Monascus anka KFCC 4478의 적색소 생산력을 증가시키기 위하여 발효조 배양조건을 검토한 후, 탄소원을 연속적 또는 간헐적으로 공급하는 유기배양을 하였다. 5l 용량의 발효조를 이용하여 배양시 교반속도 200rpm, 통기량 1vvm 및 종균 접종량 10%(v/v)일 때 색소 생성량이 최대였다. 또한 벽면에 부착된 균사체를 재접종함으로써 색소 생성력이 향상되었다. Intermittent feeding fed-batch culture에 의하여 배양 9일만에 30g/l의 건조균체와 350(A_495)의 색소가 생성되었으며, continuous feeding fed-batch culture에 의하여 22g/l의 건조균체와 190(A_495)의 색소가 얻어졌다. 따라서 본 균주에 의하여 적색소를 생산코자 할 경우는 회분배양보다 유기배양이 더 우수한 것으로 나타났다.

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of legume cover crop culture on earthworm fauna in organic farmland. We compared sod culture with two kinds of legume crops of hairy vetch and crimson clover on organic citrus orchard to natural sod culture and conventional orchards in Jeju Island. We analyzed the soil characteristics and investigated the density of earthworms from the orchards. Organic matter content did not show much difference in soil analysis between organic and conventional orchard. But the biomass of earthworms in organic orchards is 3.8 times to 7.0 times higher than that in conventional cultivated orchards, and individuals of earthworms on organic orchards were 2.3~18 times higher than conventional orchards. The biomass of earthworms on hairy vetch and crimson clover cultivation was 44.8 g, 47.2 g in 2016, and 78.7 g, 31.8 g in 2017, respectively, which were higher than 32.8 g and 9.5 g of those on natural sod cultivation. Through this study, we found that hairy vetch and crimson clover cultivation improve the earthworm occurrence density in the soil on organic citrus orchard.

The questionnaire survey was conducted on 225 farmers in Gyeonggi-do, Jeollanam-do and Jeollabuk-do. A total of 189 (84%) farmers responded. 72% of the respondents were males, 50.3% were aged 60 or older, and 51.3% had less than 5 years of farming experience. 78.8% of the respondents are pesticide-free, and 44.4% of respondents have less than 0.5 ha of farming scale. 61.4% of the cultivated crops were vegetable crops. The order of seeds and seedlings to buy was tomato (23.3%), cucumber (12.2%) and pepper (10.6%). The cost of purchasing seeds ranged from a minimum of 100,000 won to a maximum of 5 million won. 78.3% of respondents answered that they well-knew or knew about organic seeds. 78.3% of respondents answered that they knew or knew about organic seeds. Of the positive effects of mandatory use of organic seeds, 41.3% of respondents said they would increase confidence in organic certification. However, 41% of respondents who opposed the mandatory use of organic seeds said that “The strengthening of regulations will make organic agriculture more difficult.” When the use of organic seeds is mandatory, 43.4% of the respondents favor direct support for the purchase of organic seeds, which should be supported politically by the state. When organic seeds were supplied, the disease resistant seeds (53.4%) was the preferred characteristic of organic seeds. For the optimal price of organic seeds, 38.6% of respondents wanted the same price as the commercialized conventional seed. In this study, the questionnaire was conducted for three major organic farming regions, but many of the respondents were judged to have a legal position on the mandatory use of organic seeds. Therefore, the results of this study can be used as a basic data for reviewing the legislation on the organic seed production and distribution suitable for the situation of Korean organic farming.

