Various biometric and geometric measures were used to discriminate between the morphologically similar river puffer, Takifugu obscurus, tiger puffer, T. rubripes, their hybrids, and their triploid hybrids. The hybrids and triploid hybrids had greater anal fin width, nostril width, and snout length than the parental species (p<0.05). However, they had less caudal peduncle depth, inter-orbital width, head length, and head width (p<0.05). The morphometric and meristic characteristics of the hybrids and triploid hybrids were either intermediate between the parental species or more similar to those of one parental species. However, the external morphology of the hybrids and triploid hybrids was predominantly maternal. The triploid hybrids had asymmetry in the fin rays and gill raker numbers. This study identified phenotypic characteristics by distinguishing the morphological variables of river puffer, tiger puffer, their hybrids, and their triploid hybrids.

우리나라의 수량에 큰 영향을 미치는 요인을 구명하기 위해콩의 주요 생산지인 파주, 안동 및 무안의 3지역에서 2012년도에서 2014년까지 3개년의 설문 및 현지조사의 자료를 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 3지역 3년 전체 중회귀분석 결과를 보면 비닐피복을 하면 ha당 488 kg (23%) 증수를 하였고 논재배가 밭재배 대비ha당 520 kg (24%) 증수를 하였으며 추가관수 1회마다(3회까지) ha당 165 kg씩(7%정도) 증수를 보였다. 2. 수량에 큰 영향을 미치는 저수요인은 지역별 기상조건에 따라 달라지지만 무안, 안동 파주 등 3지역을 3년간 조사한 결과를 대상으로 분석하면 콩의 수량 감수 주요인은 6월과9월의 토양수분 부족이었다.

썩덩나무노린재는 두과작물에서 과실에 이르기까지 다양한 작물을 가해하는 대표적인 다식성 노린재의 일종이다. 과실이 썩덩나무노린재의 발육에 필요한 영양원인지 불필요한 영양원인지 아직도 분명하지 않다. 그리하여 사과와 오렌지의 단독먹이 및 콩-땅콩과의 먹이조합에 따른 썩덩 나무노린재의 발육, 사망률 및 증식률을 평가하였다. 썩덩나무노린재 약충은 사과단독먹이에서만 높은 사망률로 성충으로 발육하지 못하였다. 물 만 제공한 것은 3령으로 발육하지 못하였고, 사과단독먹이에서 4령으로 발육하지 못하였다. 하지만 오렌지단독먹이에서 14%가 성충으로 우화하 였으나, 약충의 발육기간이 약 74일로 가장 길었다. 콩-땅콩과 조합한 먹이에서 노린재의 사망률은 38~44%를 나타내었다. 총 산란수는 169~190 개 였으며, 부화률은 81~83%이었다. 따라서 사과는 썩덩나무노린재의 발육에 불완전한 먹이 이었으나, 오렌지는 발육이 지연되기는 하였으나 이루지는 것으로 평가되었다.

The influence of three temperatures, 20℃, 25℃ and 35℃ and four relative humidities (RH), 30-35%, 50-55%, 70-75%, and 90-95% on oviposition and development of Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) on azuki bean seeds was investigated. One day old five males and five females of C. chinensis were introduced to 30 gm azuki bean seeds for each combination of temperature and RH, and replicated ten times. The introduced adults were allowed to lay eggs for 72 hours. Temperature significantly influenced on oviposition with increased number of eggs at 30℃, relative humidity, however, had no effect on egg laying. Development time was affected by both temperature and relative humidity. Development time was shortest at 30℃ and 70-75% RH. Adult emergence success rate was affected by both temperature and RH; increased level of temperature and RH increased emergence rate of adults. The results suggest that C. chinensis is much likely to cause greater damage to azuki bean seeds stored at 30℃ and 70-75% RH.

