Cucurbita is one of the crops with high demand in the world. Securing breeding sources is crucial and fundamental to any plant breeding program. This study was conducted to investigate the characterization of phenotypic traits and phylogenetic classification of germplasm provided by the National Agrobiodiversity Center of RDA. Fourteen phenotypic traits were measured in 199 accessions of Cucurbita germplasm. Among these germplasm, 92 accessions of C. moschata, 34 accessions of C. maxima, and 73 accessions of C. pepo were classified using the KASP marker from the Seed Industry Center. It was confirmed that there were five classifications in C. moschata, five in C. maxima and four in the C. pepo. The results of this study provide fundamental data on Cucurbita germplasm and are expected to be useful in breeding programs.

Light plays an important role in fruit-body development and morphology during Pleurotus spp. cultivation. To understand the effects of light color on fruit-body properties, we evaluated the fruit-body characteristics of Pleurotus spp. varieties cultivated under blue, red, and purple LED light sources. The main results are as follows: The overall fruit-body shape showed differences depending on the color of the LED light. The fruit-bodies of mushroom cultivated under blue and purple light were generally similar to the mushroom shapes typically produced, while those of mushroom cultivated under green light were abnormally shaped, probably due to the absence of effective light source. The average cap lightness of mushrooms cultivated under blue, green, and purple LED lights was 57.0, 57.4, and 59.4, respectively. The average cap lightness of all varieties except Wonhyeong1ho and Hwang-geumsantari cultivated under the three LED light sources were statistically significantly different (P<0.05). The cap redness varied significantly depending on the LED lighting and variety. Only Gonji7hoM, the cap color mutant of Gonji7ho, showed negative cap redness values under all three LED light sources. Among the eight varieties excluding Gonji7ho, the highest cap redness was observed when cultivated under the blue LED. The average harvest weight of the varieties cultivated under purple, blue, and green LED light were 68.0, 58.3, and 50.1 g, respectively. The yield of Gonji7ho, the mushroom variety with the highest yield, cultivated under blue, green, and purple LED light were 92.8, 77.1, and 98.6 g, respectively. The earliness when grown under the purple, blue, and green LED lights were 5.3, 5.8, and 5.8 days, respectively. Among the varieties, six, three, and two cultivars showed the shortest earliness under the purple, green, and blue LED, respectively. The fruit-body lengths were 66.4, 51.8, and 46.8 mm when cultivated under green, purple, and blue lights, respectively. These results are expected to serve as a foundation for producing mushrooms with traits demanded in the market.

Perfluorooctanoic acid(PFOA) was one of widely used per- and poly substances(PFAS) in the industrial field and its concentration in the surface and groundwater was found with relatively high concentration compared to other PFAS. Since various processes have been introduced to remove the PFOA, adsorption using GAC is well known as a useful and effective process in water and wastewater treatment. Surface modification for GAC was carried out using Cu and Fe to enhance the adsorption capacity and four different adsorbents, such as GAC-Cu, GAC-Fe, GAC-Cu(OH)2, GAC-Fe(OH)3 were prepared and compared with GAC. According to SEM-EDS, the increase of Cu or Fe was confirmed after surface modification and higher weight was observed for Cu and Fe hydroxide(GAC-Cu(OH)2 and GAC-Fe(OH)3, respectively). BET analysis showed that the surface modification reduced specific surface area and total pore volumes. The highest removal efficiency(71.4%) was obtained in GAC-Cu which is improved by 17.9% whereas the use of Fe showed lower removal efficiency compared to GAC. PFOA removal was decreased with increase of solution pH indicating electrostatic interaction governs at low pH and its effect was decreased when the point of zero charges(pzc) was negatively increased with an increase of pH. The enhanced removal of PFOA was clearly observed in solution pH 7, confirming the Cu in the surface of GAC plays a role on the PFOA adsorption. The maximum uptake was calculated as 257 and 345 μg/g for GAC and GAC-Cu using Langmuir isotherm. 40% and 80% of removal were accomplished within 1 h and 48 h. According to R2, only the linear pseudo-second-order(pso) kinetic model showed 0.98 whereas the others obtained less than 0.870.