본 연구는 클로렐라 건조분말을 산란계의 사료에 첨가해서 계란의 품질과 난황의 지방산 조성에 미치는 영향에 대해서 분석하였다. 시험에 사용한 유기 산란계 사료의 수분함량은 약 12.8%, 회분함량은 10.8%, 조단백질함량은 18.0%, 조지방 함량은 2.5%이었다. 사료에 첨가한 클로렐라분말의 수분함량은 약 1.54%, 회분함량은 6.53%, 조단백질은 54.56%, 조지방 함량은 2.45%이었다. 계란 난각의 색깔은 클로렐라를 급여한 후, 시간의 경과에 따라 대조구에 비해 유의적으로 진해졌다. 파각강도는 클로렐라를 급여한 후, 10일까지 증가하였으며 대조구에 비해 유의적으로 강하였다. 계란 난각의 두께도 클로렐라를 급여한 것이 대조구에 비해 유의적으로 두꺼웠다. 클로렐라 급여한 계란 난백의 높이는 대조구에 비해 높았다. 계란 난백의 품질 기준이 되는 호유닛은 클로렐라를 급여한지 10일 후, 92.0 HU로 대조구(84.8 HU)에 비해 유의적으로 높았다. 클로렐라를 급여한 계란 난황의 황색도도 대조구에 비해 유의적으로 진한 황색을 나타내었다. 클로렐라를 급여한 계란의 무게는 급여 15일 후, 대조구에 비해 7.5% 증가하였으며, 단백질함량은 급여 10일과 15일 후, 대조구에 비해 각각 11.9%, 10.7% 증가하였다. 클로렐라 급여에 따른 계란 노른자의 지방산 함량의 변화를 조사한 바, 난황의 주요 지방산 조성은 oleic acid, trans-linoleic acid, palmitic acid, α-linolenic acid, stearic acid, DHA, EPA, palmitoleic acid, heptadecanoic acid 순으로 나타났다. Palmitoleic acid는 클로렐라를 급여한 처리구가 대조구에 비해 감소하였다. 포화지방산은 클로렐라를 급여한 계란보다 대조구에서 높게 나타났고, 불포화지방산은 대조구보다 클로렐라를 급여한 계란에서 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. 불포화지방산과 포화지방산의 비율은 대조구보다 클로렐라를 급여한 계란이 높았다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 클로렐라 생균분말을 산란계의 사료에 첨가해서 급여할 경우 계란의 품질 향상과 난황의 불포화지방산 함량을 높이는데 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 판단된다.

블루라이트는 가시광선영역의 파장 중 가장 에너지가 높은 파장으로 피부노화 유발 및 활성산소를 유발하는 것으로 알려져 있으며, 피부의 유해 기작에 관한 연구가 진행 중이다. 화장품 분야에서의 블루라이트 차단 소재 연구 및 관련 제형연구는 아직 초기 단계에 있으며, 블루라이트 차단 측정과 관련된 시험법 또한 명확하게 정립되어 있지 않다. 블루라이트 차단 효능 평가 시험법은 해외 자외선 차단제의 차단효과 평가 방법을 참고하여 확립하였다. 국내에 고시되어 있는 자외선 차단제 원료 27종 중 17종에 대하여 블루라이트 차단효과를 평가하였으며, 블루라이트 차단 효과는 징크옥사이드가 14.97%, 비스에칠헥실옥시페놀메톡시페닐트리아진이 16.32%, 메칠렌비스-벤조트리아졸릴테트라메칠부틸페놀이 35.47%, 티타늄디옥사이드가 65.96% 순으로 나타났다. 또 한 동일 함량의 티타늄디옥사이드의 입자크기에 따른 블루라이트 차단효과를 확인한 결과 Nano-티타늄디옥사이드 보다 Micro-티타늄디옥사이드가 두 배 이상의 차단효과가 높게 나타냈다. 제시된 블루라이트 차단효과 평가 시험법은 블루라이트 차단 소재 탐색 및 화장품 제형 연구에 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

