 직무이고 지속적으로 발전하였다. 인지재활 발전을 위해 지난 과거부터 해결하지 못하고 난제로 남아있는 의료보험 수가 등의 제도 문제의 해결이 시급하다. 작업치료 현장의 발전을 위해서는 인지평가도구, 중재기술, 기능인지 중심 인지재활 적용 방법에 대한 연구가 필요하다.

본 연구의 목적은 구슬 문양 디자인의 상징성과 의미 및 신라문화와의 연관성, 유리구슬 제조의 제반 여건을 조사 하여 예술성과 기술성이 뛰어난 신라 인면 상감 유리구슬의 신라 자체 제작설을 검증하는 것이다. 연구방법으로는 디자인 분석 이외에 고문헌과 신화, 유리 유물, 유리 및 금속의 생산기술, 실크로드 교차로의 특성 등을 조사하였으 며 홍산문화 유물, 다른 상감 유리구슬의 사례들을 수집하였다. 마한, 부여, 신라인은 구슬을 보배로 삼고 장신구에 애용하였는데, 구슬 속의 인면상 상투와 금관장식, 새와 꽃나무의 모든 디자인 요소가 김알지, 김수로, 박혁거세, 주 몽 등 위인들의 난생설화, 북방의 새 및 신수 숭상 등과 밀접하였고, 디자인 요소와 배치가 신라의 다른 유물에서도 동일하게 표현되고 있음을 확인하였다. 구슬과 인면상의 기원은 홍산문화였으며 하가점하층문화의 고조선 북표에서 는 구슬용 석범이 발견되었다. 또 경주 식리총의 상감 유리구슬과 일본 토간모리 고분의 인면 상감 유리구슬의 출토 는 신라 자체 제작설을 확증시켜주는 것이다. 백제인이 5세기 일본에 유리구슬 제작소를 둔 사실은 신라인이 인도네 시아 자바에도 제작소를 두었음을 의미한다. 신라와 밀접한 관계였던 인도네시아 자바는 신라의 해상실크로드 교차 로, 원석 및 노동력 제공지이고 유리구슬의 소비 지역이나 기원지는 아니었다. 이에 구슬에 대한 신화와 전통을 보유 하고 머리에 상투와 금관을 착용하였으며, 금속 및 상감 기술 등 난이도 높은 기술을 보유했던 신라가 자체 제작한 것이 틀림없다.

Bellows expansion joints enhance the displacement performance of piping systems owing to their unique geometrical features. However, structural uncertainties such as wall thinning in convolutions, a byproduct of the manufacturing process, can impair their structural integrity. This study addresses such issues by conducting a global sensitivity analysis to assess the impact of these uncertainties on the performance of bellows expansion joints under monotonic loading. Global sensitivity analysis, which examines main and nth order interaction effects, is computationally expensive. To mitigate this, we employed a surrogate model-based approach using an artificial neural network. This model demonstrated robust prediction capabilities, as evidenced by metrics such as the coefficient of determination. The sensitivity indices of the main effect for the 2-ply and 3-ply bellows at the sixth convolution were 0.3340 and 0.3233, respectively. The sensitivity index of the sixth convolution was larger than that of other convolutions because the maximum deformation of the bellows expansion joint under monotonic bending load occurs around it. Interestingly, the sensitivity index for the interaction effect was negligible (0.01%) compared to the main effect, suggesting minimal activity between uncertainty factors across convolutions. Notably, bellows expansion joints under repetitive loading exhibit more complex behaviors, with the initial leakage typically occurring at the convolution. Therefore, future studies should focus on the structural uncertainties of bellows expansion joints under cyclic loading and employ a surrogate model for comprehensive global sensitivity analysis.

본 연구는 각 국가별 전임수의사법의 정의, 자격요건 업무의 범위에 차이가 있으므로 전임수의사에 대한 국내외 국가들의 법률을 분석하여 국내 전임수의사법과 전임수의사 업무의 방향을 제시하고자 하였다. 각 국가별 전임수의사의 정의, 자격요건, 업무 범위에 대한 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 국외는 전임수의사 교육 프로그램을 반드시 이수해 야 하지만 국내는 선택사항이다. 둘째, 국외는 전반적인 동물실험에 참여하며 3R을 강조 하는 모습을 보였으나, 국내는 실험동물 관리가 주 업무이며 실험동물의 건강과 복지에 관한 가이드라인이 없다. 연구결과에 따라, 전임수의사의 자격 요건을 강화하고 업무범위 를 확대하는 등 전문성을 갖춘다면 실험동물복지 발전에 기여할 수 있을 것이다.

