This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of phosphorus acid (H3PO3) addition to the horticultural bed soil on the initial growth of red pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv.), and kimchi cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. pekinensis (Lour.) Rupr. cv.). The stem heights of red pepper and cucumber were 46.1% and 23.0% greater in the 50 mg/L of phosphorus acid treatment than the untreated (control). Further, the stem diameter of pepper and cucumber were 48.7% and 23.0% greater in the 50 mg/L of phosphorus acid treatment than the control. In addition, the number of kimchi cabbage leaves was 47.5% greater in the 50 mg/L of phosphorus acid treatment than the control. The dry weights of red pepper, cucumber and kimchi cabbage were 72.9%, 16.5%, and 30.4% heavier in the 50 mg/L than the control, respectively. Cations (K, Ca, and Mg) and total phosphorus (T - P) were quantitatively analyzed for these three horticultural crops. The concentrations of K, Ca, and Mg, and T - P were higher in the 50 mg/L of phosphorus acid than the control, respectively. Based on the results obtained in this study, it appears that treatment of phosphorus acid in horticultural bed soil enhanced the growth of red pepper, cucumber and Kimchi cabbage.

This study was conducted to evaluate roughage to concentrate ratio on the changes of productivity and metabolic profiling in milk. Six lactating Holstein cows were divided into two groups, T1 group was fed low-concentrate diet (Italian ryegrass to concentrate ratio = 8:2) and T2 group was fed high-concentrate diet (Italian ryegrass to concentrate ratio = 2:8). Milk samples were collected and its components and metabolites were analyzed by 1H-NMR (Nuclear magnetic resonance). The result of milk components such as milk fat, milk protein, solids-not-fat, lactose and somatic cell count were not significantly different between two groups. In carbohydrate metabolites, trehalose and xylose were significantly higher (P<0.05) in T1 group, however lactose was not significantly different between two groups. In amino acid metabolites, glycine was the highest concentration however, there was no signifi-cant difference observed between two groups. Urea and methionine were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the T2 group. In lipid metabolites, carnitine, choline and O-acetylcarnitine there were no significant difference observed between the two groups. In benzoic acid metabolites, tartrate was significantly higher (P<0.05) in T2 group. In organic acid metabolites, acetate was significantly higher (P<0.05) in T1 group and fumarate was significantly higher (P<0.05) in T2 group. In the other metabolites, 3-methylxanthine was only significantly higher (P<0.05) in T2 group and riboflavin was only significantly higher (P<0.05) in T1 group. As a result, milk components were not significantly different between two groups. However, metabolites concentration in the milk was significantly different depends on roughage to concentrate ratio.

최근 화장품에서 방부제로 사용되는 파라벤류는 인체 안전성에 대한 문제가 이슈화되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 파라벤류를 대체할 수 있는 방부시스템으로 1,3-butylene glycol, 1,2-hexanediol 및 1,2-pentanediol의 함량에 따른 방부력 효능을 평가하고자 하였다. 화장품 크림에 1,3-butylene glycol을 5 - 25% 사이의 농도로 첨가하였다. 1,3-Butylene glycol의 방부력은 Personal Care Products Council (CTFA)의 M-3 시험법으로 측정하였다. 알칸 디올계인 1,2-hexanediol 및 1,2-pentanediol도 유사한 방법으로 평가하였다. 1,3-Butylene glycol의 함량에 따른 방부력 평가 결과, 25%를 첨가한 크림 처방에서 모든 시험 균주에 대하여 방부력을 나타내었으며, phenoxyethanol 0.3%와 ethylhexylglycerin 0.1%가 혼합된 처방에서 방부력을 나타내었다. 방부제인 phenoxyethanol의 0.3% 함량을 대체할 수 있는 대체 방부제로 alkane diol계인 1,2-hexanediol과 1,2-pentanediol을 선정하여 방부력 평가를 진행하였다. 1,2-Hexanediol과 1,2-pentanediol의 조성에 따른 방부력 평가 결과, 1,2-hexanediol 1%와 1,2-pentanediol 1%의 혼합 처방에서 방부력을 나타내었다. 결과적으로 본 연구에서는 25%의 1,3-butylene glycol과 0.1%의 ethylhexylglycerin, 1%의 1,2-hexanediol 및 1%의 1,2-pentanediol의 처방은 가장 우수한 방부력을 나타냄을 입증하였다. 따라서 이러한 처방은 화장품에서 사용되어 안전성의 이슈가 되어온 파라벤류 방부제를 대체할 수 있는 가능성이 있음을 시사한다.