본 연구는 실내-외 우리가 있는 개방형 흑염소사에서 우리나라 5개월령 재래 흑염소를 대상으로 서열과 일주기 리듬이 하루 24시간 동안의 행동에 미치는 영향과 서열과 사료급여시간이 사료급여 후 30분 및 60분 동안의 행동에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 수행하였다. 재래 흑염소의 행동은 CCTV를 사용해 녹화한 후 이들을 1분 단위로 측정하였고, 총 10개의 행동으로 분류하였다. 서열은 적대행동에 유의하게 영향을 미쳤으나 (p<0.05), 다른 행동에는 영향을 미치지 않았다. 일주기 리듬은 응립(p<0.05), 이동(p<0.01), 사료섭취(p<0.001), 적대행동(p<0.001), 비적대행동 (p<0.001), 사료탐색(p<0.05), 음수(p<0.001) 및 기타 행동(p<0.001)에 유의하게 영향을 미치는 반면 휴식(p>0.05)과 몸단장(p>0.05)에는 영향을 미치지 않았다. 서열과 일주기 리듬의 상호작용효과는 적대행동에만 유의하게 영향을 미쳤다(p<0.05). 서열은 사료급여 후 30분 동안 응립(p<0.05)과 사료섭취(p<0.05)에 유의하게 영향을 미쳤지만 다른 행동에는 영향을 미치지 않았다. 사료급여시간은 사료급여 후 60분 동안의 음수(p<0.05)에 유의하게 영향을 미쳤으나, 다른 행동에는 영향을 미치지 않았다. 서열과 사료급여시간의 상호작용효과는 모든 행동에 유의하게 영향을 미치지 않았다(p<0.05). 결론적으로, 서열, 일주기 리듬, 그리고 사료급여시간은 우리나라 5개월령 미성성숙한 재래 흑염소의 행동에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

일반적인 불투과형 사방댐은 제체 대부분이 콘크리트로 구성되어 분리 및 해체가 어려워 조속한 보강이 난해하다는 단점이 있다. 이러한 단점을 보완하기 위한 투과형 강재 스크린 사방댐이 제작되어 사용 중에 있지만, 강재가 부식되는 등 여러 문제를 보이는 실정이다. 이에 따라, 선행 연구에서는 강재 스크린 구조물을 내부식성이 뛰어난 GFRP로 대체하여 성능 및 안전 성을 검증하였지만, 동수압만 고려되는 등 다양한 조건이 고려되지 않은 것으로 확인되었다. 그렇기에 본 연구에서는 선행 연구 에서 수행된 GFRP 스크린 구조물뿐만 아니라, CFRP도 고려하였으며, 보다 다양한 표면 유속 별 하중 조건 및 유목, 토석류 등 과 같은 다양한 조건에서의 성능 비교 및 안전성 평가를 수행하였다. 해석 결과, GFRP와 CFRP는 강재 대비 제체에 작용하는 응력이 29.79∼91.73%가량 감소된 성능을 보이며, 이 외에도 충분한 안전성과 경제성을 겸비함을 확인하였다. 결론적으로 GFRP 및 CFPR 스크린 구조물은 강재 투과형 사방댐을 대체하여 사용하기에 충분하다고 판단되지만, 이는 수치 해석을 통한 결과이 므로 향후 실제 실험이 진행될 필요가 있을 것으로 판단된다.

This paper investigates the effects of aspect ratio and volume fraction of hooked-end normal-strength steel fibers on the compressive and flexural properties of high-strength concrete with specified compressive strength of 60 MPa. Three types of hooked-end steel fibers with aspect ratios of 64, 67 and 80 were considered and three volume fractions of 0.25%, 0.50% and 0.75% for each steel fiber were respectively added into each high-strength concrete mixture. The test results indicated that the addition of normal-strength steel fibers is effective to improve compressive and flexural properties of high-strength concrete but fiber aspect ratio had little effect on the modulus of elasticity and compressive strength. As steel fiber content and aspect ratio increased, flexural beahvior of notched high-strength concrete beams was effectively improved.