This study was conducted to determine the oviposition preference and development of adzuki bean weevil, Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) on five different leguminous seeds a) cowpea, b) white kidney bean c) soybean cultivar Daepung d) mung bean and e) azuki bean. A multiple choice test and a nochoice test were conducted to record the number of eggs laid, total developmental time, number of adults emerged, and adult longevity of C. chinensis on the five different leguminous seeds. Both choice and no-choice tests revealed cowpea seed as the most preferred oviposition substrate. Total developmental time from egg to adult stage ranged from 28 to 31 days; shortest of that on the cowpea followed by adzuki and mung bean seeds. Successful development of C. chinensis was not witnessed on soybean or on kidney bean. Rate of adult emergence was higher on adzuki and mung bean seeds with longer adult longevity of those emerged from adzuki bean and cowpea. Higher egg laying preference and shorter developmental time with longer adult longevity of the beetle on cowpea probably signifies importance of physical as well as chemical attributes of the seed as an oviposition substrate other than evolutionary history of the insect. Cowpea seeds can possibly be used as a pull stimulus either as a trap crop or as a stimulant in the mechanical traps against C. chinensis where other leguminous host crops are grown as main crops.

Studies have reported differential attractiveness of yellow, white or blue sticky cards to greenhouse pests, especially to Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Homoptera: Alyerodidae). The main aim of this study was to determine whether yellow or blue sticky card offers a better option in monitoring or mass trapping these sympatric greenhouse pests. Laboratory study that included a multiple choice and no-choice tests to observe the attractiveness of blue, yellow, white or green sticky card to F. occidentalis and T. vaporariorum was conducted. Also, a glasshouse study was conducted to determine better composite attractiveness of yellow or blue sticky card. F. occidentalis showed higher preference to blue and yellow sticky cards in laboratory study and blue captured the highest number of F. occidentalis in glasshouse followed by the yellow. However, while the blue sticky card captured few T. vaporariorum, the yellow sticky card captured the highest number of T. vaporariorum in both laboratory and glasshouse tests. Since yellow sticky card received composite affinity of both F. occidentalis and T. vaporariorum, placement of yellow sticky card for the greenhouse pests, rather than blue or yellow targeted to individual species, is recommended for economical and optimal monitoring and/or mass trapping success of the tested greenhouse pests.

The brown marmorated stink bug Halyomorpha halys Stål (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is native to Korea, Japan, and China. H. halys is one of the major polyphagous pentatomids with a wide host range encompassing ornamental shrubs, trees, and cultivated crops such as millet, sesame, soybean, apple, yuzu, pear, cherry, and peach and inflicting losses of several crops in Korea. However, study on dietary importance of these hosts on the development rate of H. halys is sparse. We evaluated fruits of apple and orange with or without soybean plus peanuts as food sources to investigate development rate, mortality and fecundity of the stink bug. Not apple but orange only diet could support development up to adult stage but with higher mortality. First instars were found to molt into second instars without feeding. The longest time H. halys took to develop was in its fifth instar. Overall shortest developmental period (39.82) days was recorded on those fed on orange+soybean and peanut whereas those fed on orange only diet had longest development period (78.92 days). Generational mortality of those fed on diets consisting of soybean and peanuts ranged from 43 to 53%. Those only fed on water could not develop into third instars. H. halys could not develop into fourth instar in apple only diet. However, on orange only diet 20% H. halys could emerge as adults. Fecundity was measured for the first day of oviposition per female. Fecundity was recorded highest (28 eggs) on orange+soybean and peanut diets. The results suggest that H. halys require leguminous seeds in order to develop fully and lay fertile eggs.

Two sorghum(Sorghum bicolor L. Moench cv. Hwanggeumchal-susu and Miryang 3) samples were milled using different milling methods, and their physicochemical properties were tested. Particle size was classified into five groups such as pin mill and low temperature-microparticulation(LTM; 10, 000, 20, 000, 30, 000, and 40, 000 rpm). The water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index(WSI), and a rapid Visco analyzer(RVA) were used to examine particle size distribution and color differences. Particle size of sorghum flour prepared using LTM was lower than that prepared using a pin mill. Particle size was further reduced by successive dry milling of the LTM flour. Lightness of colored pigments increased when particle size decreased. The WAI of Miryang 3 pin milling(M1) flour was the lowest after LTM, and WSI was higher in the order of M2, M3, M4, and M5. LTM sorghum flour had significantly higher pasting viscosity, as determined using a rapid Visco analyzer. LTM Miryang 3 sorghum flour(M2～M5) flour showed lower breakdown viscosity and higher final viscosity compared to those of M1 flour, resulting in an increased setback value.

