소 바이러스성 설사병(BVD)은 바이러스 감염에 의하여 발생하는 소의 전염병으로 소 화관 점막의 궤양과 설사, 호흡기 병변 등을 유발하며 심할 경우에는 폐사를 일으키는 질 병이다. 본 질병의 원인체는 Flaviviridae의 pestivirus속으로 분류되는 RNA 바이러스로 일반적으로 소 바이러스성 설사병 바이러스(BVDV) 라고 부른다. 본 질병의 대표적인 임 상증상은 설사를 나타내지만 기침 콧물 등 호흡기증상과 구강점막의 궤양 상피세포 탈락 등을 나타낼 수 있으며, 임신한 소에서는 유산과 사산을 일으키거나 선천성 기형우와 허 약우 분만을 야기하기도 한다. 따라서 전 세계적으로 BVDV 감염에 의한 피해가 보고되 고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 한우 BVD 예방을 위하여 분만예정우에 BVDV 혼합백신 접종과 분만 후 송아지에 초유로 이행한 백신접종 이행항체 특성, 그리고 신생송아지의 백신접종에 따른 항체 형성을 확인해 보았다. 임신한우 28두에 분만 예정일 6주 전 BVDV 혼합백신(CattlemasterⓇ 4, Zoetis, U.S.A)를 접종과 동시에 채혈을 하였고 이후 분만 3주 전 채혈하였다. 예방접종한 임신우에서 태어난 신생송아지 28두에서 분만 6시간 이내, 48시간, 1주, 4주, 8주, 12주, 16주 20주, 24주, 28주 32주 채혈을 하였다. 또한 28두 신생송아지에서 8주와 12주에는 채혈과 동시에 BVDV 백신을 접종하였다. 채혈 혈청의 BVDV 항체 분석(BVDV Antibody Test Kit, IDEXX, U.S.A)결과 분만 후 48시간에 가 장 높은 항체역가를 나타내었고 20주까지 지속적으로 감소하다가 24주에 소폭 상승을 나타내었다. 8주 12주 백신접종과 상관없이 20주까지 지속적인 항체가 감소 확인 후, 백 신접종 적정시기를 확인해 보기 위하여 총 61두의 신생송아지에 20주에서 32주까지 4주 간격으로 백신접종을 하였다. 처리1) 15두에 BVDV 백신을 분만 20주에 1차, 24주에 2 차 접종과 채혈 후 28주에 채혈을 하였다. 처리2) 16두에 24주에 1차, 28주에 2차 백신 접종과 채혈 후 32주에 채혈을 하였다. 처리3) 15두에는 28주에 1차, 32주에 2차 백신접 종과 채혈 후 36주에 채혈을 하였다. 처리4) 15두에는 32주에 1차, 36주에 2차 백신접종 과 채혈 후 40주에 채혈을 하였다. 채혈혈액 항체분석 결과 1∼2차 백신접종 후 4주까지 지속적인 항체 감소는 처리1에서 3두, 처리2에서 5두, 처리3에서 3두, 처리4에서 0두로 나타났다.

Growth traits, such as body weight, directly influence productivity and economic efficiency in the swine industry. In this study, we estimate heritability for body weight traits usinginformation from pedigree and genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chip data. Four body weight phenotypes were measured in 1,105 F2 progeny from an intercross between Landrace and Jeju native black pigs. All experimental animals were subjected to genotypic analysis using PorcineSNP60K BeadChip platform, and 39,992 autosomal SNP markers filtered by quality control criteria were used to construct genomic relationship matrix for heritability estimation. Restricted maximum likelihood estimates of heritability were obtained using both genomic- and pedigree- relationship matrix in a linear mixed model. The heritability estimates using SNP information were smaller (0.36-0.55) than those which were estimated using pedigree information (0.62-0.97). To investigate effect of common environment, such as maternal effect, on heritability estimation, we included maternal effect as an additional random effect term in the linear mixed model analysis. We detected substantial proportions of phenotypic variance components were explained by maternal effect. And the heritability estimates using both pedigree and SNP information were decreased. Therefore, heritability estimates must be interpreted cautiously when there are obvious common environmental variance components.

