Nowadays, artificial intelligence model approaches such as machine and deep learning have been widely used to predict variations of water quality in various freshwater bodies. In particular, many researchers have tried to predict the occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms in inland water, which pose a threat to human health and aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, the objective of this study were to: 1) review studies on the application of machine learning models for predicting the occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms and its metabolites and 2) prospect for future study on the prediction of cyanobacteria by machine learning models including deep learning. In this study, a systematic literature search and review were conducted using SCOPUS, which is Elsevier’s abstract and citation database. The key results showed that deep learning models were usually used to predict cyanobacterial cells, while machine learning models focused on predicting cyanobacterial metabolites such as concentrations of microcystin, geosmin, and 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) in reservoirs. There was a distinct difference in the use of input variables to predict cyanobacterial cells and metabolites. The application of deep learning models through the construction of big data may be encouraged to build accurate models to predict cyanobacterial metabolites.

Invasive predators are one of the most damaging species groups to biodiversity. In the Nakdong River, the lake skygazer Chanodichthys erythropterus is a dominant species that is fiercely carnivorous and a concern for commercial fish. Although it is important to understand the ecological characteristics related to the feeding habit, studies on the diets of lake skygazer in Nakdong River have been limited to studies of gut contents. In this study, the trophic position (TP) and feeding habits of C. erythropterus were studied by calculating TPs using samples collected from 13 sites throughout the Nakdong River. Compound-specific isotopic analysis of amino acids provided reliable TPs from the muscle of Lake skygazer C. erythropterus without any isotope baseline. The results were approximately 3 to 3.6 and suggesting a carnivorous but size-dependent prey variation. In particular, the TP variability of C. erythropterus observed in the Nakdong River showed that it had a selective feeding habit compared to carnivorous fish species of relatively similar trophic levels.

Benthic attached diatoms (BADs), a major primary producer in lotic stream and river ecosystems are micro-sized organisms and require a highly magnified microscopic technique in the observation work. Thus, it is often not easy to ensure accuracy and precision in both qualitative and quantitative analyses. This study proposed a new technique applicable to improve quality control of aquatic ecosystem monitoring and assessment using BADs. In order to meet the purpose of quality control, we developed a permanent mounting slide technique which can be used for both qualitative and quantitative analyses simultaneously. We designed specimens with the combination of grid on both cover and slide glasses and compared their efficiency. As a result of observation and counting of BADs, the slide glass designed with the color-lined grid showed the highest efficiency compared to other test conditions. We expect that the method developed in this study could be effectively used to analyze BADs and contributed to improve the quality control in aquatic ecosystem health monitoring and assessment.

Ethyl formate (EF) is a naturally occurring insecticidal compound and is used to control pests introduced from abroad, in quarantine, by a fumigation method. In particular, it is mainly used as a substitute for methyl bromide and is less toxic to humans and less harmful to plants. This study aimed to investigate the possible acute toxicity of EF to useful organisms, and how to reduce phytotoxicity in watermelon, zucchini, and oriental melon. After fumigation with EF for 2 h, the LC50 values for earthworms, honey bees, and silkworms were 39.9, 7.09, and 17.9 g m-3, respectively. The degree of susceptibility to EF was in the order of earthworms, silkworms, and honey bees based on the LC50 value, and EF fumigation induced stronger acute toxicity to honey bees. Phytotoxicity was observed in watermelon leaves treated with a concentration of 7.5 g m-3 EF, and when treated with a concentration of 10.0 g m-3, it was confirmed that the edges of watermelon leaves were charred and seemed to be damaged by acids. Zucchini and melon, and other cucurbits, showed strong damage to the leaves when treated with a concentration of 10 g m-3, and sodium silicate, at concentrations of 10% and 20%, was used to reduce phytotoxicity. Therefore, acute toxicity towards nontarget organisms and phytotoxicity during the fumigation of EF should be reduced for efficient agricultural pest control.

본 연구는 광질이 장미의 꽃잎 착색에 미치는 영향에 대한 기초자료를 얻고자 수행했다. 꽃눈 분화가 시작된 미니 장미 5품종 ‘Berigamo’(yellowish white), ‘Elpaso Yellow’(yellow), ‘Elpaso’ (bicolor, yellow+orange), ‘Meggiore’(pink), ‘Maasland’(red)를 대상으로 3주간 광질처리를 실시하였다. 광질처리는 300μmol·m-2·s-1 백 색광(W) 대조구와 210μmol·m-2·s-1 백색광에 적색(R), 녹색(G), 청색(B), 원적외선(FR) 및 자외선 B(UVB)을 각 90μmol·m-2·s-1 보광하여 대조구와 동일한 PPFD로 설정하였다. 광질의 꽃잎착색 효과는 품종 특이적으로 R, FR, UVB 보광은 특히 분홍색 품종에서 각각 19.0%, 28.8%, 6.4% 착색을 증진시킨 반면, G와 B 보광은 안토시아닌 함량을 각각 17.8%, 19.0% 감소시켰 다. 황색 품종에서는 UVB보광으로 카로티노이드 함량이 19.6% 증가하였다.