In this study, densified 4D carbon/carbon composites were made from carbon fiber and coal tar pitch through the process of pressure impregnation and carbonization and then followed by carbonization and graphitization. To improve the oxidative resistance of the prepared carbon/carbon composites, the surface of carbon/carbon composites was coated on SiC by the pack cementation method. The SiC coated layer was created by depending on the constitution of pack powder, and reaction time of pack-cementation. The morpology of crystalline and texture of these SiC coated carbon/carbon composites were investigated by XRD, SEM/EDS observation. So the coating mechanism of pack-cementation process was proposed. The oxidative res istance were observed through the air oxidation test, and then the optimal condition of pack cementation was found by them. Besides, the oxidative mechanism of SiC formed was proposed through the observation of SiC coated surface, which was undergone by oxidation test.

In a 12-week experiment, the rock bream, Oplegnathus fasciatus, and olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, were investigated to determine the effects of starvation on their physiological parameters. The protein and DNA contents of the starved fish were significantly higher than the initial values and those of the fed fish. The RNA contents and RNA/DNA ratios of the fed fish were significantly higher than those of the other groups (P<0.05). The hematocrit, hemoglobin, red blood cells (RBC), and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) of the fed rock bream were significantly higher than at baseline (P<0.05), whereas the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) of the fed fish was lower than at baseline (P<0.05). The hematocrit, hemoglobin, RBC, and MCHC of the starved group were significantly lower than the baseline values, whereas the MCV of the starved group was significantly higher than the baseline value (P<0.05). No significant difference in alanine aminotransferase was observed between the fed fish and baseline, whereas the starved fish value was significantly higher than the baseline value (P>0.05). There were no significant differences in cortisol levels. However, the glucose level in the fed group was significantly higher than the baseline level and that in the starved group was significantly lower than the baseline level (P<0.05).

The sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) variety ‘Sodamchal’ was developed and registered by Department of Sothern Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science (NICS) in 2013. This variety was developed from the cross between ‘Hwanggeumchal’ with brown grain and ’Jungmo4001’ with semi-dwarf trait. ‘Sodamchal’ is the first semi-dwarf stature with waxy endosperm ever developed in Korea. The yield performance of ‘Sodamchal’ was 2.95 MT/ha in local adaptability test for 2 years. It had 91 cm culm length, which was 58 cm shorter than that of ‘Hwanggeumchal’, 26.3 cm panicle length, 22.0 mm thickness of culm, 21.1 g in 1,000 grain weight. It could be reduce the lodging problem and also adapted to mechanized cultivation. ‘Sodamchal’ produces high quantities of polyphenol and radical scavenging activitiy with diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) in pigmented testa. Above all ‘Sodamchal’ is suitable for use as a parental source for the development of improved pollinator parent lines for developing semi-dwarf sorghum with waxy endosperm and antioxidant activity. (Variety registration No. 6244)

Thirty-eight Pea (Pisum sativum L.) genotypes were screened to identify varieties to be suitable for sprout. Based on seed yield and sprout qualities such as whole length and sprout yield, five genotypes (PI269803, PI343278, PI343283, PI343300 and PI 343307) were primarily selected as candidates for pea sprouts. In order to determine optimal cultivation condition for pea sprouting, growth characteristics were investigated according to the change of germination temperature and days for sprouting. Whole length and hypocotyl length were observed to increase as a time dependent manner at each tested temperature (20, 23, and 25°C). However, whole length, hypocotyl length, and sprout yield were highly increased at 23°C compared to 20 and 25°C. Especially, PI269803 and PI343300 showed higher sprout yield than the others. In addition, the effect of the change of germination temperature on antioxidant properties was estimated by measuring total phenolic content (TPC) and free radical scavenging activity (DPPH and ABST activity). TPC and DPPH/ABST activities of PI269803 and PI343300 were higher at 23°C than at 20 and 25°C, while antioxidant properties of PI343278 and PI343283 were decreased in a temperaturedependent manner. The results show a high degree of correlation between TPC and antioxidant activities and suggest that the temperature change for pea sprouting could be responsible for antioxidant properties. Taken together, these results provide optimal cultivation conditions for pea sprouting and suggest that PI269803 and PI343300 with high sprout yield and antioxidant properties could be used for pea sprouts.