Background : The isoflavonoids, triterpene and polysaccharides were know as major components in Astragalus membranaceus Bunge. Especially, isoflavonoids are classified as ononin, calycosin-glucoside of glycon binding and formononetin, calycosin of aglycone binding. In this study, we performed fermentation by a lot of microorganisms which were derived foods. Methods and Results : The A. membranaceus was extracted with 50% Ethanol and it was concentrated using rotary evaporator. In order to change in isoflavonoids, we fermented the A. membranaceus extracts with microorganisms which have β-glucosidase activity. we chose 20 microorganisms using esculin agar method and three strains with the highest activity of β -glucosidase were identified by pNP assay. The extracts of A. membranaceus were fermented during 3 days in sterilized distilled water, as 1 Brix and 3 Brix. The isoflavonoids of fermented extract, respectively days 0, 1, 2 and 3, were analyzed using High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). In addition, the fermented A. membranaceus extracts was investigated about whitening effect using tyrosinase and radical scavenging activity by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH). As a result of β-glucosidase activity by pNP assay, we selected two strains, Pediococcus pentosaceus (KACC 81017BP), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (KACC 83014BP). On the third day of fermentation of S. cerevisiae, isoflavone aglycone was the highest. The calycosin-glucoside and ononin in fermented A. membranaceus extract were reduced, calycosin and formononetin was increased compared to control. Also, we confirmed higher activity than control in tyrosinase inhibition rate on the third day of fermentation, as 78.38% and lower IC50 value of radical scavenging activity as 584.68 ㎍/㎖. Conclusion : From the above results, we may suggest that A. membranaceus aboveground parts might have useful as a safe material for functional food and pharmaceutics.

Background : In this study, we investigated the formation of Abeliophyllum distichum callus which has not been reported until now and the culture optimization. The potential of callus cultures was examined by comparing the components and antioxidant activities of callus and wild planting. Furthermore, it was intended to provide data on the possibility of substitution for the active ingredient production of Abeliophyllum distichum callus extraction. Methods and Results : We tried to induce callus by introducing it in vitro culture by using leaves and stem of Abeliophyllum distichum grown in Goesan Chungbuk. In order to investigate the effect of growth regulators on the callus, TDZ, NAA, 2,4-D, IBA and BAP were treated with 0.25 to 5 ㎎/ℓ of single hormone, and the combination hormones were treated with two concentrations of BAP (0.1, 1.0 ㎎/ℓ) and 2,4-D, NAA, IBA at 0.1 ㎎/ℓ and 1.0 ㎎/ℓ. And investigate the effect of inorganic salt concentration on somatic embryogenesis, the incidence of callus was examined by culturing 1X, 1/2X MS medium for 4 weeks. As a result, the effect of growth regulator and treatment concentration on the callus formation of Abeliophyllum distichum, callus induction was the fastest in the 2,4-D condition, but the callus indection was slow. The highest amount was produced ine the NAA condition. The axillary bud was best grown in TDZ condition, but no root was formed. LC chromatogram was able to compare the contents of leaf, stem extracts and callus extracts. Antioxidant ativity showed excellent antioxidative activity in the extracts of the wild planted stem. Conclusion : The optimum culture conditions for callus were 1/2X MS, 1 ㎎/ℓ BAP and 0.1 ㎎/ℓ of 2,4-D. As a result of LC chromatogram, it was confirmed that callus extract contained a large amount of the same components as the stem and leaf extracts grown on the wild planting. Currently, Studies on mass culture using bioreactor to utilize this are underway, We could confirm the potential possibility of Abeliophyllum distichum cultured products.

