Functional electrical stimulation (FES) training of the knee extensors is a useful way to rehabilitate the ability to stand and walk. However, training using FES has not been able to solve the problem of fatigue; clinical application of FES quickly produces muscle fatigue, due to the continuous activation of the muscles of the lower extremity. Therefore, reduction of muscle fatigue is an important factor in increasing the effectiveness of FES training in paraplegia. Intermittent high frequency alternating stimulation is a method that combines the advantages of high frequency (leading to strong muscle contractions) and alternating stimulation (reducing muscle fatigue), thereby continuously strengthening muscles. It is not known whether low frequency simultaneous stimulation results in stronger muscle contraction than high frequency alternating stimulation. This study compared the effectiveness of high frequency alternating stimulation with low frequency synchronized stimulation. Muscle power using FES on the quadriceps of 20 normal subjects were compared. Intermittent high frequency alternating stimulation did not produce more powerful muscle contraction than intermittent low frequency synchronized stimulation, because the muscle characteristics differed individually. Significant individual variation according to muscle characteristics was founded when applying FES. Accordingly, when physical therapists use FES to treat patients, they must be aware of individual variation in muscle characteristics.

Many studies have shown that the initial median frequency (MDF) and slope correlate with the muscle fiber composition. This study tested the hypothesis that the initial MDF and slope are fixed, regardless of the interval at which data are collected. MDF data using moving fast Fourier transformation of EMG signals, following local fatigue induced by isotonic exercise, were obtained. An inverse FFT was used to eliminate noise, and characteristic decreasing regression lines were obtained. The regression analysis was done in three different periods, the first one third, first half, and full period, looking at variance in the initial MDF, slope, and fatigue index. Data from surface EMG signals during fatiguing isotonic exercise of the biceps brachii and vastus lateralis in 20 normal subjects were collected. The loads tested were 30% and 60% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) in the biceps brachii and 40% and 80% MVC in the vastus lateralis. The rate was 25 flexions per minute. There were no significant differences in the initial MDF or slope during the early or full periods of the regression, but there was a significant difference in the fatigue index. Therefore, to observe the change in the initial MDF and slope of the MDF regression line during isotonic exercise, this study suggest that only the early interval need to be observed.

In rehabilitation programs involving muscle re-education and endurance exercise, it is necessary to confirm when fatigue occurs. It is also necessary to quantify fatigue, to confirm whether the muscle has been exercised sufficiently. In general, as fatigue occurs, the force-generating ability of the muscle is reduced. If the median frequency (MDF) obtained from electromyogram (EMG) power spectrum is correlated highly with work, then the timing and degree of fatigue may be confirmed. This study examined the relationship between work and MDF obtained from the EMG power spectrum during repetitive isokinetic exercise. Surface EMG signals were collected from biceps brachii and vastus lateralis of 52 normal subjects (26 males, 26 females) at and while performing an isokinetic exercise. The exercise was finished at 25% of peak work. MDF data was obtained using a moving fast Fourier transformation (FFT), and random noise was removed using the inverse FFT, then a new MDF data was obtained from the main signal. There was a high correlation between work and MDF during repetitiv isokinetic exercise in the biceps brachii and vastus lateralis of males and the biceps brachii of females (r=.50~.77). However, there was a low correlation between work and MDF in the vastus lateralis of females (r=.06~.19).

Antibiotic resistance of thirty strains of Shigella sonnei isolated from patient of Shigellosis outbreke at Young Cheon area in 1998 was tested. Twenty-seven strains were resistant to Tr(Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazol) and Shigella sonnei SG-8 was resistant to Tr(Trnnethoprim-Sulfamethoxazol), Ap(Ampicillin), Cp(Cephalothin) and Pi (Piperacillin). Shigella sonnei SG-49, SG-66, and SG-73 were senstive to all tested antibiotics. Physiological characteristics of isolated Shigella sonnei SG-8, SG-49, SG-57, and SG-73 such as effect of pH, NaCl concentration and temperature on the growth, survival in adverse condition and heat resistance were investigated Growth of the strains were inhibited at pH 4 and pH 9. All strains were grown in Tryptic soy broth containing 6% of NaCl but inhibited in TSB containing 9% of NaCl except Shigella sonnei SG-73 after incubation for 18hrs at 37℃. Selected strains grew during storage at 10 but did not grow at 4.1he strains were survived in 1 % pepton solution for 15 days at 37℃. Viable cell of selected strains were decrease 45 log cycle after heat treatment for 30 miss at 60℃ but did not detect by heat treatment for 5 wins at 70℃.