This study was carried out to investigate the damage patterns, the occurrence and migration time of Pseudococcus comstocki and in order to improve the control effect of organic agricultural materials (OAMs). The experiment was carried out at Okcheon’s organic vineyard (2,500 ㎡, sandy loam, manure) where planted 8~9 year old ‘Muscat of Alexandria’ vines. The comstock mealybug’s migration to grape clusters occurred from the middle of July, and produced eggs in the grape clusters from the end of July, and the density of the comstock mealybug was highest at 0.6/㎠ in late August. The number and fruit damage of comstock mealybug in eco-friendly vineyards were higher than in conventional culture vineyard. And the marketability of green variety grape was more damaged from comstock mealybug than the black variety grape. Toxicities of 8 OAMs were evaluated to comstock mealybug at the recommended concentration. As a results, Lightyellow sophora and Derris extracts exhibited strong insecticidal activity with 100% mortality. When the Lightyellow sophora extract was uniformly distributed on the vine from early-July to mid-July, fruit damage reduction rate was 96.2% and 84.6%, respectively. So commercial grapes could be harvested. Therefore, it was considered to be effective to reduce fruit damage by controlling in early - late July (the green stage) when the comstock mealybug migrated to grape clusters in the vine greenhouse. In the future, it will be necessary to study the effect of external exposure time and momentum on the control of OAMs.

Purpose - Due to the lack of physical activities and the increase of sedentary behaviors such as screen time, the health condition for contemporaries has been deteriorating. This study is designed to investigate how the use of worktable or tools unfit for body and sedentary behaviors can exercise influence on muscular skeletal disease and how it has an impact on lowering work efficiency and the quality of life with the medium of the muscular skeletal disease. Research design, data, and methodology - The research has developed a questionnaire with 5 hypothesis. The questionnaires were also made by interview and E-mail. 350 copies of questionnaires were distributed and 315 questionnaire were used for the analysis as valid data responses. SPSS ver.22.0 were used and made Cronbach's and reliability test, correlation, Baron & α Kenny 3 step mediated regression analysis. Results - The research has found that living environment factors have positive effect on the occurrence of musculosketal disease. Particularly, repeated use of unfit worktable or tools has a positive effect on the muscular skeletal disorder. And sedentary lifestyle also has a positive effect on the disease. The musculoskeletal disease caused by living environment has a positive impact on lowering the work efficiency. This study has also showed that the muscular skeletal disease has mediated the relationship between the living environment factors and the decrease of work efficiency due to musculoskeletal disease. The musculoskeletal disorders can effect the decrease of the quality of life as well, for the decrease of work efficiency has a positive effect on lowering the quality of life. Conclusions - Sedentary lifestyles, the use of worktable unfit for body, and the repeated use of a tool have caused the increase of muscular-skeletal diseases, and reduction of productivity as well as the hight cost of medical treatment for our contemporaries. Understanding the cause of disease morbidity, finding ways to prevent the disease, and educating people about them would contribute not only to improvement of individual health but also to the advancement of welfare for all.

All bridges are inevitably undergoing deterioration over time. Therefore, it is necessary to predict the maintenance control and to properly manage the maintenance control cost by deriving the appropriate repair and reinforcement timing. The deterioration of bridges appears to vary according to the years of use of bridges and the exposed environment. In this study, the correlation between the deterioration factor of the winter season and the damage rate of the bridge deck was derived from 1117 total bridge data collected through the GPR(Ground Penetration Radar) system.

The occurrence and management of disease and pests in six organic peach orchards were surveyed from March 2015 to March 2017. In this period, the number of certified organic and non-chemical peach farms increased to 65.5% and 31.7%, respectively. Certified organic peach farms were selected based on more than 4,000 ㎡ of cultivation area and three tons of production, and their cultivation status was examined. All of the farms were either cultivated green manure crop or sod, and limited vegetation control to a minimum. For the management of soil nutrients, many farmers used livestock manure, oilcake and self-manufacturing liquid fertilizer. It was surveyed that bordeaux mixture, lime sulfur, pheromone for mating disruption of moths and plant extract were used for disease and pest control. The damage caused by the pests and diseases were 31.6% and 24.1%, respectively. The oriental fruit moth showed the highest damage rate (13.5%) in the organic peach orchards, followed by the brown rot (13.0%), peach fruit moth (7.3%) and bacterial shot hole (7.3%).

