This study examined the acute toxicity of Vital-Shoot containing reduced glutathione in male and female ICR mice. Mice were intraperitoneally injected the drug at dose levels of 0, 250, 500, 1,000 and 2,000 mg/kg body weight (BW) for single-dose toxicity test. There were no statistical differences in BW changes between the control and all treated groups. Based on hematological and blood biochemical analyses, the drug did not affect all parameters. In addition, markers for liver and kidney functions did not meaningfully change in all treated groups. Since there were no adverse effects from the drug in a single-dose intraperitoneal toxicity test, it was concluded that the lethal dose 50 (LD50) of Vital-Shoot is estimated to be >2,000 mg/kg BW.

This study investigated the synergistic effects of a combination of cephalexin and gentamicin (CCG) against Streptococcus spp. isolated from bovine milk. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index were determined for 12 bacteria isolated from 12 bovine farms in Gyeongnam province. The MIC ranges of cephalexin, gentamicin and CCG were 0.25-0.5, 0.5-2.0 and 0.06-0.125 μg/mL, respectively. In addition, the FIC index range of CCG against the isolates was 0.32-0.34, showing a synergistic effect in the checkboard assay. In conclusion, CCG has a high antibacterial activity against Streptococcus isolates and may be utilized in the treatment of bovine streptococcal mastitis.

ABSTRACT The growth of the social platform has led to a rapid increase in sustainable value cocreation activities with customers in order to know what a customer wants. In this study, we have studied about co-creation experience in social platform service. Previous prior studies have systematically classify co-creation between customer and enterprise as co-product and value-in-use, Conceptual factors. The co-creation and value-in-use factors theoretically derived from previous researches attempt to investigate the relationship between value co-creation experience and online service quality. We also tried to investigate the relationship between value co-creation experience and online service quality, customer equity, and online word of mouth. To do this, social platform services are divided into open sns and closed sns. Open SNS was targeted to Facebook, Twitter, and Pintrest users. Closed sns were targeted to Instagram, Cyworld, Band, and KakaoTalk users. In this study, it was confirmed that the relationship between online service quality, customer equity, and online word of mouth is significant through value co - creation experience. In the future, companies that design social platforms will be asked to do what they should do to co-create with customers, and provide suggestions for how to operate the platform in order to continuously activate value co-creative experiences.

This study evaluated the antimicrobial efficacy of different concentrations of ozonated water with organic matter, fetal bovine serum, at different concentrations and incubation times with bacteria. In the absence of organic matter, total eradication of up to 5 log of Escherichia (E.) coli was achieved, however, interference by organic matter led to inefficiency of ozonated water as a disinfecting agent. In addition, diminishing antimicrobial effects at higher temperatures, even in the absence of organic matter, were also demonstrated. These findings indicate that ozonated water will be a safe and effective disinfectant agent that could be useful in meat processing, especially an intestine processing, in Korean slaughter houses.

Treatment of dextran sodium sulfate(DSS) on HeLa cells results to an enhanced susceptibility to Brucella(B.) abortus infection. An increase in the adherence, invasion and intracellular replication of B. abortus was observed in DSS-treated cells. Furthermore, a marked elevation in the intensity of F-actin fluorescence was also observed in DSS-treated cells compared with untreated B. abortus-infected cells. An upregulation of phagocytic signaling proteins by Western blot analysis demonstrated an apparent activation of ERK, p38α and JNK phosphorylation levels in B. abortus-infected DSS-treated cells compared with the control. Colocalization with LAMP-1 proteins was attenuated in DSS-treated cells upon intracellular trafficking of the pathogen compared with control cells. The results of this study demonstrated consistency with other pathogens. The uptake and intracellular replication of B. abortus is hypothesized to be stimulated by various dextran receptors such as C-type lectins that are involved in phagocytosis which can either be direct phagocytic receptors, modulators of the expression of other receptors or as opsonins leading to an enhanced internalization of B. abortus. The complexity of these interactions thus would warrant further investigation into the role of DSS in the pathogenesis of brucellosis. In summary, we conclude that DSS enhanced adhesion, phagocytosis and intracellular replication of B. abortus in epithelial cells which could lead to suppression of the innate immune system in chronic Brucella infection.

The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of ozone in sanitizing water experimentally inoculated with the gram-positive food-poisoning bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. The bactericidal effect was measured after experimentally inoculated solutions were exposed to 0, 0.5, and 1.0 ppm ozone at several time points and different temperatures, in the presence of varying concentrations of different organic matter, namely, fetal bovine serum (FBS) or cattle liver. Results revealed inhibition of the bactericidal effect in the presence of the lowest percentage of FBS, but a lower extent of the inhibition occurred when liver was used as the organic matter. It was also apparent that a higher temperature and shorter ozone exposure time had led to a more reduced bactericidal efficacy than that under a lower temperature and longer ozone exposure. This study provides insight into the potential use of ozonated water as an effective and safe disinfectant in an abattoir setting.