Background : Korea's agriculture has been forced to change due to the decline in agricultural population, the aging of the population and the conclusion of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Thus, agriculture is seeking to develop into a sixth industry. For this reason, it is necessary to find high-function alternative plant resources for health promotion to meet the changes in national needs for agricultural products. The adventitious roots culture of wild mountain ginseng is the raw material of food code that produced by the biotechnology technique. introduced in the culture of the plant, which is the only way to use a raw material of food. Therefore, in order to increase the yield of ginsenoside in adventitious roots culture of wild mountain ginseng, ginsenoside precursor was treated and ginsenoside contents were analyzed. Methods and Results : In order to investigate effect of precursor treatment on the production of ginsenoside in adventitious roots culture of wild mountain ginseng, 5 g of adventitious roots culture of mountain ginseng were cultured in liquid SH media supplemented with 2 ㎎/l IBA, 3% sucrose for 8 weeks, which was co-cultured with β-sitosterol and Squalene (0.0625 to 1 mM) or without. Determination of 17 ginsenosides contents of each extract was carried out by HPLC. Rb3 was accumulated by only β-sitosterol, also it increased production of total ginsenoside in the cultured ginseng roots at a concentration of 0.125 mM, which was 2.47-fold higher than that in the control (78.13 ㎎/g of extract). Conclusion : These results are an important to improve the production yield of ginsenoside in adventitious roots culture of wild mountain ginseng, and they provide an opportunity for development of adventitious roots culture of wild mountain ginseng in dietary health supplement and pharmaceutical industries.

Background : This study was carried out to investigate the antioxidative activity and active ingredients of Glehenia littoralis through purification process. Methods and Results : Above-ground and below-ground parts of Glehenia littoralis, dried in Gangneung, were purchased, crushed, sonicated for 2 hours in 100% ethanol, filtered and concentrated. Above-ground part of G.littoralis which is more effective higher antioxidant effect than below-ground part in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays. Was used to extract the above-ground part of the solvent fraction according to polarity (hexane, ethyl acetate, water) and HP20 column separation (0, 30, 60, 100% EtOH). Using the fraction was the DPPH assay with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Comparing the antioxidant efficacy with that of fraction isolated from Glehenia littoralis extract. Hexane, water layer and 100% EtOH fraction showed lower efficacy than Glehenia littoralis extract. 60% EtOH fraction showed more than 8 times higher efficacy. In order to compare the components according to their efficacy, HPLC analysis was carried out. The fraction (hexane, water layer, 100% EtOH fraction) which showed low antioxidative activity confirmed imperatoin and nonpolar compound, the fraction (ethyl acetate, 60% EtOH fraction) showed a higher antioxidant activity was confirmed 2 flavonoid and scopoletin. Conclusion : Glehenia littoralis extract showed low antioxidant activity of 893 ㎍/㎖ with IC50 of DPPH assay. However, it showed an increase of antioxidant activity by IC50 of 115㎍ /㎖ of DPPH assay of 60% EtOH fraction by fractionation and separation. Through HPLC analysis, the active ingredient, scopoletin and two flavonoids were identified.

Background : Korean mountain ginseng adventitious roots culture extract fermentation product (KGEF) is increased the content of low molecular weight ginsenoside Rk1 and Rg5 by purifying, steaming, and fermentation of the wild ginseng adventitious roots culture. In Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, the analysis method of low molecular weight ginsenoside (Rk1, Rg5, Rh2, compound K, etc.) has not been proven, therefore we conducted validation to confirm the suitability of the qualitative and quantitative analysis method for Rk1 and Rg5. Methods and Results : Quantitative analysis was performed at a maximum absorption wavelength of 203 ㎚ (specificity). It was confirmed that the retention time of each peak of Rk1 and Rg5 was separated by chromatogram. The separation degree of Rk1 and Rg5 was 2.15 more as 1.5 a result of calculation according to the formula to evaluate the separation limit. (accuracy). The recovery rate was 101.5% of Rk1 and 103.9% of Rg5 in KGEF. (repeatability). The area value of ginsenoside Rk1 and Rg5 showed high reproducibility with relative standard deviation Rk1 0.86% and Rg5 0.68%. Retention time was also reproducible with relative standard deviation Rk1 of 0.054% and Rg5 of 0.09%. (linearity). The correlation coefficients were 0.999 of Rk1 and 0.999 of Rg5. The reproducibility of retention time in linearity was also high, with relative standard deviation Rk1 0.0017% and Rg5 0.0017% (limit of quantification, limit of detection). The quantitative limit of Rk1 was 53.73 ㎍/㎖ and the detection limit was 17.73 ㎍/㎖ and the detection limit of Rg5 was 259.03 ㎍/㎖ and detection limit was 85.48 ㎍/㎖. Conclusion : In this study, we validated ginsenoside Rk1 and Rg5 for identification and content testing. It will be enables to verify physicochemical differentiation and analytical methods, and to be a research-based data of low molecular weight ginsenosides.