본 연구는 황토유황을 활용하여 벼 키다리병 발병을 최소화할 수 있는 최적 종자소독조 건을 선발하기 위해 수행되었다. 키다리병에 이병된 ‘신동진’ 품종 벼 종자를 공시하였고 황토유황 농도, 침지온도, 시간, 온탕여부를 구분하여 실내 및 온실검정을 통해 침지시간은 48시간, 침지농도는 1%로 최적 소독조건을 선발하였다. 그리고 모판과 포장시험을 수행하 여 온탕처리 후 20℃, 1% 황토유황에 48시간 침지 처리구와 30℃, 1% 황토유황에 48시간 단독 침지할 때 가장 효과가 높았다는 것을 확인하였고 위 처리조건으로 소독한 종자가 육 묘, 이앙, 출수기를 거치면서도 100%의 높은 방제효과가 유지되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 그러나 20℃에서 1% 황토유황으로 침지한 처리구에서는 포장에서 78.2%의 낮은 방제가를 보였다. 또한, 온탕소독만 수행한 처리구에서도 60℃, 10분간 충실히 수행될 경우 효과적인 벼 키다리병 방제가 가능함을 보여주었지만 온탕처리 후 황토유황으로 추가 침지함으로서 많은 양의 종자를 소독할 때 좀 더 나은 키다리병 방제 효과를 가져다 줄 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 농가에서 온탕소독기와 종자소독기 둘 중 한가지 만 구비하더라도 황토유황을 이용하여 충분한 소독효과를 낼 수 있기 때문에 현장에서 보 다 쉽게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단되며 제조방법이 쉽고 비용이 적게 드는 황토유황의 특성상 농가의 경영비 절감효과도 클 것으로 기대된다.

Eleven RAPD primers were assessed to analyze genetic diversity of Korean wheat varieties and to develop DNA marker for cultivar identification. The average of the number of polymorphic bands was 5.2 and PIC values showed 0.48, respectively. Ten major clades were presented by phylogenetic analysis. Three cultivars containing Uri, Hanbeak and Jonong were distinct from the others in the phylogenetic dendrogram. Seven cultivar-specific fragments were detected from 11 RAPD fingerprinting among 35 wheat cultivars and they were sequenced. Four Korean wheat cultivars, Eunpa, Jopoom, Yeonbaek and Jeokjoong, were identified newly by four markers, 84, 173, 174 and KWSM011. We convince that these new DNA markers are useful for cultivar fingerprinting and are applied to marker-assisted selection in wheat breeding program.

Characteristics of bond strength between AR-glass textile and fine concrete was performed through pull-out test with various transverse reinforced methods as number of lateral reinforced textile and transverse development length. In the both case of change in reinforcing method, bond strength was increased sharply in the first case.

Reinforced concrete is used as a main construction because it is excellent durability and strength. However, the problem of durability decrease due to enlargement, high-rise of structures and the cracking due to external force nowadays. Therefore, there is studying on the Textile Reinforced Concrete(TRC), which reinforcing bar changing into Textile. Also, studying on adhesion performance between concrete and Textile. Preceding studies have examined the adhesion performance of single fibers with no specific variable. It can not reflect about grid type and embedding length. Accordingly, on this study examines the change of bond strength according to bond length. As a result, the bond strength increased as the embedding length of the Textile increased, but there was not influence that the bond strength according to the lateral length.

