This article examines three recent Korean Supreme Court decisions—Texsus (2023), Weihai Jinnuo (2024), and Injection-Moulding (2025)—that mark an inflection point in Korea’s application of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG). Earlier Korean cases often bypassed the Convention’s analytical framework in favor of familiar domestic law, particularly when filling ‘gaps’ not expressly resolved by the Convention. Such practices, known as the ‘homeward trend,’ threatened the treaty’s core purpose of providing uniformity and certainty in international sales law. The recent trilogy course-corrects this trend by formally establishing a two-step gap-filling framework within the CISG’s own analytical architecture, while largely sustaining lower-court outcomes and replacing domestic doctrine-laden reasoning with one grounded in the Convention itself. With the rise in CISG cases in Korea since 2022, these decisions reflect growing judicial commitment to the Convention’s autonomous nature and demonstrate how a domestic court can evolve into a more faithful enforcer of an international treaty.

본 연구는 경상북도 안동시와 영양군의 고추 주산지를 대상으로 고추 품종의 생육 특성과 수량을 조사하고 SIMPLE 작물모델의 예측 성능을 평가하기 위해 수행되었다. 시험에는 기존 품종 2개와 신육성 품종 5개를 포함한 총 7개 품종이 사용되었으며, 육종가가 제공한 성능 자료를 바탕으로 적응형(adaptive)과 회복형(resilience) 그룹 으로 분류하였다. 2019년부터 2023년까지의 기온 자료를 분석한 결과 두 지역 간 기후 차이는 미미하였으며, 두 지 점 모두 작기 종료 시점에 약 1,800°C·day의 GDD가 누적되었다. 적응형 품종은 밀집형 수관 구조와 더 많은 영양 생장 바이오매스를 나타낸 반면, 회복형 품종은 개방형 수관 구조와 신장된 절간을 보였다. 생식효율의 지역적 차 이가 뚜렷하여, 안동에서는 두 그룹의 최종 수량이 유사하였으나 영양에서는 적응형 품종의 수량이 유의하게 높았 다. SIMPLE 모델은 잎 노화 및 성숙과실로의 동화산물 재분배에 따른 작기 후반부 바이오매스 감소를 반영하기 위 해 1차 감쇠항(first-order decay term)을 도입하여 수정되었다. 캘리브레이션 결과 두 지역에서 서로 다른 매개변수 세트가 도출되었으며, 안동은 빠른 초기 생장, 높은 광이용효율, 낮은 내고온성을, 영양은 점진적 생장, 높은 내고온 성, 높은 수확지수를 특징으로 하였다. 모델 성능은 지점-품종 조합에 따라 상당한 변이를 보였으며, 이는 예측 정확 도가 품종 특성과 미환경 조건 간 상호작용에 의해 결정됨을 시사하였다. 한국의 다양한 고추 생산환경에서 모델의 강건성과 전이성을 향상시키기 위해서는 지역 특이적 캘리브레이션과 기계론적으로 개선된 노화 모듈이 필수적이 며, 다년차·다지점 검증과 불확실성 분석이 향후 우선 과제로 제시된다.

With the increasing demand for flexible electronic devices, smaller and lighter flexible supercapacitors have gained significant research attention. Among the various materials, self-supporting reduced graphene oxide (rGO) paper has emerged as one of the most promising electrode materials for supercapacitors due to its low cost, high chemical/thermal stability, and excellent electrical conductivity. Nevertheless, a major drawback of rGO paper is the limited ion diffusion between stacked rGO layers, hindering the effective formation of electrochemical double-layer at the electrode/electrolyte interface. In this study, we prepared the rGO paper derived from ball-milled followed-by water oxidation process for reducing the sheet size. The smaller-sized rGO sheets facilitated ion transport between graphene layers, promoting efficient electric double-layer formation. Moreover, the increased presence of edge planes in ball-milled rGO sheets achieved high capacitance, further enhancing the performance of rGO as an electrode material. Notably, the 2-BMOX rGO paper obtained from ball-milling and wet-oxidized graphite exhibited a capacitance of 117.9 F/g in cyclic voltammetry (CV) and 128.6 F/g in galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) tests, approximately twice that of conventional rGO. Additionally, the capacitance retained 91% of its initial performance after 2,000 cycles, indicating excellent cycling stability.