Cnidium officinale M. is an important crop that is widely used as a raw material for health functional foods. However, it is experiencing cultivation difficulties due to climate change and abnormally high temperatures. In response to this problem, the characteristics and main causes of the high-temperature damage occurring in C. officinale M. cultivation fields were analyzed. A survey of five farmhouse fields in Jecheon and Bonghwa, major C. officinale M. cultivation areas in Korea in 2018, indicated that about 5% to 37% of the cultivation fields in Jecheon and 5% to 15% of the fields in Bonghwa died from wilting. The high-temperature damage of the C. officinale M. fields is divided into two categories: upper leaves drying due to solar radiation and temperature, and lower leaves dying serially to the radiant heat of the vinyl mulch. Damage caused by radiant heat was typically greater. This is due to the greenhouse effect that occurs in the small space between the black vinyl mulching and the soil. The heat radiated to the surface of the ridge creating an environmental condition that greatly exceeded the atmospheric temperature especially on hot days. As a result, short plants with underground parts, such as C. officinale M., can suffer more high-temperature damage than other plants, so it is considered that it is necessary to develop related technologies such as mulching materials that can reduce pavement temperature in the future.

The purpose of this paper is to examine how late Joseon art scene interpreted and reflected the concept of “The four masters of Yuan dynasty (元四大家, from this out I’ll mark it as a Yuan-sadaega)” into landscape paintings during the late 18th to the first half of the 19th century. This study employs a comparative approach, analyzing paintings created during this period in Korea and China, particularly those featuring Yuan-sadaega, while also investigating written records. The understanding of the Yuan-sadaega and their paintings began through the early 17th century Gosi's painting manuals(顧氏畵譜). Through Heo Guseo (許九敍)'s works and literary records, It can be observed that the perception of Yuan sadaega's artworks and artistic aspects during at least the late 18th century was established within the art community. Notably, a distinct shift in the understanding of painters and the composition of Yuan-sadaega is observed in the trends of the late 18th and first half of the 19th century. In the late 18th century, the use of dwelling in the mountain(山居) image into landscapes in Yuan-sadaega compositions is evident, particularly in works by artists like Won Myeong-ung(元命雄) and Jeong Su-yeong(鄭遂榮). This trend is rooted in the contemporaneous significance of the art scene that produced a variety of paintings with the theme of ‘benevolence and daily life and in the shared understanding of the Yuan-sadaega as recluse(隱士) within the artistic community. This collective perception of the Yuan-sadaega seems to have been influenced by the influx of theories and writings on painting by Dong qi chang(董其昌) and by the circulation of painting manuals. The early 19th century, a new a new type of painting emerged alongside Bangjak(倣作, paintings of creative imitation) about the Yuan-sadaega, known as ‘Bangjak about Yuan dynasty painters(倣元人山水圖). Through the works of Kim Jeong-hee(金正喜) and Heo Ryeon(許鍊), it is noteworthy that various scenes are depicted under the same theme. This reflects the establishment of universal values and standards for literary painting within the art community. This process led to the term ‘Ni-hwang(倪黃, abbreviation of Ni zan and Hwang gong wang)’ emerging and the concept expanding under the term ‘Yuan-in’ (元人, the symbol of Yuan art scean). As a result, the desired artistic style pursued by the contemporary artistic community was encompassed under the universal concept of ‘Yuan-in,’ and ‘Bangjak about Yuan dynasty painters’ came to embody this comprehensive theme

In this study, in order to establish a strategy for developing an fire following earthquake risk assessment method that can utilize domestic public databases(building datas, etc.), the method of calculating the ignition and fire-spread among the fire following earthquake risk assessment methodologies proposed by past researchers is investigated After investigating and analyzing the methodology used in the HAZUS-MH earthquake model in the United States and the fire following earthquake risk assessment methodology in Japan, based on this, a database such as a domestic building data utilized to an fire following earthquake risk assessment method suitable for domestic circumstances (planned) was suggested.

요나라는 동서의 교통로 중심에 있었던 지리적인 이점으로 서쪽으로는 이슬람 문명과 적 극 교류하며 상호적으로 많은 영향을 주고받았으며, 접경국이었던 송 및 고려와 교류하며 선 진 제자 기술을 활용은 물론 개성있는 그들의 문화를 전하기도 하였다. 주지하다시피, 10-12세기 동아시아의 도자는 뛰어난 제작 기술을 가지고 있던 송과 고 려에 의해 주도되었다. 동양도자사상 최고급의 청자와 백자가 생산되며, 명실상부한 자기의 시대였다. 반면 북방에 자리 잡은 유목 민족국가였던 요나라의 도자는 저품질의 도기로 점철 된다. 비록 초원 유목국가로서 동시기 중원의 송과 접경국 고려와 비교했을 때 뛰어난 제자 기술은 없었지만, 반대로 유목민족의 특성상 자유분방한 기질을 장점 삼아 활발한 대외교류 를 통해 독자적인 도자문화를 이룩하였다. 그중 색색의 연유도기는 제자 기술이 부족했던 요의 입장에서 가장 손쉽게 일정 수준까지 도달할 수 있었던 대상이었다. 요삼채에 보이는 이슬람 요소와 페르시아 삼채와의 관계, 고 려상형청자에 보이는 어룡형의 요소들은 요대 도자가 10-12세기 동아시아 다문화 시대 도 자 문화의 가교 역할을 하고 있었음을 잘 보여준다.