본 실험은 식용유와 계란노른자를 재료로 한 난황유를 이용하여 담배가루이에 대한 방 제기술을 개발하기 위해 수행되었다. 파프리카의 담배가루이 약충에 난황유를 처리하였을 때, 94.5%의 높은 사충률을 보여 화학농약인 피리다벤과 유의차가 없었으나, 토마토의 담 배가루이 약충에는 41.4%의 사충률로 식물추출물인 님오일보다 낮게 나타났다. 하지만 토 마토에서 난황유 처리구와 님 처리구에서 성충의 사충률은 유사하였다. 난황유는 파프리카 와 토마토에서 담배가루이의 산란에 각각 75.8%와 52.7%의 저해효과를 보여주었다. 친환 경재배 포장에서 난황유를 2회 사용하였을 때 파프리카에서는 100%, 토마토에서는 무처리 구 대비 38%의 가루이류 방제효과가 나타났다.

This study aimed to determine the optimal harvesting time for covered barley to make grain silage, in Honam region of Korea. We harvested six varieties of barley every third day from 24 to 42 days after heading (DAH). The moisture content decreased from 62.4% at 24 DAH to 24% at 42 DAH. The moisture content at 36 DAH was 44.3%; however, moisture content at 39 and 42 DAH was lower than 40%. Yield of covered barley significantly increased from 24 to 42 DAH (p < 0.05). Yield at 36 DAH (557 kg/10a) was not significantly different from that at 39 and 42 DAH (p < 0.05). With respect to the feed value of barley grain silage, the amount of crude fiber and crude ash was different by harvesting time (p < 0.05). However, the amount of crude protein, crude fat, and total digestible nutrients (TDN) from 24 and 42 DAH was not significantly different. The pH of grain silage from 24 to 42 DAH was between 3.8 and 4.2 and it was stable until 36 DAH (p < 0.05). However, the pH of grain silage at 39 and 42 DAH was 5.2 and 5.8, respectively, which was higher than the pH of silage with good fermentation quality. The lactic acid content of barley grain silage from 24 to 42 DAH decreased from 5.5% to 0.5% (p < 0.05). The amount of lactic acid at 36 DAH was higher than that at 39 and 42 DAH (p < 0.05). With respect to moisture content, yield, feed value, and fermentation, the optimal harvesting time for grain silage of covered barley was 36 DAH. This could increase the use efficiency of harvesting machine for barley and reduce the harvesting time gap between whole barley silage and grain silage in Korea. Moreover, using barley grain silage for animal feed could reduce the import of corn.

Characteristics of bond strength between AR-glass textile and fine concrete was performed through pull-out test with various transverse reinforced methods as number of lateral reinforced textile and transverse development length. In the both case of change in reinforcing method, bond strength was increased sharply in the first case.

This study investigated the effect of organic materials (Bordeaux, Loess-sulfur) and the removal of apical shoot against downy mildew disease on cucumber cultivated in greenhouse. Five kinds of Bordeaux were made by adjusting mixing ratio of lime and copper sulfate in order to elucidate the optimal combination. The 4-6type Bordeaux was selected as the most effective combination for controlling cucumber downy mildew. Loess-sulfur showed inhibitory activity against cucumber downey mildew, but it was less effective than Bordeaux. It was confirmed that apical shoot cutting could reduce the incidence of cucumber downy mildew disease by 56.3%. When apical shoots of susceptible cucumber variety were cut at different leaf stages, disease incidence by early apical shoot cutting treatment was lower than that of late apical shoot cutting treatment. However in a resistant variety, ‘Heukryungsamcheok’, disease incidences of all cucumber apical shoot cutting treatments were lower than that of non-cutting treatment, but there was no differences between apical shoot cutting treatments due to low disease incidences. In addition, when organic materials and apical shoot cutting treatment were carried out in parallel, the combined treatments of organic materials and apical shoot cutting showed low disease incidence of cucumber downy mildew compared to untreated control. The lowest disease incidence of cucumber downy mildew was recorded in the combined treatment of 4-6type Bordeaux and apical shoot cutting. This study confirmed that apical shoot cutting can reduce the disease incidence of cucumber downy mildew and the combined treatment of apical shoot cutting and organic materials showed higher suppressive effect against cucumber downy mildew