Seaweed-derived foods have long been popular in Korea because of their high content of nutrients that are beneficial to the human body. Recently, Korean seaweeds have been used as raw materials to produce new natural products with health benefits. Herein, we compared the antioxidant activity of 16 Korean seaweed extracts to explore their potential utility as health foods. The total phenolic content (TPC) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of seaweed extracts were determined. We also investigated their ability to protect human diploid fibroblast (HDF) cells against hydrogen peroxide. The results showed that seaweed extracts at a concentration of 100 g/mL did not cause any cell toxicity. Sargassum thunbergii (Jichung-i) had the highest TPC and radical scavenging effects, followed by Porphyra tenera (Gim), Silvetia siliquosa (Tteumbugi), and Sargassum fusiforme (Tot). Hydrogen peroxide increased the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species, while P. tenera (Gim), Saccharina japonica (Dasima), and S. thunbergii (Jichung-i) extracts significantly decreased it. The effect was highest in the S. thunbergii (Jichung-i)-treated HDF cells. These findings indicate that S. thunbergii (Jichung-i) shows promise as a potential antioxidant raw material.

To increase antioxidant and antibacterial activities of seasoned soy sauce, five kinds of oriental medicinal plant(Scutellaria baicalensis (P1), Coptis japonica makino (P2), Citriunshius pericarpium (P3), Zizyphi spinosi semen (P4), Crataegus pinnatifida (P5)) and four kinds of medicinal mushrooms(Inonotus obliquus (M1), Hericium erinaceus (M2), Phellinus linteus (M3), Lentinula edodes (M4)) were added to seasoned soy sauce. Soluble solid content, pH, salinity, total polyphenol & flavonoid contents were determined. DPPH & ABTS radical scavenging activities, SOD-like activity, and antibacterial activity were analyzed. Experimental sauces showed decreased pH but significant increases of soluble solid content and salinity. Total polyphenol content was 12.76 μg GAE/g in the control. However, M1 and P1 sauce had significantly higher polyphenol contents at 352.14 and 528.25 μg GAE/g, respectively. Total flavonoids content also showed the same pattern. DPPH free radical scavenging activity was the lowest in the control at 15.75%. It was the highest at 81.80% in M1 and 68.88% in P1. ABTS free radical scavenging activity and SOD-like activity showed the same tendencies. They were higher in the experimental groups than in the control. As for the antibacterial activity analyzed by the paper-disc method, the activity increased the most in P1 and P2. In particular, P2 had the strongest antibacterial activity. Its activity against different microorganisms was in the order of Staphylococcus aureus > Bacillus cereus > Escherichia coli > Salmonella typhimurium. In conclusion, these new sauces show increased antioxidative and antioxidant activities. Therefore, they are expected to be used in various ways as a functional soy sauce.

도시화로 인한 인구이동과 기반시설의 낙후, 환경오염 등은 농촌지역의 쇠퇴로 이어졌으며, 이는 농촌지역 주민들의 생활서비스 저하로 나타났다. 그러나 개발사업 위주의 인프라 확충과 지원금 제공 중심의 정책대안은 농촌지역의 쇠퇴현상을 구조적이고 복합적으로 인식하지 못했다는 측면에서 한계를 나타냈다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 농촌지역에서 발생하는 쇠퇴현상과 생활서비스 저하에 대한 구조적인 분석을 통해 인구 증가 정책이 아닌 산업 구조 개편, 농촌 경관 등의 경쟁력 확보 및 생활서비스 제공 등의 정책으로 농촌 생활서비스를 향상시킬 수 있는 전략을 제시하는 것이다. 본 연구의 결과로 첫째, 농촌지역 쇠퇴 현상에 대해 빈익빈 부익부(success to successful)와 처방의 실패(fixes that fail) 원형을 대입했다. 도시로 유입되는 인구의 증가와 성장의 강화는 농촌지역 인구의 감소와 쇠퇴의 악화로 이어지게 되었으며, 농촌쇠퇴에 대한 해결책을 제시하고자 일자리와 지원금을 확충하는 정책은 장기적인 관점에서 난개발로 이어져 농촌쇠퇴가 지속되는 결과로 나타났다. 둘째, 앞선 구조를 바탕으로 농촌지역 생활서비스가 저하되는 시스템에 대해 재정, 인프라, 접근성의 측면에서 구조를 분석했다. 이러한 분석을 바탕으로 인구 유출을 방지하고 지역 주민들의 요구에 따른 생활서비스 공급방안, 접근성의 개선 등 농촌 주민들에게 생활서비스를 지속적으로 제공할 수 있는 전략을 제시하고자 했다. 본 연구의 결과는 농촌지역 쇠퇴현상에 대한 구조적인 분석을 바탕으로 농촌재생 정책에 대한 방향성을 제공한다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