This paper presents the relevance between GMFM and the spatiotemporal parameters of gait in children with cerebral palsy. Twenty-one children ( months) with cerebral palsy participated in this study. GMFM was performed and spatiotemporal parameters of gait were measured by foot print gait analysis. A correlation analysis was used to investigate the correlation between GMFM scores and spatiotemporal parameters of gait. A linear regression analysis was employed to find how much each gait spatiotemporal parameters could be predicted from GMFM scores. The total GMFM scores was significantly correlated with walking speed, cadence, and stride length. Dimensions D (standing) and E (walking, running, and jumping) were more significantly correlated with gait spatiotemporal parameters than dimensions A (lying and rolling), B (sitting), and C (crawling and kneeling). The GMFM scores were useful for predicting spatiotemporal parameters. However, it is difficult to predict the status of gait development using GMFM scores because GMFM scores and gait spatiotemporal parameters are only measured as quantities not qualities. In the field, it is easily found that many children with cerebral palsy are unable to walk in any way. Consequently, gait analysis cannot be performed in many cases. Therefore, it is more reasonable to investigate the influence of GMFM on spatiotemporal parameters, rather than vice versa.

The purpose of this study was to assess the fatigue in lumbar and abdominal muscles in patients with chronic low back pain compared with normal subjects using spectral analysis with mean power frequency and median power frequency. The experimental group consisted of twenty subjects who had experienced chronic low back pain for over one year after the onset day. A control group consisted of twenty normal subjects with no history of low back pain. All subjects stood in an apparatus to perform sustained contraction in the lumbar and abdominal muscles for 30 seconds with 60% maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). The resulting electromyographic (EMG) recorded time serial data were transformed into frequency serial data by Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT). The results were as follows: 1) lumbar muscles measured, the frequency change ratio of both median power frequency and mean power frequency was significantly greater for experimental group compared with control group group (p<0.05). In measured two abdominal muscles (inferior rectus abdominis, obliquus externus abdominis) except superior rectus abdominis, the frequency change ratio of both median power frequency and mean power frequency was significantly greater for experimental group compared with control group (p<0.05). 2) In all three (longissimus thoracis, iliocostalis lumborum, multifidus) lumbar muscles measured, the initial frequency value of both median power frequency and mean power frequency was significantly lower for the experimental group compared with the control group (p<0.05). In the two (inferior rectus abdominis, obliquus externus abdominis) abdominal muscles measured (superior rectus abdominis not included), the initial frequency value of both median power frequency and mean power frequency was significantly lower for the experimental group compared with the control group (p<0.05). These results suggest that in patients with chronic low back pain there is a trend for more fatigue to occur in both lumbar and abdominal muscles than in the normal control group. This would seem to suggest that in treatment programs for patients with chronic low back pain, improvement of endurance in all trunk muscles should be considered.

The purposes of this study were to determine the effect of different degrees of severity of diabetic neuropathy on balance function, and to evaluate dynamic balance and functional performance in diabetes patients. Twenty-four subjects with diabetes mellitus were divided into three groups according to results of sensory nerve conduction study. All subjects were evaluated for dynamic balance which was measured using computerized dynamic posturography, and functional performance which was measured using the Berg balance scale. One-way analysis of variance was used to determine whether there were any statistically differences of dynamic balance function and functional performance among the three groups. The Spearrnan's rank correlation was used to determine statistical significance between dynamic balance and age. The results were as follows: 1. Dynamic balance measured using computerized dynamic posturography was significantly lower in the no response group than in the normal amplitude group (p<0.05). 2. Functional performance tested by the Berg balance scale was not statistically different among the three groups (p>0.05). 3. an inverse relationship was found between dynamic balance measured using computerized dynamic posturography and age (r=-0.68, p<0.05). These results suggest that patients with severe diabetic neuropathy have loss of dynamic balance function. Therefore, patients with severe diabetic neuropathy need to have their balance evaluated and receive appropriate education.

