The nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is the causal pathogen of pine wilt disease in Korea. Currently, it is reported that B. mucronatus also has a low pathogenicity. Despite this difference in pathogenicity, it is very difficult to differentiate these two species due to similarity in morphological characters. The sequence variation of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and intergenic spacer (IGS) regions of ribosomal DNA has been used for species identification and phylogeny of B. xylophilus and B. mucronatus. But, the IGS region sequence data of B. mucronatus has been only reported in Portugal. In this study, We analyzed genetic variation on ITS and IGS regions of B. xylophilus and B. mucronatus (Asian genotype, European genotype) based on rDNA gene sequences, and conducted phylogeography using TCS network. When the each isolates was determined the phylogenetic analysis using the neighbor-joining method, Bursaphelenchus species were divided into each groups, and showed low variation within each species. In the TCS analysis, The isolate of B. xylophilus and B. mucronatus (Asian genotype and European genotype) were divided into each groups and confirmed slightly genetic distance within species. B. mucronatus European genotype has possibility of new species different with Asian genotype.

As ubiquitous organisms entomopathogenic fungi may natually occur within environment including phylloplanes and soil or deposite and survive for a while after spraying a fungal suspension to control insect pest. The existence of pathogenic fungi is a threat to arthropods foraging for food and oviposition sites. The detection and avoidance of pathogens is important for host survival, longevity and ultimate fitness. Although entomopathogenic fungi are ubiquitous worldwide and act as common natural enemies of many invertebrate species, very few studies have conducted abiut the detection and avoidance of pathogenic fungi by insect pest. We have studied that an insect pest can recognize a high virulence fungi on crop surface, avoid oviposition and don’t enter the field treated their pathogen.

호산구성 담낭염은 비교적 드문 질환으로 다른 일반적인 원인의 담낭염과 비교하여 증상, 검사실 소견 및 이학적 검사에 있어 차이가 없어, 주로는 수술 후 진단하게 된다. 한편, 호산구성 방광염은 호산구성 담낭염과 마찬가지로 드 물게 발생하며 이 역시 조직학적 진단을 통해서만 확진된다. 본 저자들은 우상복부통증으로 내원하여 급성 담낭담 관염으로 담낭절제술 시행 후 호산구성 담낭염이 진단된 환자에서, 수술 후에도 경도의 말초혈액 호산구증가증의 지속과 만성 하부 요로 증상으로 인해 경요로방광조직검사 후 호산구성 방광염의 병발을 국내 최초로 확인하였고, 과호산구증가증후군으로 발현한 호산구성 담낭담관염 및 방광염 진단하에, 이에 대해 스테로이드 투약을 통해 증상 및 말초혈액 호산구증가증의 소실을 경험하였기에 문헌고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다.

Demand for organic agriculture has greatly increased in the past decade. The objective of this study was to evaluate quality the characteristics and antioxidant activities of organically and conventionally grown carrots. Organically and conventionally grown carrots were harvested in Jeju Island, Korea. Carrot extracts were investigated for their antioxidative components (total phenolic and flavonoid contents) and their antioxidant activities (DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities). The quality characteristics of carrots were estimated in terms of hardness, length, weight, moisture contents, and soluble solid content (SSC). Conventionally grown carrots showed higher values than organic carrot in terms of hardness (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference in moisture contents or SSC. In the case of antioxidant activity, organic carrots showed a higher value for DPPH radical scavenging activity (p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in other antioxidants. Consequently, quality characteristics and antioxidant activities were different between organically and conventionally grown carrots.

A large-scale neutral hydrogen (H i) ring serendipitously found in the Leo I galaxy group is 200 kpc in diameter with MHi ~ 1:67 X 109M⊙, unique in size in the Local Universe. It is still under debate where this Hi ring originated - whether it has formed out of the gas remaining after the formation of a galaxy group (primordial origin) or been stripped during galaxy-galaxy interactions (tidal origin). We are investigating the optical and Hi gas properties of the dwarf galaxies located within the gas ring in order to probe its formation mechanism. In this work, we present the photometric properties of the dwarfs inside the ring using the CFHT MegaCam u*, g', r' and i'-band data. We discuss the origin of the gas ring based on the stellar age and metal abundance of dwarf galaxies contained within it.