This study tested the association between genotypes of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker, rs81437607 and capric acid (FA_C10_0) compositions in longissimus dorsi muscle in pigs. Eighteen fatty acid (FA) compositions were measured in a total of 974 F2 animals among 1,106 F2 progeny produced between Landrace and Jeju Black Pig (JBP). Among FA compositions tested, we identified a cluster of highly significant SNPs for capric acid compositions on 58 Mb position of Sus scrofa chromosome 12 (SSC12) using genome-wide association study (GWAS) with F2 genotypes from SNP panel analysis. GWAS results showed that the rs81437607 was the highest trait-related SNP marker with capric acid levels. Three genotypes (C/C, C/T and T/T) of rs81437607 marker were found in F2 population by further pyrosequencing. Association analysis results showed the significant differences between rs81437607 genotypes and capric acid compositions (P<0.05). The F2 pigs harboring rs81437607 C/C (0.119±0.002%) and C/T (0.116±0.002%) genotypes showed additively higher levels of capric acid content than those of T/T homozygotes (0.109±0.002%) (P=1.30×10-12). These results suggested that the genetic variations of rs81437607 may be helpful to find causative variants and assist as molecular genetic markers for improving the capric acid contents in longissimus dorsi muscle in pigs.

The study aims to assess the embryo development and survivability of bovine embryos cultured in vitro by addition of cysteine. The rates of metaphase II formation are not significantly different among the three groups(73.8% for TCM199, 76.9% for TCM199 with 0.3mM cysteine and 83.8% for TCM199 with 0.5mM cysteine). No differences on cleavage rate(70.6~74.6%) was observed among three culture medium(70.6% for TCM199, 71.3% for CR1aa, and 74.6% for SOF) with 0.5mM cysteine. However, significantly(P<0.05) higher development rate was obtained in the blastocyst stage by adding 0.5mM cysteine in SOF medium(35.6%) than in TCM199(27.6%) or CR1aa(26.6%). No significant differences in the cleavage rates were observed among the three culture. After freezing the blastocysts cultured with 0.5M cysteine, the re-expansion rates ranged from 61.3% to 86.4% among groups, and hatching rates are from 26.3% to 46.9% among groups. The rates of re-expansion and hatching are significantly(P<0.05) higher in SOF medium(86.4% and 46.9%, respectively) than those in TCM199(61.3% and 26.3%) and CR1aa medium(87.1 and 44.4%). After thawing, the blastocyst re-expansion rate become significantly(P<0.05) higher in in vivo (87.1%) and in vitro (70.3%) embryos. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that supplementation of IVM and IVC media with 0.5mM cysteine improved the quality of in vitro production of embryo and post-thawed embryo. Future studies comparing these culture systems in well-designed trials should be performed.

Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element for humans and animals, and several findings suggest that dietary Se intake may be necessary for bone health. Accumulating evidence indicates that Se compounds possess anticancer properties. Se is specifically incorporated into proteins in the form of selenocysteine and non-specifically incorporated as selenomethionine in place of methionine. This study evaluated protection by Se in the bone repair process in ovariectomized rats after irradiation. For such purpose, 80 ovariectomized female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 experimental groups: ovariectomized (Ov), Ov/Se, Ov/irradiated (Irr) and Ov/ Se/Irr. A bone defect was created on the tibia of all animals 40 days after ovariectomy. Two days after surgery, only the Ov/Se and Ov/Se/Irr rats received 0.8 mg Se/kg. Three days after surgery, only the Ov/Irr and Ov/Se/Irr rats received 10 Gy of X-rays on the lower limb region. The animals were euthanized at 7, 15, 22 and 29 days after surgery to assess the repair process, which was evaluated by analysis of trabecular bone number (Masson Trichrome) and birefringence analysis (Picrosirius). It was possible to observe a delay in the bone repair process in the ovariectomized/irradiated group and similarity between the ovariectomized, Ov/ Se and Ov/Se/Irr groups. Our findings suggest that sodium selenite may influence a radioprotective effect in the bone repair of tibia of ovariectomized rats without toxicity.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicities of permeable cryoprotectants and finally to establish the cryopreservation method of surplus embryos obtained during assisted reproductive technology (ART). Toxicities of permeable cryoprotectants, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethylene glycol (EG), Glycerol, and 1,2-PROH were investigated using a murine embryo model. Female F-1 mice were stimulated with gonadotropin, induced ovulation with hCG and mated. Two cell embryos were collected and cultured after exposure to among DMSO, EG, Glycerol, and 1,2-PROH. Embryo development was evaluated up to the blastocyst stage. The total cell count of blastocysts that were treated with DMSO and Glycerol at the 2-cell stage was significantly lower than that were treated with EG (81.1±15.1), 1,2-PROH (88.0±21.1) or the control (99.9±21.3) (p<0.001). On comparison of four cryoprotectant treated groups, the DMSO and Glycerol treated group showed a decreased cell count compared with the EG and 1,2-PROH treated group (p<0.05). Both DMSO (14.7±1.3), EG (12.1±1.1), Glycerol (15.2±1.8), and 1,2-PROH (11.5±1.3) treated groups showed higher apoptosis rates of cells in the blastocyst compared with the control (6.5±0.7, p<0.0001). In addition, the DMSO or Glycerol treated group showed more apoptotic cells than the EG or 1,2-PROH treated group (p<0.001). The potential toxicity of cryoprotectants was uncovered by prolonged exposure of murine embryos to among DMSO, EG, Glycerol, and 1,2-PROH at room temperature. When comparing four permeable cryoprotective agents, EG and 1,2-PROH appeared to be less toxic than DMSO and Glycerol at least in a murine embryo model.