Background: Hot steaming is known to be effective in improving the biological activities of plant extracts by breaking down useful compounds to low molecular weight ones. Methods and Results: This study aimed to develop an optimal extraction and steam processing method for enhancing the low molecular ginsenoside contents of the adventitious roots culture of wild mountain ginseng. The total ginsenoside was optimally extracted when 70% EtOH was used at 50℃, whereas low molecule ginsenoside such as Rg2, Rh1, Rh4 and Rk1 could be extracted using 70% EtOH at 70℃. The adventitious roots culture of wild mountain ginseng is known to contain four major ginsenosides, i.e., Rb2, Rb1, Rg1 and Rd, however new ginsenosides Rg6, Rh4, Rg3, Rk1 and Rg5 were new abundantly obtaind after steam processing method was applied. The contents of total ginsenosides were the highest when thermal steam processing was conducted at 120℃ for 120 min. Unlike ginsenosides such as Rg1, Re, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, and Rh1, which decreased after steam processing, Rg3, Rk1, and Rg5 increased after thermal processing. Steam processing significanltly reduced the content of Rb1, increased that of Rg6 by about ten times than that in the adventitious roots culture of wild mountain ginseng. Conclusions: Our study showed that the optimal extraction and steam processing method increased the content of total ginsenosides and allowed the extraction of minor ginsenosides from major ones.

The present study aims to investigate how well Google Voice Actions, an automatic speech recognition system, recognizes Korean young English learners’ pronunciation of English words. To achieve this aim, the current study arranged for 18 Korean elementary school students to pronounce 219 English words and recorded their pronunciation. Then, the intelligibility of their pronunciation was measured using Google Voice Actions. The current study analyzed the measured intelligibility of Google Voice Actions in terms of the phonemic difficulty and familiarity the learners have with the words. The phonemic difficulty of each word was labelled as Group 1 to 5, depending on the number of difficult phonemic elements it contains. The familiarity of each word was also measured through a questionnaire. The findings revealed that the accuracy in Google Voice Actions’ recognition was closely related to the students’the phonemic difficulties and familiarity of the words. Interestingly, the pronunciation of words in Group 5 gained the highest recognition scores and that of Group 1 the second highest scores. Those of Group 2, 3, and 4 recorded lower recognition scores than the two groups. These results suggest that the more phonemic information the pronunciation of a word provides, the more relevant clues would be available for Google Voice Actions. This increases the possibility of successful search from the speech database.

An allo-octoploid strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) is one of the most important vegetable crops in Korea. However, there were few genomic researches of strawberry due to polyploidy and complexity of its genome. In this study, we aimed to construct a genetic linkage map of strawberry using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers that were developed through a next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis. Two strawberry varieties, ‘Sulhyang’ and ‘Senga-sengana’, were used as a maternal and a paternal parent, respectively, and their F1 generation consisting of 94 individuals was used for construction of a genetic linkage map. A total of 19.0 Gbp (‘Sulhyang’) and 21.8 Gbp (‘Senga-sengana’) of genomic sequences were obtained through NGS analysis. Subsequently, approximately 87,000 SNPs were identified and 1,154 primer sets for high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis were designed through bioinformatic analysis. In result, a total of 224 polymorphic HRM markers were developed and 205 markers were mapped on the genetic linkage map of strawberry, which total length was 800.8 cM and the number of linkage groups were 30. This SNP-based genetic linkage map and the 224 SNP markers will be very helpful for the genomic and genetic researches of allo-octoploid strawberry.