In a conventional sense, dried-spermatozoa are all dead and motionless due to the lost of their natural ability to penetrate oocytes both in vivo and in vitro. However, their nuclei are completely able to contribute to normal embryonic development even after long-term preservation in a dried state when the dried-spermatozoa are microinjected into the oocytes. In this sense, dried spermatozoa must still be alive. Thus, defining spermatozoa as alive or dead seems rather arbitrary. Several drying method of sperm including freeze-drying, evaporative/convective-drying and heat-drying were represented in this review. Although the drying protocol reported here will need further improvement, the results suggest that it may be possible to store the male genetic resources.

본 연구에서는 만성질환의 주요 위험인자인 비만을 예방 하기 위한 식품소재로서 3T3-L1세포를 이용하여 탈피한 도 토리의 항비만 효과를 알아보고자 하였다. 3T3-L1 세포에서 생존율(MTT assay)을 측정한 결과, AE와 AW 시료 모두 500 μg/mL 농도에서는 다소 생존율의 감소를 보여, 300 μg/mL를 최종 농도로 정하였다. 3T3-L1 세포의 지질축적 억제 효과를 측정한 결과, 농도 100 μg/mL로 처리하였을 때 두 시료 모두 지질축적량의 증가를 보였으나, 200 μg/mL 처리농도에서 AE 시료는 82%로, AW 시료는 74%로 감소되다가 300 μg/mL 농 도에서는 두 시료 모두 약 53% 수준까지 지질축적이 억제되 었다. 3T3-L1 세포에서 중성지방 억제 효과를 확인한 결과, AE 시료의 경우 200 μg/mL 농도에서 11%의 감소율, 300 μg/mL 농도에서 42% 수준의 감소율을 보였다. AW 시료도 200 μg/ mL 농도에서 5%의 감소율과 300 μg/mL에서 41%의 감소율 을 보였다. 3T3-L1 세포의 ROS 생성량을 측정한 결과, 시료 농도 200 μg/mL에서 AE는 42%, AW는 33%로 300 μg/mL에 서는 AE는 58%, AW는 52%로 ROS 생성량의 억제를 보였다. 3T3-L1 세포에서 mRNA 발현에 미치는 영향을 대조군과 비 교하였을 때 두 시료(AE와 AW) 모두 300 μg/mL 농도에서 PPAR-γ은 54%와 38%, aP2는 40%와 18% 수준의 발현을 억 제시키는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때 탈피한 도토 리는 3T3-L1 세포의 분화를 억제함으로써 새로운 항비만 소 재로의 가능성이 있는 것으로 판단된다.

Extracts from Aloe vera leaves, Aloe arborescens leaves, Aloe vera callus, Portulaca oleracea and cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) bean husk (CBH) were prepared using acetone, chloroform, ethanol, hexane, and water. Solvent extracts of Aloe vera leaf had very high antioxidant activities showing IC50 values in the ranges of 0.02-0.17 mg/ mL, and had the highest total phenolic and flavonoid content among the tested samples. We hypothesized that Aloe vera leaf and CBH extracts might possess considerable in vitro anti-glycation activities. Indeed, these extracts strongly inhibited the formation of advanced glycation end-products from RNase in the presence of ribose. The chloroform extract of Aloe vera leaf showed the strongest inhibition of AGE formation (99.9%), followed by the 95% acetone extract (92.8%) at a concentration of 1 mg/mL, exhibiting higher anti-glycation activities than those of AG and rutin (73.4% and 96.1% at 1 mg/mL, respectively). The anti-glycation activity of all extracts was correlated positively with their total contents of phenolics and flavonoids. We conclude that Aloe vera leaf extracts and their constituents may be used as anti-glycation agents.