The purposes of this study were to examine the effect of two different pelvic alignments and the Valsalva maneuver on electromyographic (EMG) activity of the erector spinae during squat lifting and lowering, and to find an efficient method for squat lifting and lowering. Twenty hea1thy men in their twenties lifted and lowered loads using four different methods: 1) anterior pelvic tilt position with the Valsalva maneuver, 2) anterior pelvic tilt position without the Valsalva maneuver, 3) posterior pelvic tilt with the Valsalva maneuver, 4) posterior pelvic tilt without the Valsalva maneuver. The EMG activity of erector spinae was recorded during both lifting and lowering with each method. The EMG activity of each individual was normalized to EMG activity produced by muscle during maximal voluntary contraction. Two-way analysis of variance for repeated measures () was used to analyze the effect of the two factors: 1) pelvic tilt position (anterior pelvic tilt, posterior pelvic tilt), 2) the Valsalva maneuver (with and without). Analysis was performed separately for the lifting and lowering. The results were as follows: 1) EMG activity of erector spinae was greater when the pelvis was tilted anteriorly than when the pelvis was tilted posteriorly during squat lifting and squat lowering. 2) There was no difference between EMG activity of erector spinae with the Valsalva maneuver and EMG activity of erector spinae without the Valsalva maneuver during squat lifting and squat lowering. These results suggest that the greater EMG activity of erector spinae with an anterior pelvic tilt position during squat lifting and squat lowering may ensure optimal muscular support for the spine while handling loads, but the Valsalva maneuver may have less effect on erector spinae.

The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between sitting and standing balance in acute stroke patients and gait outcome, and to determine appropriate test times. The subjects of this study were 20 hemiplegic patients who had been hospitalized in Sangji University Oriental Medical Hospital from August 26, 1997 through November 3, 1997. Twenty patients with cerebral infarcts had sitting and standing balance assessed on the 5th day and 10th day of stroke onset. Gait outcome was assessed 5 weeks later using the MMAS (Modified Motor Assessment Scale) score. The data were analyzed by the Spearman's Rho test and Wilcoxon signed rank test. The results were as follows: 1) Correlation coefficients between sitting balance on the 5th day and 10th day after their stroke and gait outcome 5 weeks after their stroke were =0.89 and =0.83, respectively. All of the sitting balance data significantly correlated with gait outcome (p<0.05). 2) Correlation coefficients between standing balance on the 5th day and 10th day after their stroke and gait outcome 5 weeks after their stroke were =0.82 and =0.87, respectively. All of the standing balance data significant1y correlated with gait outcome (p<0.05). 3) The difference between sitting balance scores on the 5th day and 10th day after stroke onset were statistically significant (p<0.05). But the difference between standing balance scores on the 5th day and 10th day after stroke onset were not statistically significant (p>0.05). In conclusion, sitting and standing balance tests on the 5th day and 10th day after their stroke appear to be predictive of gait outcome. Also, the result of this study can provide reference for appropriate test times as an assessment of sitting and standing balance in stroke patients.

This study aims to discuss the new piano techniques employed by an American composer Henry Cowell, John Cage, and George Crumb in their piano works along with the analysis of their selected piano compositions. From the first half of the twentieth centuries, contemporary composers have been discovering that the piano is capable of producing a constanthy expanding array of new sonorities. Some of these are produced by the manipulation of the strings by plucking, strumming and muting. Also, the use of tone clusters, and the introduction of foreign objects on the strings of piano, and the use of contact microphones placed on the sounding board. These techniques add a new dimension to the total sonority of the piano. The enlarged spectrum of colors has brought not only novelty to piano music, but also a fundamental change in the concept of piano sound. The origins of some of these non-traditional techniques can be traced historically. American composers have had a significant role in these new developments. Many composers such as Charles Ives, Henry Cowell, and John Cage, George Crumb found that the piano is capable of producing a diversified new sound and unusual timbres. All of these composers, if in varying degrees, manifest a marked experimental strain. They share an interest in exploring new musical terrain and an urge to break free from what they perceivede as the outworn artistic heritage of western cultures, to rejuvenate an old and exhausted tradition with something fresh and youthful.