In Korea, a serious amphibian disease caused by the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) has been reported from historical samples collected in the 1900s. In this study, we continue to evaluate the current prevalence of chytridiomycosis in the Korean Peninsula and we include imported frogs from America to our analysis. Non-invasive skin swabs were taken from 275 apparently healthy frogs, and Bd was detected in five free living frogs by the nested PCR protocol consisting of two species: Bombina orientalis and Rana catesbeiana, from Gyeongnam and Cheonbuk provinces. These frogs comprised about 2% of the total number of free living samples. This study might be useful for understanding amphibian chytridiomycosis in Korea.

본 연구는 현재 국내에서 이용되고 있는 차량소독시스템을 개선하기 위해 차량소독용 침수조 및 터널 에 대한 설계기준을 마련하고자 실시되었다. 이를 위해 본 연구팀이 고안한 차량소독용 침수조 및 터널 시제품에 대한 평가를 실시했으며, 침수조에 대한 평가항목은 침수조에 의한 차량 바퀴 오염물 제거 효 과, 침수조 턱 높이의 적정성, immersion heater의 사용가능 여부였으며, 터널에 대한 평가항목은 터 널의 방풍효과, 열풍기의 사용가능 여부였다. 실험 결과, 침수조에 의한 차량 바퀴의 오염물 제거 효과 와 터널에 의한 방풍효과는 매우 우수하게 나타났다. 그러나 침수조 내 immersion heater에 의한 소독 약액의 가온이 충분히 이루어지지 않았으며, 여러 가지 안전사고의 위험이 있었기 때문에 immersion heater 대신 보일러를 이용하는 것이 바람직 할 것으로 판단된다. 또한 터널 내 열풍기에 의한 기온 및 차량 표면온도의 상승효과가 거의 없는 것으로 나타났기 때문에 열풍기는 이용하지 않는 것이 바람직할 것으로 판단된다. 더불어 소형 승용차가 침수조를 원활히 통행하기 위해서는 침수조 턱의 높이를 50mm 정도로 낮추어 설계하는 것이 바람직할 것으로 판단된다.

살모넬라증은 가축에 심각한 피해를 유발하는 질병으로, 축산업과 식품산업에 많은 경제적 손실을 초래하고 있다. 본 연구에서는, 복합 인산염을 주성분으로 하는 분말 소독제의 Salmonella Typhimuriums에 대한 살균효과 시험을 수행하였다. 배지희석법을 이용한 살균효력시험은 4℃에서 30분 동안 시험 세균을 희석 소독제에 노출시켜 소독제의 가장 효과적인 낮은 희석배수를 결정하는 시험이다. 본 분말 소독제와 시험 세균을 처리조건에 따라 경수와 유기물로 희석하여 반응을 시켰다. 유기물 조건에서, Salmonella Typhimurium에 대한 소독제의 살균력은 경수조건에서의 살균력과 비교하여 낮게 나타났는데, 이는 유기물들에 의한 소독제의 살균 유효성분에 대한 저해작용에 따른 것으로 사료된다. 분말 소독제는 Salmonella Typhimurium과 같은 병원체에 대해 살균효과를 가지므로, 살모넬라증과 같은 세균성 질병의 확산을 제어하는데 효과적으로 이용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

This study investigated the changes in appetite and behavior of cattle and pigs after foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccination. This study involved ten calves and ten pigs, each divided into two groups of five animals. One group of each animal was vaccinated with an FMD vaccine (FMD-V), and the other group was used as a non-treated control (CON). Each animal’s appetite and behavior were observed before vaccination and for seven days post-vaccination. In the FMD-V groups, appetite and behavior scores during the seven days post-vaccination were significantly decreased compared to those in the CON groups. The only exception was the seventh day post-vaccination in the swine behavior scores.

The coronavirus porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infects the cells lining the small intestine of a pig and, causes porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED). Owing to its highly infectious nature, PEDV has a substantial economic burden, which results in significant morbidity and mortality in piglets. In this study, the virucidal efficacy of a powder disinfectant containing a phosphate compound against PEDV was investigated. Virucidal efficacy was assessed as the infectivity of PEDV toward Vero cells after exposure of the virus to the disinfectant. PEDV was exposed to the disinfectant in the presence of either hard water (HW) or an organic matter suspension (OM). In the HW condition, PEDV was inactivated by 4-fold dilution of the disinfectant. In the presence of OM, the disinfectant showed virucidal activity with a 2-fold dilution. As the disinfectant possessed virucidal activity against PEDV, it should be an effective reagent for limiting the spread of animal viral diseases.