발프로산은 가장 보편적으로 사용되는 항간질제로서 약제 유발성 췌장염의 흔한가능한 원인으로 잘 알려져 있다. 그 러나 발프로산 유발성 췌장염의 유해사례로서발프로산 유 발성 췌장염의 국소 합병증으로서 췌장 가성낭종은 매우 드 물며 주로 소아청소년기에 호발한다고 알려져 있다. 또한 이로 인한 발프로산 유발성 췌장염에 병발된 출혈성 가성낭종 은 보고된 증례가 없을 정도로 드물다. 이에 본 저자들은 발 프로산을 복약한 후 발생한 급성 출혈성 췌장 가성낭종을 경 피적 배액술로 성공적으로 치료한 증례를 보고하고자 한다.

S. maltophilia 는 그람 음성 호균성 간균으로 장기간의 입원이나 과거 항생제를 사용한 경우 감염의 위험이 증가한다. 폐렴, 요로 감염 등을 흔히 유발하지만, 담도 감염은 매우 드물다. 입원 환자에서 동정이 증가되고 있으며, 자주 사용되는 항생제에 내재 내성을 가지거나 면역이 억제된 환자에서 감염을 일으키기 때문에 임상적으로 중요하다. 저자들은 만 성 B형 간염에 의한 간경변과 담낭 결석 환자에서 B형 간염에 의한 급성 간부전으로 치료하던 과정에서 발생한 S. maltophilia 균혈증에 의한 급성 담낭염 1예를 경험하여 문헌고찰과 함께 보고한다.

An easy and rapid resistance detection protocol for the Western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis was established based on the residual contact vial bioassay (RCV), in which insecticide resistance levels can be estimated at 8 h-post treatment of diagnostic doses. The RDA strain was used as a reference susceptible strain, which has been reared under laboratory conditions over 10 years without exposure to any insecticides. Seven insecticides were tested for the determination of diagnostic dose. Among them, five insecticides (chlorfenapyr, acrinathrin, spinosad, emmamectin benzoate and thiamethoxam, ranged as 0.03 ~ 0.42 μg-1cm2) were applicable to the RCV. However, two insecticides (omethoate and imidacloprid) were not able to be used for the RCV because the treated inner surface of glass vials by these insecticides were too viscous, causing non-specific mortality. The RCV detection kit was employed for the estimation of resistance levels for the five insecticides in five local populations. Almost field-collected populations revealed high levels of resistance to the four insecticides (acrinathrin, spinosad, emmamectin benzoate and thiamethoxam) by showing less than 50% mortality. The baseline resistance detection by RCV method will facilitate the selection of proper insecticides for farmers to manage insecticide resistant-populations of F. occidentalis.

The oedemerid species Oedemera sexualis Marseul, 1877 is reported for the first time from Korea. The genus Oedemera Olivier, 1789, within subfamily Oedemerinae and family Oedemeridae, is one of the common oedemerid beetles being widely distributed throughout the world. The world-widespread genus Oedemera is presented 3 subgenera and 104 species in Palaearctic region. Until now, 8 species and subspecies were recorded in Korea. O. sexualis was found in Is. Yongcho and Is. Bijin in Tongyeong-si, Gyeongsangnamdo of Korea, bringing the number of Korean Oedemera species to 9 species. In this study, we report the taxonomic key to the genus Oedemera of Korea, and morphological description of O. sexualis.

The online game market has rapidly increased worldwide, especially in China. In 2012, the world game market equaled 111.7 billion. Many game companies compete by launching new online games in various genres. In 2010, Activision Blizzard reported that the World of Warcraft (WOW) is the world’s most popular online game. Chinese gamers constitute more than half of WOW’s 10 million users. Korea is the second largest gaming market. Thus many foreign game companies target Korea and China, in competition with domestic game companies. The purposes are 1) to understand the role of country of origin and /or brand image in game consumer behavior, 2) to find out the difference of game evaluation between game users in China and Korea, and 3) to draw strategic implication game marketers. Consumers expect products from advanced countries to provide superior performance, so they often look to country of origin in evaluating products. Recently, consumers have looked to brand image as another key element in product evaluation. In this research, we study whether gamers evaluate games on the basis of country of origin and/or brand image. In this paper, we add to the gaming research and suggest that the online game market has three dimensions. First, online games are products. Second, online games are service. Last, online games are entertainment. Data collection resulted in 355 usable responses from online game (LOL) users in Korea(166) and China(189). We conduct factor analysis and reliability analysis to check reliability and validity. Country of Origin is the key element for product evaluation of utilitarian goods but it doesn’t have significant effect on product evaluation of hedonic products which mainly provide sensual pleasure, fantasy, and fun to customers such as luxury goods or online game (Dhar & Wertenbroch, 2000).