교사는 교육전문가로서 부단한 노력을 통해 전문적 지식과 기술을 습득, 유지 및 발전시켜야 하며 전문가다운 행동과 태도를 보여주어야 한다. 우리나라는 관련 법령과 교원단체에서 교사의 전문가적 행동을 위한 가이드를 제공하고 있지만, 그 내용이 추상적이고 포괄적이어서 실제 행동 지침과 판단 기준이 되기에는 한계가 있다. 이 연구는 전문성에 위배되는 교사들의 행동에 대한 동료 교사의 경험과 인식을 조사하여 우리나라 교사의 전문성 수준을 판단하고, 구체적인 행동 규준과 윤리교육을 위한 기초 자료를 제공하는데 목적을 두었다. 연구 결과, 응답자는 교사의 비전문가적 행동 중 ‘수업 중 쓸데없는 활동(80.4%)’을 가장 많이 경험했다고 보고하였다. 대부분의 비전문가적 행동에 ‘해서는 안된다’는 의견이 50% 이상이었지 만 ‘수업 중 쓸데없는 활동(21.2%)’에 대해서는 부정적인 인식이 상대적으로 낮았다. 교사의 비전 문가적 행동 유형은 ‘성적 변조’, ‘부적절한 언행’, ‘저작권 침해’, ‘동료 혹은 학생 험담’, ‘교육 규정 이행 소홀’, ‘무성의한 교육 활동’, ‘교사의 품위 저하’, ‘비교육적 강제 행위’ 8개로 범주화되었다. ‘무성의한 교육 활동’에 대한 경험 빈도가 상대적으로 높았고, ‘성적 변조’를 가장 심각하게 인식하 였다. 응답한 교사의 학교의 설립 유형에 따라 일부 비전문가적 행동 유형에 대한 경험의 차이가 통계적으로 유의하였다. 응답한 교사의 성별과 교육 경력에 따라서는 일부 유형의 인식에 대한 차이가 통계적으로 유의하게 나타났다. 이상의 연구 결과를 토대로, 이 연구는 교사의 전문성을 유지·심화하기 위한 3가지 방안을 제안하였다. 첫째, 교사의 법적인 의무와 교사 강령에 상충되는 비전문가적 행동에 대한 교사 교육 강화, 둘째 우리나라에서 상대적으로 더 많이 나타나는 체벌 같은 신체적 강제행위를 방지하기 위한 학생인권 교육 수행, 마지막으로 예비교사 및 현직교사를 대상으로 한 전문성 개발 교육에서 교사로서 ‘해서는 안 되는’ 행동에 대한 확실한 인식 교육이었다.

본 논문은 철근콘크리트 보-기둥 접합부에서 기계적 정착되어진 보의 SD700 고강도 인장철근에 대한 정착성능을 평가하기 위하여 진행되어진 실험의 일부결과를 나타낸 것이다. 보통모멘트 골조에 적용되는 보-기둥 접합부 배근 설계를 하였으며, 실험체는 기둥에 접합되는 보를 제작하지 않고 보 인장철근에 인장을 주고 보 압축응력은 등가면적에 해당하는 압축판 을 이용하여 단순화하여 시험하였다. 실험결과로부터 기계적 정착된 고강도철근의 정착강도, 접합부 전단강도, 철근의 분담 응력, 파괴모드 등이 분석 비교되어진다.

A new peanut variety ‘Daan’(Arachis hypogaea ssp. hypogaea L.) was developed at the Department of Southern Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science (NICS) in Milyang 2014. This was developed from the cross between ‘Iksan 31’ with Virginia typed short stem and ‘Dakwang’ with Shinpung-typed larger grain. ‘Daan’ which is a Shinpung plant type had 13 branches per plant and its length of main stem was 44cm. Each pod has two grains with brown testa and long ellipse-shaped large kernel. Its yield components showed 34 pods per plant, 127 g of 100-seed-weight and 75% of pod shelling ratio in the regional yield trials (RYT). Seed quality showed 47.8% of crude oil and 28.3% of protein content. This variety showed resistant to early leaf spot and had more resistant to late leaf spot, stem rot and lodging, compared to reference variety. In the regional yield trials for 3 years ‘Daan’ was more productive than reference variety by 16% with 5.00 MT/ha for grain production.

A new peanut variety ‘Heuksaeng’(Arachis hypogaea ssp. hypogaea L.) was developed at the Department of Southern Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science (NICS) in 2014. This was developed from the cross between ‘Iksan 31’ with Virginia typed short stem and ‘Iksan 35’ with large grain. ‘Heuksaeng’ is the first purple testa variety developed in Korean. It has 25 branches per plant and its length of main stem was 32 cm. Each pod has two grains with puple testa and long ellipse-shaped kernel. Its yield components showed 60 pods per plant, 69 g of 100-seed-weight and 77% of pod shelling ratio in the regional yield trials (RYT). Seed quality showed 46.0% of crude oil and 26.9% of protein content. This variety has anthocyanins typed as delpinidin-3-glucoside (D3G) and cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) in seed testa. This variety showed more resistant to late leaf spot, web blotch, and lodging, compared to reference variety. In the regional yield trials for 2 years, ‘Heuksaeng’ with 4.25 MT/ha for grain production has the same productivity to reference variety.