This study investigated the antidiabetic effect of amaranth grain ethanol extract (AEE) in a diabetic animal model, db/db mouse. The mice were divided into 4 groups: normal control mice (C57BL/6J), diabetic mice (C57BL/6J db/db), diabetic mice fed a lower concentration of AEE (0.3 mg/kg), and diabetic mice fed a higher concentration of AEE (0.5 mg/kg). After 10 weeks of treatment, body weights, blood insulin levels and blood glucose levels of each group were compared. At the end of treatment, the results showed that both AEE supplemented groups had lower body weights than those in the diabetic groups although higher than those in the normal groups. Moreover, in both AEE supplemented groups, serum insulin levels were higher and blood glucose levels were lower than those in the diabetic groups although both values were higher than those in the normal groups. The results of this study suggest that AEE can alleviate many of the common symptoms of diabetes in diabetic mice and, therefore, has potential as a therapeutic supplement for normalization of blood glucose and insulin levels in humans.

Fast, cheap and sufficient serodiagnostic tools needs to be developed for the early detectionof brucellosis. Currently the tools cannot differentiate an active infection from vaccinated, norcan it differentiate other bacterial infections with lipopolysaccharides, especially Yersiniainfections. In this study, we purified recombinant outer membrane protein 10 and 28(rOmp10,rOmp28), and a dipstick assay(indirect or sandwich) was constructed with single(rOmp10 orrOmp28) and combined rOmps(rOmp10 and rOmp28) from Brucella(B.) abortus 544 to evaluatebovine Brucella positive serum collected during the beginning of the Korean outbreak from2006 to 2015. In application with single rOmp, rOmp10(70%; indirect, 92.11%; sandwichdipstick) and rOmp28(72.5%; indirect, 86.84%; sandwich dipstick) had comparable results. Inaddition, results indicated that dipstick with combined rOmps(rOmps10 and rOmp28) weresuperior in detecting positive serum samples, at 85% indirect and 100% sandwich dipstick. Surprisingly, the results were the same in detecting negative results at 97.78% for both singleand combined indirect dipsticks. The dipstick tools with rOmp10 and rOmp28 would be usefulfor a rapid screen method for bovine brucellosis.

본 연구는 오존수 침수처리가 소와 돼지 부산물의 미생물학적 안전성 및 품질특성에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아보고자 실시하였다. 미생물학적 안전성 및 품질평가를 위하여 총균 및 대장균수, 육색, 가열감량, 지방산패도를 측정하였으며, 처리구 설정은 처리하지 않은 대조구(Control)와 일반수돗물(10℃)로30분간 침수처리한 처리구 1(T1), 오존수(1.0ppm, 10℃)에 10분간 침수처리한 처리구 2(T2), 오존수에 20분간 침수처리한 처리구 3(T3) 및 오존수에 30분간 침수처리한 처리구 4(T4)로 분류하였다. 소 및 돼지의 간, 소창의 가열감량은 모든 처리구에서 유의적인 차이가 없었으며(p>0.05), 간보다는 소창에서 높은 가열감량을 보였다. 육색은 소의 간과 소창에서는 오존수 20 또는 30분 침수 처리시 황색도 값을 감소시키나, 명도 및 적색도 값에서 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않았다(p>0.05). 지방산패도 측정 결과, 돼지 소창의 경우 일반수돗물 및 오존수 침지 처리시 대조구에 비해 낮은 지방산패도 값을 나타내었으며 오존수 침지 처리시 유의적으로 낮게 나타났다(p<0.05). 소 간의 경우 대조구에 비해 모든 처리구에서 유의적으로 높은 지방산패도 값을 보였으며 일반수돗물로 침지한 T1에 비해 오존수 침지시 낮은 지방산패도 값을 나타내었다. 총균 및 대장균수는 저장기간이 증가할수록 모든 처리구에서 유의적으로 증가하며(p<0.05), 대조구 및 T1에 비해 오존수 침지처리구에서 유의적으로 낮은 총균 및 대장균수를 나타내었다(p<0.05). 이상의 결과를 통해 오존수 침지처리는 축육부산물의 품질특성 저하 없이 미생물로부터 안전성 확보가 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

A recent study reported that Pleurotus ostreatus has the potential to be used as a β-glucan-based cream for supportive complementary therapy of atopic dermatitis. KH054 is a new herbal prescription consisting of P. ostreatus and Panax ginseng. The effects of atopic dermatitis-induced materials on the expression of cytokine genes in human monocytes (THP-1, EoL- 1) have been examined. Some reports demonstrated that P. ginseng augments the activity of natural killer cells, which plays an important role in innate immunity against infection and tumor development. Monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-8 have important roles in mediating the infiltration of various cells into the skin of atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. The present study investigated whether KH054 on induced IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 secretion by house dust mite (Dermatophagoides pteronissinus) in THP-1 (human acute monocytic leukemia) and EoL-1(Human eosinophilic leukemia) cell. D. pteronissinus functions in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases, including atopic dermatitis and asthma. The inhibitory effect of KH054 on the induction of IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 secretion by D. pteronissinus extract in THP-1 and EoL-1 cells was examined. KH054 potently suppressed the elevated production of IL-6 and IL-8 induced by D. pteronissinus treatment in THP-1 and EoL-1 cells. Based on the present results, KH054 may be useful for developing functional foods to treat atopic dermatitis.