This study establishes standardized necropsy protocols and describes the anatomical characteristics of greater horseshoe bats (Rhinolophusferrumequinum), with sex-based comparisons and interspecific analysis. Six deceased bats (4 males, 2 females) were collected from South Korea between May and August 2025. Comprehensive necropsies were performed following Biosafety Level 2 protocols. Body weight showed no significant sexual dimorphism (females: 18.23 ± 1.26 g; males: 17.22 ± 3.42 g; p = 0.720). Of 13 morphometric parameters, only the second digit length (D2) was significantly longer in males (40.00 ± 0.82 mm) than females (36.50 ± 2.12 mm; p = 0.034). Internal anatomy revealed flight adaptations, including pectoral muscles comprising >80% of muscle mass, asymmetric two-lobed lungs, and a 170 mm intestinal tract where the stomach and cecum were indistinct. Males exhibited symmetrical, white, round testes (5 mm diameter) located 15 mm from the abdominal cavity. Mild hepatic lipidosis was observed in 33% of specimens, but no parasites or wing lesions were found. Comparative analysis with Miniopterusfuliginosus from Jeju Island highlighted interspecific differences in body size and morphology. This study provides essential baseline data for the health monitoring and conservation management of Korean bat populations.

Freight-rate forecasting in the VLCC TD3C market remains challenged by abrupt regime shifts, pronounced volatility, and heterogeneity in real-time signals from oil prices, seaborne trade, vessel operations, and macroeconomic factors; these directly impact freight planning and chartering. This study presents a daily multivariate dataset with 4,267 samples covering 2014-02-01 to 2025-10-08, integrating crude benchmarks, fuel spreads, refinery margins, port congestion, inventory levels by region, plus detailed AIS-derived VLCC activity, speed, and operation states, scaled and split 80/10/10 for training, validation, and testing. The proposed framework combines a PyTorch Transformer—optimized using Optuna for d_model=128, 9 layers, 8 heads, a 14-day input window, and 5-day output—with Monte Carlo Dropout for uncertainty quantification. Diagnosis uses differential entropy and coefficient-of-variation to verify convergence with 90 separate runs, while a Kalman filter (Q=0.001, R=0.01) smooths the forecast trajectory and enhances temporal reliability. Experimental results show baseline Transformer achieves average MAE 5,259.4, MAPE 13.10%, and R²=0.74 across 1-5 day horizons, with volatility quality metrics declining at longer leads. Applying the Kalman filter reduces errors to MAE 4,326.1, MAPE 10.6%, and raises R² to 0.83; timing and extremity components of volatility quality scores are strengthened, providing a more robust basis for operational decisions. Monte Carlo backtesting for 82 Korean VLCCs over 598 trades finds the Kalman-smoothed strategy earns $108.5M (88.9% win rate, Sharpe ratio 0.83), substantially outperforming raw Transformer ($32.9M, 60.5%, 0.24) and random selection (near zero, 49.3%, 0.005). These results highlight the clear economic value added by calibrating uncertainty and post-processing forecasts, transforming predictive reliability into real-world freight portfolio improvement in the tanker market.

본 연구에서는 국내에서 처음 발견된 진딧물 Phyllaphoides bambusicola Takahashi, 1921을 보고한다. 2023–2024년 야외조사 중 한국 서 부 지역의 왕대 일종(Phyllostachys bambusoides)에서 P. bambusicola의 발생을 확인하였다. 유시 성충의 상세한 형태 기재와 계측값을 제시하였으 며, 생체 및 슬라이드 표본 사진을 포함하였다. 관찰된 피해 정도로 보아 이 종은 대나무류의 주요 해충이 될 것으로 예상되어 모니터링이 필요하다.