‘온토비’는 중, 북부 지역에서도 안정적인 월동이 가능하며 봄철 풋거름 수량이 많아 답리작 재배에 적합한 헤어리베치 품종을 육성할 목적으로 국립식량과학원에서 유전자원 ‘Ch4 (중국 도입)’에서 파생된 봄철 생육이 우세한 개체들을 선발 하여 계통육종법을 통해 개발되었다. 주요 특성은 개화기에 진한 녹엽색을 띠고, 줄기 모용 밀도가 높으며, 개화기는 전국 평균 5월 15일로써 대조품종인 ‘청풍보라’에 비해 5일 늦다. 월동율은 전국 평균 91%로써 대조품종 보다 2% 더 높은 경 향이었으며, 건물중수량은 ha당 평균 5.44톤으로써 대조품종 에 비해 17% 더 많았고, 질소함량은 ha당 평균 172 kg으로 써 대조품종에 비해 13% 더 증가하였다. ‘온토비’의 적응 지 역은 1월 최저 평균기온이 -15℃ 이상인 지역이면 전국 어느 곳에서나 재배가 가능하다(품종보호등록번호 제4748호).

We assessed the effects of various dietary conditions on the growth, phenotypic traits, and morphometric dimensions of rock bream, Oplegnathus fasciatus and on the morphometric dimensions of sectioned olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Rock bream in the fed group increased in body weight, standard length, and condition factor, but these parameters decreased significantly for fish in the starved group (P < 0.05). The head connection dimensions of fish in the fed group decreased, while for starved fish there was increase in external morphometric dimensions (P < 0.05). In both species, sectioned morphometric analysis revealed that fish in the fed group had a larger body circumference and cross-cut sectional area, and greater cross-cut section height, relative to the starved group (P < 0.05).

Measurements of closely related sets of classical and truss dimensions were analyzed to discriminate species of scorpaenidae including the dark banded rockfish, Sebastes inermis, the black rockfish, S. schlegeli, and gobioninae including the striped shiner, Pungtungia herzi, and the slender shiner, Pseudopungtungia tenuicorpa. The measurements of the dimensions were arc sin square root transformed, and compared as a function of the standard length of each species for statistical analysis. For values of the classical dimensions of the rockfish, 6 were greater for the dark banded rockfish than for the black rockfish, 1 value was smaller for the former, and for 2 values there was no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05). For values of the classical dimensions of the shiners, 9 values were greater for the striped shiner than for the slender shiner, 2 values were smaller for the former, and for 1 value there was no statistically significant difference (P > 0.01). For values of the truss dimensions of the rockfish, 6 were greater for the dark banded rockfish than for the black rockfish, 1 was smaller for the former, and for 4 values there was no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05). For values of the truss dimensions of the shiners, 13 values were greater for the striped shiner than for the slender shiner, 3 values were smaller for the former, and for 6 values there was no statistically significant difference (P > 0.01). The dimension sets used in this study may be useful as taxonomic indicators for discriminating among fish species in Korea.

‘청풍보라’는 농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원에서 추위에 강하여 중, 북부 지역에서도 안정적으로 월동이 가능하며 조생이고 봄철 녹비 수량이 많아 답리작 재배에 적합한 헤어리베치 품종을 육성하고자 내한성이 강하고 중생종인 ‘Daegu2(대구 수집)’ 유전자원 집단에서 파생한 조생 개체를 선발하여 육성하였다. 월동률이 높고 개화기가 빠르며 녹비다수성인 우수계통을 선발 육성하여 ‘베치1호’로 계통명을 부여하였고 2008년부터 2009년까지 2년간 수원, 익산, 밀양, 영덕 등 4개 지역에서 지역적응시험을 실시한 결과 우수성이 인정되어 2009년 농작물 직무육성 신품종 선정위원회에서 신품종으로 선정되었다. ‘청풍보라’의 고유 특성은 중간 색조의 녹색잎, 중간 정도의 모용 밀도, 흑색 종피를 보유하였다. 개화기는 전국 평균 4월 29일로 대조 품종인 ‘웰타’보다 11일 빠르며, 내한성은 ‘웰타’보다 강하였다. 건물수량은 ha당 평균 5.2 ton으로 4.92 ton인 ‘웰타’에 비해 5.7% 많았고, 질소 수량은 ha당 평균 166 kg으로 156 kg인 ‘웰타’에 비해 6.4% 많았다. ’청풍보라’의 적응 지역은 1월 최저 평균기온이 -15℃ 이상인 지역이면 전국 어느 곳에서나 재배가 가능하다.