Nitidulid beetles of the genus Aethina Erichson, 1843 are a well-known group as harmful to agricultural and apicultural industry, especially including A. tumida, an American small hive beetle, which is a beekeeping pest. The world-widespread genus Aethina, within subfamily Nitidulinae and family Nitidulidae, is presented 5 subgenera and 28 species in Palaearctic region. Until now, 2 subgenera, Aethina s. str. and Aethina (Circopes), and 3 species, A. (A.) flavicollis, A. (A.) inconspicua and A. (C.) suturallis, have been recorded in Korea, and we added one more species, A. (A.) maculicollis as a newly recorded species. The larvae of A. (A.) maculicollis have been reported as pests of mulberry fruits in Japan. In this study, we report the taxonomic key to the genus Aethina of Korea, and morphological description of A. (A.) maculicollis.

Urbanization is one of the leading causes of habitat loss, habitat degradation, and fragmentation. Urban development negatively affects biodiversity. This study aimed to clarify the change of butterfly communities on effect of urbanization in urban green areas. Butterfly survey was conducted using the line transect methods from April to October in 2012. A total of 59 species and 1,465 individuals of butterflies were observed in four urban green areas: Namsan Park (NS), Ewha Womans University (EW), Bukseoul Dream Forest (BD), and Hongneung Forest (HF), and natural forest: Gwangneung Forest (GF). The category of land use around study site was determined based on GIS data. Species richness and abundance of niche breadth and habitat type in urban green areas differed significantly from those in GF. Estimated species richness and species diversity (H’) in four urban green areas were significantly lower than those in GF. Species richness and abundance of forest interior species and specialist were positively correlated with paddy, field, and forest, whereas those of forest interior species and specialist were negatively correlated with urban area and road. Butterfly communities in four urban green area differed from that in GF. The result suggests that the decrease of paddy, field, and forest associated with increase of urban area and road negatively influences species composition and changes butterfly communities.

The aim of the present study is to explore the relative contribution of working memory capacity to second language reading comprehension of Korean college students in comparison with L1 reading comprehension ability, L2 vocabulary knowledge, and L2 grammatical knowledge. Further, it attempts to examine whether the role played by working memory span differs depending on the proficiency levels of L2 learners. The study was conducted with 78 L2 learners of English who were classified into two different groups―a low-proficiency and a high-proficiency group—according to their English proficiency levels. The results of a step-wise multiple regression analysis revealed that working memory capacity made a significant contribution to L2 reading comprehension of advanced users of English above and beyond other variables; working memory capacity alone explained around 37.9% of the variance in L2 reading comprehension. However, for the low-proficiency group, vocabulary knowledge explained a larger variance in L2 reading comprehension. The findings from the study suggest that as L2 learners become more competent users of English, working memory span emerges as a more direct predictor of L2 reading comprehension.

In the initial genetic studies about pancreatitis in Korea, gene mutations were thought to be rare. However, the recent findings of PRSS1, SPINK1, and CFTR mutations in patients with idiopathic chronic pancreatitis or inherited cases of chronic pancreatitis are much more common than originally predicted. Therefore, it is important to identify underlying genetic background in idiopathic chronic pancreatitis to avoid progression and development of complications. In addition, concentrated and strict follow-up must be given to the patients because of very high risk of pancreatic cancer. However, it is also true that studies about genetics in pancreatitis were not enough to compare with Western studies. Accordingly, further large scale studies are necessary to find other unknown possible genes that could be related to the chronic and hereditary pancreatitis.