A study was performed to investigate the effect of reseeding rates of Italian ryegrass (IRG)〔Lolium multiflorum L.〕on its nutritive value and productivity in native grasssland of Jeju region from Oct. 2011 to Jul. 2012. IRG was sown at reseeding rates (0 30, 40 and 50 kg/ha) in native grassland. When IRG was sown, there was no draught and lodging damage. Plant height in treatment 30 kg/ha of reseeding IRG was the tallest at all harvest stages (p<0.05). DM yield in treatment of 30 kg/ha of reseeding IRG was 12,790 kg/ha and increased 2.7 folds as compared to control. However, there was no significant difference among the treatments. The content of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) significantly decreased in treatment of reseeding, compared to control (p<0.05). In general, the content of NDF in second harvest stage was lower than that of control in first harvest stage. The content of acid detergent fiber (ADF) also showed simliar trend as content of NDF. The content of total digestible nutrients (TDN) in treatments of 30 kg/ha and 50 kg/ha of reseeding were approximately 45.2% each. The content of TDN in treatments of 30 kg/ha and 50kg/ha of reseeding increased as compared to 40 kg/ha and control of reseeding (p<0.05). Therefore, it is conclued that reseeding rate of IRG may improve the yield and nutritive values of IRG at 30 kg/ha.

Oxygen consumption is a useful parameter for evaluating mammalian embryo quality, since individual bovine embryos was noninvasively quantified by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). Recently, several approaches have been used to measure the oxygen consumption rates of individual embryos, but relationship between oxygen consumption and pregnancy rates of Hanwoo following embryo transfer has not yet been reported. In this study, we measured to investigate the correlation between oxygen consumption rate and pregnancy rates of Hanwoo embryo using a SECM. In addition to, the expression of pluripotent gene and anti-oxidant enzyme was determined using real-time PCR by extracting RNA according to the oxygen consumption of in vivo embryo. First, we found that the oxygen consumption significantly increased in blastocyst-stage embryos (blastocyst) compared to early blastocyst stage embryos, indicating that oxygen consumption reflects the embryo quality (Grade I). Oxygen consumption of blastocyst was measured using a SECM and total cell number of in vitro blastocyst was enumerated by counting cells stained by propidium iodide. The oxygen consumption or GI blastocysts were significantly higher than those of GII blastocysts (10.2 × 1015/mols—1 versus 6.4 × 1015/mols—1, p<0.05). Total cell numbers of in vitro blastocysts were 74.8, 90.7 and 110.2 in the oxygen consumption of below 10.0, 10.0∼12.0 and over 12.0∼1015/mols—1, respectively. Pregnant rate in recipient cow was 0, 60 and 80% in the transplantation of embryo with the oxygen consumption of below 10.0, 10.0∼12.0 and over 12.0 × 1015/mols—1, respectively. GPX1 and SOD1 were significantly increased in over —10.0 group than below 10.0 groups but in catalase gene, there was no significant difference. On the other hand, In OCT-4 and Sox2, pluripotent gene, there was a significant difference (p<0.05) between the below-10.0 (0.98 ± 0.1) and over 10.0 (1.79 ± 0.2). In conclusion, these results suggest that measurement of oxygen consumption maybe help increase the pregnant rate of Hanwoo embryos.