Background : Tooth vitality is reflected by the health of dental pulp. Schisandrin C is a natural compound extracted from the fruit of Schisandra chinensis which has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. The role of Schisandrin C on human dental pulp cells (HDPCs) has not been studied yet. This study examined the properties of Schisandrin C as an anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant compound, and whether its characteristics promote mitochondrial biogenesis in HDPCs. Methods and Results : HDPCs were extracted from fresh third molars and cultured. Reactive oxidative stress (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) formation were analyzed by a Muse cell analyzer. Western blotting and gelatin zymography were used to identify the presence of anti-oxidants, as well as inflammatory and mitochondrial biogenesis. Confocal microscopy was used for the detection of mitochondrial activity. Schisandrin C inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated inflammatory molecules; intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 (MMP-2/9), NO production, ROS formation and the mitogen-activated protein (MAPK) pathway through minimizing the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) translocation. Schisandrin C increased the expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes as well as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1a) through the phosphorylated-protein kinase B (p-AKT) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf-2) pathways. The anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties of Schisandrin C promoted mitochondrial biogenesis. Conclusions : These results suggest that Schisandrin C may be used as an anti-inflammatory compound to reduce oral inflammation such as pulpitis.

‘새신’은 밥맛이 양호하면서 복합내병성 특히, 흰잎마름병 K3a에 강한 벼를 육성하고자 2007/2008년 동계에 중만생종이고 쌀알이 맑은 고품질 새누리를 모본으로, 흰잎마름병 K3a에 강하고 수량성이 높은 품종인 신백을 부본으로 교배하였다. 2008년 하계에 양성한 F1개체로 약배양을 실시하여 96개의 재분화 개체를 얻었으며, 이 중에서 줄무늬잎마름병과 K3a에 저항성이며, 농업적특성이 우수한 YR27906Acp84를 선발하여 2년간의 생산력검정시험 실시 후 밀양273호의 계통명이 부여하였다. 3년간의 지역적응시험 결과 복합내병성, 내도복성 및 수량성 등의 우수성이 인정되어 농작물 직무육성 신품종 선정위원회에서 ‘새신’으로 명명되었다.

국립식량과학원 영덕출장소에서 2002년 하계에 동해안 및 영남지역에서 출수기가 적당하면서 밥맛이 뛰어나고 재배 안정성이 높은 벼 품종을 육성할 목적으로 밥맛이 좋고 외관이 깨끗한 ‘영덕34호’를 모본으로하고 다수성이면서 밥맛이 우수하고 초형이 좋은 ‘새계화’를 부본으로 인공교배 후 계통육종법으로 전개하면서 예비선발시험, 2009년 생산력검정예비시험, 2010년 생산력검정본시험 결과 중만생이면서 다수성이고 쌀 외관이 우수하면서 재배 안정성인 YR24264-25-3-2을 선발하여 ‘영덕55호’로 명명하였다. 2011～2013년까지 3년간 지역적응시험을 실시한 결과 중만생종이면서 쌀 품위가 좋고 밥맛이 양호하며 내병성이 양호한 것으로 평가되어 2013년 12월 농작물직무육성신품종 선정위원회에서 ‘신보’로 명명하였다. 출수기는 보통기 평균 8월 12일로 중만생종 품종이며, 직립초형이고 탈립은 잘되지 않고 이삭추출은 양호 하고 까락이 거의 없으며, 수당립수는 ‘화성벼’ 보다 많으며 현미천립중도 21.9g으로 ‘화성벼’ 보다 더 가볍다. 도정특성은 ‘화성벼’와 비슷하고 쌀알 모양이 둥근 단원형이며 맑고 투명하며 밥맛은 “화성벼”와 보다 우수하다. 불시출수는 안되는 편이고, 위조현상에 강하고 성숙기 엽노화가 느린 편이며 내냉성은 ‘화성벼’와 보다 약한 중약이며, 잎도열병 에 중강의 저항성을 보였고, 오갈병과 흰잎마름병(K1, K2, K3)에는 강하나 줄무늬잎마름병 및 검은줄오갈병에 약하고 벼멸구 등 충해에는 감수성이다. 쌀 수량성은 지역적응시험 보통기재배 9개소에서 5.67MT/ha로 ‘화성벼’ 보다 4% 증수되었으며, 이모작 및 만식적응성도 높아, 적응지역을 중부평야지, 남부중산간지, 동해안냉조풍지 및 영남평야지로 하여 보급하게 되었다.