To elucidate how cultivation temperature affected various traits including pileus color, yield and morphology of Pleurotusspp. Main results were as follows. Pileus lightness of all cultivars of Pleurotustested became higher as cultivation temperature increased, while those of Santari, Hwang-geumsantari and Sunjung at 21oC were lower than at 18oC. Redness and yellowness of pileus decreased as cultivation temperature increased; those of chromatic pileus cultivars showed noticeable difference. Yellowness of cultivar with chromatic pileus was higher than that of cultivar with achromatic pileus. Yield was increased as cultivation temperature increased, Wonhyeung 1ho; low temperature favored cultivar showed high yield when it was cultivated at low temperature andno fruiting body at 21oC. Valid number of stipes were generally higher at 18oC, and its correlation coefficient with yield was low. Length and stipe thickness changed consistently (larger and thicker) upon cultivation temperature; the coefficient of determination(R2) 0.514 for lengthof Heuktari and 0.963for stipe thickness of Santari were high. Correlation coefficient of one trait was highly related with multiple traits. In the future, we will conduct research on the changes of expressed genes involved in the pigments for pileus color by RNA expression analysis.

이 연구의 목적은 감성 마케팅의 대표적 성공사례로 손꼽히는 스타벅스 배경음악의 음악적 특징 을 분석하여 고객에게 긍정적 영향을 주는 음악적 요소들을 밝혀내고, 기존 연구와의 차이점을 통해 배경음악의 트렌드 변화를 알아보는 것에 있다. 분석을 위해 연구자는 스타벅스 매장을 방문 하여 표본으로 사용할 91곡의 음악을 수집하였고, 선행연구를 기반으로 배경음악 분석에 필요하 다고 여겨지는 조성, 템포, 장르, 악기 구성, 가사 유무, 발매연도 등의 음악적 요소를 분석항목 으로 설정하였다. 각 항목의 분석 결과 스타벅스의 플레이리스트는 모호한 조성과 중간 템포 이상 의 빠르기를 가진 최신 팝 음악 그리고 가사가 있는 음악들의 비율이 높았다. 이러한 결과는 장조, 느린 템포, 가사가 없는 음악과 같이 고객에게 긍정적 영향을 미친다고 알려져 있는 기존 배경음 악의 이론과 배치된다. 또한 올드 팝, 오래된 재즈 음악을 주로 사용한다는 과거의 스타벅스 배경 음악에 관한 선행연구와도 차이가 있다. 따라서 스타벅스 매장 음악에 변화가 있었음을 알 수 있 었으며, 이는 세대교체에 따른 고객의 매장 방문목적, 연령대, 음악적 취향 등을 반영한 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구는 다양한 음악적 요소들을 통해 스타벅스 배경음악의 특징을 구체적으로 분석 하고, 이를 토대로 배경음악의 트렌드 변화를 살펴본 첫 시도임에 그 의미가 있다. 또한 분석에 사용된 음악적 요소들은 배경음악 연구의 새로운 이론적 기준을 제시할 것이다.

The purpose of this study is to reveal and compare the differences in the types and characteristics of purchase channel journeys of MZ generation consumers. In this study a survey was conducted on the purchase channel journey of 20 women in the MZ generation using the ethnographic method of in-depth interviews and observations. As a result, three purchase channel journeys were identified: mobile, multi-channel, and offline. These were variously subdivided according to the characteristics of the MZ generations. Gen Z’s journey was categorized into types: fashion platform app, Youtube, multi-channel supplement, multi-channel non-planned store visit, offline loyalty store, and impulsive offline store. Gen M’s journey was categorized as: an online community bond, portal site, online loyalty store, multi-channel brand involvement, multi-channel efficiency, a multi-channel conversion, offline efficiency and offline task. The difference in mobile journey between generations was found in the time and length of the purchase. Gen M recognized both online and offline search processes to be tiring, while Gen Z enjoyed the search process using the online path. In the offline journey Gen Z began with their own intention to purchase, while Gen M sometimes recognized that purchasing fashion products necessary for work was a cumbersome task.