This experiment was conducted to verify the effect of spraying ethanol extracts (green tea and wormwood) on pH, TBARS, VBN, and total microbes of chicken meat during storage. The ethanol extracts of green tea and wormwood were sprayed on the chicken carcasses (0.2 and 0.2 g extract/㎏meat, respectively). Treated sample showed higher lightness (L* values) and yellowness (b* values) and lower redness (a* values) than those of control. The TBARS values were significantly lower for the treatments than the control on storage day 4, especially, the treatment of the wormwood extracts had lowest TBARS value. The VBN values were relatively lower values for the treatments than the control on storage day 4, especially, the treatment of the wormwood extracts had lowest VBN value on storage day 6. Wormwood samples showed lower total aerobic and E. coli counts than the others on day 6. Therefore, the spray with natural wormwood extracts could be useful to extend the shelf-life by preventing lipid oxidation and reducing the microbial growth during storage of chicken meat.

The objective of the study is to assess temperament of a horse based on general temperament test by a questionnaire survey. Five test criteria were identified: gentleness, patience, aggressiveness, sensitivity, and friendliness, each on a 5-point scale. 114 horses bred at the National Institute of Animal Science (NIAS) in 2010, 2011 and 2012. The horses recorded scores of 3.6∼3.9 for gentleness, 3.1∼3.6 for patience, 3.4∼4.0 for aggressiveness, 2.8∼3.2 for sensitivity, and 3.4∼3.8 for friendliness, the overall score for sensitivity the lowest. Horses born in 2012 scored lower than the rest in all five areas at a statistically significant level (P<0.05). By gender, the colts scored higher than the fillies in all five areas, but the discrepancy was not statistically significant. Factor analysis yielded only one factor, and the Cronbach's α value was 0.980 for standardization of Factor 1, indicating a high reliability of internal consistency. The correlation coefficients among the test criteria ranged between 0.85 and 0.91 (P<0.01). The assessment criteria used in this study are expected to provide a useful basis designing a temperament test horses.

This study was carried out to examine a molecular marker system for parentage test in Jeju Black cattle (JBC). Based on the preliminarily studies, we finally selected for construction of a novel genetic marker system for molecular traceability, identity test, breed certification, and parentage test in JBC and its related industrial populations. The genetic marker system had eight MS markers, five indel markers, and two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; g.G299T and g.del310G) within MC1R gene which is critical to verify the breed specific genotypes for coat color of JBC differing from those of exotic black cattle breeds such as Holstein and Angus. The results showed lower level of a combined non-exclusion probability for second parent (NE-P2) of 4.1202×10-4 than those previously recommended by International Society of Animal Genetics (ISAG) of 5.000×10-4 for parentage, and a combined non-exclusion probability for sib identity (NE-SI) of 2.679×10-5. Parentage analysis has been successfully identified the JBC offspring in the indigenous population and cattle farms used the certified AI semens for production using the JBC-derived offspring for commercial beef. This combined molecular marker system will be helpful to supply genetic information for parentage test and traceability and to develop the molecular breeding system for improvement of animal productivity in JBC population.

This study was carried out to investigate synthetic extender for semen cryopreservation of Jeju Native Black Bull. The semen was collected using an artificial vagina and transported to the laboratory. The semen was diluted 1:1 by Tris-Egg yolk extender and contrifuged in 1,500 rpm for 15 minutes. The supernatant was removed. The pellect was diluted to final sperm concentration of 2×108/ml by doubling in every 30 minutes at 4℃ cold chamber. The semen was equilibrated for 4 hours at cold chamber and packed to 0.5 ml straw. The semen straws were located above 5 cm for 10 minutes. The height and duration affect the freezing speed by temperature. The frozen straw was plunged to LN2. The presented straws were examined the viability and motility after thawed at 37℃ water bath. Frozen-thawed sperm were evaluated sperm viability, membrane integrity and acrosome integrity. Post-thawed sperm viability has been significantly higher (p<0.05) in fresh sperm (93.27±1.62%) than frozen-thawed sperm (73.34±3.27%). However, there were no significant differences between fresh and frozen-thawed dead cell rate (7.35±2.63 vs, 13.71±2.85). In sperm motility, between Triladyl and AndroMed Extender, there was no significant different (72.86±2.83 vs, 81.47±2.48), similarly, the dead cell rates was similar (18.41±3.42% and 17.26±4.25). The results of our study suggest that AndroMed to the freezing extender showed more positive effect on the frozen-thawed spermatozoa in Jeju Native Black bull semen.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of soybean curd residue as an ingredient of TMR on growth performance and carcass characteristics of Holstein steers. Twenty four Holstein steers of 7 months age(average body weight 274.6 kg) were randomly allocated to 3 experimental groups, which contained 8animals per group during 15-months feeding trial. The treatments composed of the group fed concentrate and rice straw separately (Control), the group fed TMR containing low levels of soybean curd (T1), the group fed TMR containing high levels of soybean curd residue (T2). Body weight and average daily gain were not significantly different among the treatment groups during the feeding trial periods. Feed intake was not differ among treatment groups, but feed conversion ratio was significantly higher in T2 group compared to T1 group during late fattening stage (p<0.05). However, it was not different in overall average. According to the yield traits, carcass weight of control, T1 and T2 were 466.4, 451.1 and 460.1 kg, respectively. Back fat thickness, rib eye area and yield index were not different among the groups. The marbling score, meat color, texture and maturity in quality traits were not different among the treatment groups, but fat color was significantly higher in T2 group compared to T1 group (p<0.05). The quality grade (1+:1:2:3, NO.) tended to be higher for T1(0:2:1:5) and T2 (0:1:4:3) compared with the control (0:0:3:5). Therefore, these results indicated that TMR with soybean curd residue may be appropriate the growth performance and carcass characteristics of Holstein steers.