This study investigated the quality characteristics and optimal conditions of noodles produced by adding Baromi 2 Garu floury rice to wheat flour. The lightness of samples with floury rice increased, while the lightness (L*), redness (a*), and yellowness (b*) decreased after cooking compared to before cooking. The weight, volume, and moisture absorption rate of cooked noodles decreased compared to wheat, but turbidity increased as the amount of rice flour increased. In addition, compared to the control with 20% rice flour, GR-20 (flour replacement by 20% Garu floury rice) with floury rice had lower turbidity, showing less cooking loss. The hardness, gumminess, and chewiness of noodles with floury rice decreased as the floury rice content increased, while springiness, cohesiveness, and adhesiveness increased. The elongation force and distance decreased as the amount of floury rice increased. Therefore, the optimal amount of floury rice to replace wheat flour would be 20%. Adding excessive amounts of floury rice to processed foods requires additional processes, such as adding food additives or changing the processing method to control physical properties.

In this paper, among the various facilities used in marine farming, young bivalves of the Mytilus galloprovincialis of marine farming was placed on the deck of the fishing vessel to evaluate the environment conditions and drive shaft movement by rolling affecting the separator for the young bivalves and a clean process. There were a few studies on stress analysis of development facilities because it was difficult to access the fishing site due to the use of imported equipment and the lack of development of domestic equipment. In this study, stress analysis of the fixed part of separator for young bivalves and its adjacent part was performed on various phases when the vessel was tilted by rolling using the finite element method. In addition, the structural safety of the internal blade under the driving conditions according to the movement of the drive shaft by the hydraulic motor was confirmed through structural analysis. As a result, the connection part between the deck and the separator by rolling was confirmed to have higher stress than that of other parts due to stress concentration. In addition, it was confirmed that the maximum stress occurred on the connection part between blades. Even though the safety of the separator for marine farming was confirmed by structural analysis, it is necessary to comprehensively consider the age of vessels, the material of the deck, and the corrosion of the deck.

이 연구는 공공기관에서 도입하고 있는 일‧가정 양립을 위한 가족친화적 제 도의 활용과 공직만족도의 관계에 있어서 직무성과와 직무 스트레스의 매개 효과를 분석하였다. 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 가족친화적 제도 활용에 대한 만족도가 높을수록 공직만족도가 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 가족 친화적 제도 활용 만족도와 공직만족도의 관계에 있어서 직무성과와 직무스 트레스의 매개효과가 유의미한 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 가족친화적 제도 활용에 대한 만족도가 높을수록 직무성과가 높아지고, 직무성과가 높을수록 공직만 족도가 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 가족친화적 제도 활용에 대한 만족 도가 높을수록 직무 스트레스가 낮아지고, 직무스트레스가 낮을수록 공직만 족도가 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 분석결과는 우리나라 공무원의 직 무성과를 높이고, 직무 스트레스를 낮춤으로써 공직만족도를 높여 공직 수행 의 효율성을 높일 수 있도록 조직의 차원에서 가족친화적 제도를 확대하기 위한 노력이 필요함을 보여주는 것이라고 할 수 있다.

Purpose: This study aims to not only understand the meaning and essence of patients’experiences visiting the Raphael Nanum Homeless Clinic but also explore what kind of healthcare programs they would like to have in the future by appraising patients’experiences in depth. Methods: This study employed a qualitative content analysis method. The data were collected from June 11, 2023, to June 25, 2023. A total of 17 patients who could provide detailed experiences of their visit to the Raphael Nanum homeless clinic participated in this study. We conducted a focus group interview with 6 patients and in-depth one-on-one interviews with the remaining 11 patients. Results: The qualitative content analysis result revealed five themes: “visiting a free clinic for various paths,” “positive experiences at the free clinic,” “negative experiences at the free clinic,” “dissatisfaction with the clinic site,” and “anticipation for the future of the free clinic.” Conclusion: To ensure the right to health and survival of marginalized populations in the future, it is necessary to establish comprehensive healthcare support measures, which include enhancing the facilities of the free clinic and expanding the range of available medical specialties.