Wheat is one of the most important food crops in the world and provides 20% of nutritional requirement to the consumers in developing countries. The consumption per capita of wheat is persistent but the self-sufficiency has decreased owing to the less competitive world market and double cropping system with rice in Korea. This study was conducted to obtain baseline data on the selection lines with early maturity and good agronomic traits. Geumgangmil, a leading Korean variety, was crossed with CIMMYT’s line, and a DH (double haploid) line was released using pollens of Maize in Mexico. The 71 inbred lines were grown in fields at NICS, Miryang. The culm length of inbred lines were normally distributed from 37cm to 106cm, though that of the P1 (Geumgangmil) was 71 and P2 (CIMMYT’s Line) was 77cm. Especially, some lines were very short and measured below 50cm. The spike lengths of most of the lines were longer than that of P1 (7.5cm), but were normally distributed. The number of spikelet was less than that in P2 (19ea.), but was more than P1(10ea.). The heading day of most of the lines was between P1 (11th April) and P2 (25th April) and the maturity day of the lines was similar to P1 (1st June) but 5 lines showed 2~6 days shorter maturity period than that of P1. However, 20 lines were found to have 2~10 days longer maturity period than that of P2.

Morphological changes in the reared rock bream, Oplegnathus fasciatus, from hatching to six days after hatching were examined during the early growth stage under starvation. All the larvae died within five days when feeding was delayed for three days after hatching. These results imply that initial larval food should be supplied within two days of hatching. Changes in the pectoral angle and the ratios of eye height to head height, gut height to standard length, and gut height to myotome height in the rock bream are alternative indicators for the identification of starving fish. These indicators might prove useful in evaluating the successful transition from endogenous to exogenous feeding in this species.

‘삼다메’는 국립식량과학원 기능성작물부에서 2010년도에 육성한 중생종이며 메성으로 혼반에 적합한 품종이다. ‘삼다 메’의 잎은 녹색이나, 생육후기에는 황록색을 띤다. 분얼경은 직립으로 도복에 강하다. 이삭의 형태는 원추형으로 이삭의 착립밀도가 조밀하고 탈립이 안되며 낟알은 황색으로 메성이 다. ‘삼다메’는 밀양, 원주, 신안의 보통기 표준재배에서 평균 출수기가 8월 10일로 ‘황금조’보다 12일 늦은 중생종이다. 생 육일수는 보통기 재배에서 101일로 ‘황금조’에 비하여 약13 일 길고, 성숙일수는 6일 정도 길다. 간장은 보통기 보비재배 에서 130 cm로 ‘황금조’에 비해 18 cm 정도 크고 현곡천립 중은 ‘황금조’와 같다. 포장에서의 조도열병, 세균성줄무늬병 은 ‘황금조’에 비해 강한 편이나 속깜부기병은 다소 높게 발 생하였다. 조명나방 및 노린재류의 해충에는 ‘황금조’와 같이 약한 반응을 보였다. ‘황금조’에 비하여 Ca 및 항산화활성이 높은 기능성을 가지고 있으며, 수량은 2.42 MT/ha로 ‘황금 조’에 비해 25% 증수하였다.

‘경관2호’는 국립식량과학원 기능성작물부에서 2008년 하계에 진주 재래조를 수집하여 2008/2009년 동계온실에서 두 번 집단을 양성하여 순계분리한 도복에 강하며 찰성의 특성을 지닌 혼반 및 경관용 품종으로 2009년에 육성되었다. ‘경관2호’의 잎은 녹색이나, 생육후기에는 자색으로 변하며, 분얼경은 직립으로 도복에 강하고 안토시안 색소 발현이 있다. 이삭의 형태는 원추형이며 이삭의 착립밀도는 ‘황금조’와 비슷하며 탈립이 잘되는 편이다. 낟알은 황색이며 찰성이 있다. ‘경관2호’의 생육일수는 보통기 표준재배에서 127일로 ‘황금조’보다 25일 늦고, 성숙일수는 11일 정도 길다. 간장은 보통기 표준재배에서 128 cm로 ‘황금조’에 비해 23 cm 정도 크나 포장 도복에 강하다. 현곡천립중은 2.1 g으로 ‘황금조’에 비해 가벼운 편이다. 포장에서의 조도열병과 세균성줄무늬병 및 벼줄무늬잎마름병 발생이 없었으나 조명나방 및 노린재류에는 약하다. 수량은 보통기 표준재배에서 2.00 MT/ha로 ‘황금조’에 비해 5% 정도 적다.