The study was conducted to investigate the comparison of pregnancy rate and transferable embryos produced by genetically superior Korean cows (Hanwoo) of livestock farms. Eighteen Hanwoo donors were superovulated with gonadotropin for 4 days combined with Progesterone Releasing Intravaginal. Embryos were recovered 7 days after the second insemination by flushing the uterus with embryo collection medium. No differences were observed in the efficiency of rate of superovulation in groups A (low nutrition) and B (highnutrition) it was observed to be 100.0% and 87.5%, respectively. The mean numbers of total embryos were 10.8±3.4 and 8.9±2.5, and transferable embryos were 7.5±3.3 and 4.0±1.5 in groups A and B, respectively. The pregnancy rates after embryo transfer were 23.5%, 20.0%, C 80.0% and 55.6% in farm A, B, C, and D, respectively. In conclusion, results suggest that superovulation could be used quite effectively to raise superior Hanwooembryos. However, physical and biological condition of recipients greatly affects the rate of pregnancy.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of abnormal ovarian cycles after superovulation treatment of Holstein Donor Cows. CIDRs were inserted into the vaginas of twenty two head of Holstein cows, regardless of estrous cycle. Superovulation was induced using folliclar stimulating hormone (FSH). For artificial insemination, donor cows were injected with PGF2α and estrus was checked about 48 hours after the injection. Then they were treated with 4 straws of semen 3 times, with 12-hour intervals. Embryos were collected by a non-surgical method 7 days after the first artificial insemination. The cows were considered to have resumed ovarian cyclicity on the day of ovulation if followed by regular ovarian cycles. Seventy two point seven percentage of the cows(16/22) had normal resumption of ovarian cyclicity(resumption within 40 days after superovulation), and 27.3%(6/22) had delayed resumption(resumption did not occur until＞40 days after superovulation). Delayed resumption Type Ⅱ(first ovulation did not occur until ≥40 days after superovulation, i.e. delayed first ovulation 13.6%) were the most common types of delayed resumptions. The mean numbers of total ova from < 10 and 10≤ of corpora lutea(CL) was 7.8±1.8 and 12.7±2.7, respectively. The number of transferable embryos differed between < 10 and 10≤ CL was 5.4±1.3 and 8.1±3.4, respectively. Four point five percentage of the cows(1/22) did not resumption their ovarian cyclicity until 60 days after superovulation treatment. Diverse researches on the superovulation treatment method that is suitable for high-producing Holstein donor cows would contribute to preventing ovarian cyclicity disorder, as well as to the early multiplication of cows with superior genes by increasing the utilization value of donor cows.

The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between body weight, body condition score (BCS), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), glucose, cholesterol and number of transferable embryos for the purpose of improving reproductive performance in Hanwoo donors. Seventy five cows, at random stages of the estrous cycle, received a CIDR together with injection of 1mg estradiol benzoate and 50 mg progesterone, and gonadotropin treatment begann. Four days later, the animals were superovulated with a total of 28AU FSH (Antorin, 2AU = 1 ml) administered twice daily in constant doses over 4 days. On the 3rd administration of FSH, CIDR was withdrawn and 25 mg was administered. Cows were artificially inseminated twice after estrous detection at 12 hr intervals. The cows received GnRH at the time of 1st insemination. Embryos were recovered 7 days after the 1st insemination. In conclusion, cows with body weight < 400, 400~450 and > 450kg had number of transferable embryos of , and , cows with BCS <2.25, 2.25~2.75 and had number of transferable embryos of , and respectively. These data indicate that a body weight and BCS for superovulation of CIDR-treated Korean native cows does not affect the embryo yield.