In this study, we examined the antagonistic effects of sprout-borne lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. This antagonism is promoted as a means of controlling contamination during sprout production and provides additional LAB for consumers. We isolated a total of 24 LAB isolates in nine species and five genera from seven popular vegetable sprouts: alfalfa (Medicago sativa), clover (Trifolium pratense), broccoli (Brassica oleracea ssp. italica), vitamin (B. rapa ssp. narinosa), red radish (Raphanus sativus), red kohlrabi (B. oleracea var. gongylodes), and Kimchi cabbage (B. campestris var. pekinensis). Based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, the LAB species were identified as Enterococcus casseliflavus, E. faecium, E. gallinarum, E. mundtii, Lactococcus taiwanensis, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Pediococcus pentosaceus, and Weissella cibaria, and W. confusa. A total of 16 LAB isolates in seven species including E. faecium, E. gallinarum, E. mundtii, L. taiwanensis, L. mesenteroides, P. pentosaceus, and W. cibaria showed antagonistic activity toward S. enterica. The growth inhibition of sprout LAB on S. enterica was confirmed by co-culture. Unexpectedly, sprout LAB failed to suppress the growth of S. enterica in alfalfa sprouts, whereas all LAB strains stimulate S. enterica growth even if it is not significant in some strains. The findings of this study indicate that S. enterica-antagonistic LAB are detrimental to food hygiene and will contribute to further LAB research and improved vegetable sprout production.

This study was aimed to isolate bacterial inoculants producing chitinase and evaluate their application effects on corn silage. Four corn silages were collected from four beef cattle farms to serve as the sources of bacterial inoculants. All isolates were tested against Fusarium graminearum head blight fungus MHGNU F132 to confirm their antifungal effects. The enzyme activities (carboxylesterase and chitinase) were also measured to isolate the bacterial inoculant. Based on the activities of anti-head blight fungus, carboxylesterase, and chitinase, L. buchneri L11-1 and L. paracasei L9-3 were subjected to silage production. Corn forage (cv. Gwangpyeongok) was ensiled into a 10 L mini silo (5 kg) in quadruplication for 90 days. A 2 × 2 factorial design consists of F. graminearum contamination at 1.0104 cfu/g (UCT (no contamination) vs. CT (contamination)) and inoculant application at 2.1 × 105 cfu/g (CON (no inoculant) vs. INO (inoculant)) used in this study. After 90 days of ensiling, the contents of CP, NDF, and ADF increased (p<0.05) by F. graminearum contamination, while IVDMD, acetate, and aerobic stability decreased (p<0.05). Meanwhile, aerobic stability decreased (p<0.05) by inoculant application. There were interaction effects (p<0.05) on IVNDFD, NH3-N, LAB, and yeast, which were highest in UCT-INO, UCT-CON, CT-INO, and CT-CON & INO, respectively. In conclusion, this study found that mold contamination could negatively impact silage quality, but isolated inoculants had limited effects on IVNDFD and yeast.

본 연구는 인체 및 온혈 동물의 기회감염 병원세균으로 알려진 Pseudomonas oryzihabitans에 의한 양파 구에 발생한 중심 흑화병의 첫 보고이다. 본 연구의 목적은 양파 구 흑화병을 일으키는 원인 병원체를 분리 및 동정하고 미생물학적 특성을 조사하는데 있다. 2021년 국내 양파 구에서 소비자 혐오감을 유발할 수 있는 세균 흑화병이 관찰되었다. 흑갈색 색소가 침착된 조직과 흑색 색소 과육 조직에서 그람음성, 비포자형성, 막대형 pseudomonad들이 분리되었다. 병원성 검정을 통해 형성된 인공 감염후 발생한 증상은 자연 감염과 같았고 멸균 증류수를 처리한 음성 대조구에서는 흑화병이 발견되지 않았다. 병원성 검정, API (analytical profile index) 시험, MALDI-TOF MS (Whole-cell matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry), 16S rRNA 유전자 영역 염기서열분석 및 유전적 유연관계분석을 통해 원인 병원체를 Pseudomonas oryzihabitans로 동정하였다. 대규모 포장 또는 수확후병으로 인한 양파 피해사례가 보고된 적은 없지만, 본 연구에서 얻은 결과는 P. oryzihabitans가 잠재적으로 양파의 글로벌 생산 및 운송과 식품 안전을 위협할 수 있음을 시사한다. 또한 인체 기회감염 병원체이기 때문에 양파로부터 언제든지 인체로 감염될 수 있는 위험성을 갖고 있다고 볼 수 있다.

본 연구는 게임 이용동기가 인터넷게임 사용장애에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 이를 위하여 한국콘텐츠진흥 원의 게임이용자패널(2014~2018)의 상반기 조사 5개 연도 자료를 활용하였다. 게임이용자패널은 초·중·고등 학교 학생 2,000명의 표본으로 구성되었으며, 1차 연도부터 5차 연도까지 연구에 참여한 778명의 응답을 분 석에 활용하였다. 응답자의 특성으로 성별은 남성 381명(49.0%), 여성 397명(51.0%)이었고, 학생 분포는 1차 연도 기준으로 초등학생 287명(36.9%), 중학생 273명(35.1%), 고등학생 218명(28.0%)으로 이루어졌다. 종속변 수인 인터넷게임 사용장애는 Kimberly Young의 인터넷중독척도를 게임사용에 맞게 수정한 20문항을 활용하 여 측정하였고, 독립변수인 게임 이용동기는 Nick Yee의 게임이용척도를 수정한 10문항을 활용하여 측정하 였다. 주요 분석방법으로 MIMIC 모형분석을 활용하였다. 분석 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 보상과 현실도피 동기의 게임 이용은 5개 연도 자료 분석 결과 일관적으로 인터넷게임 사용장애와 정적인 관계가 있었다. 둘째, 보상 동기의 게임 이용의 표준화 영향계수는 도피 동기의 게임 이용의 표준화 영향계수보다 더 높은 수준으로 나타났다. 셋째, 통제변수 중에서 높은 불안감 수준을 지니고 있을수록, 남성일수록 일관 적으로 인터넷게임사용장애 수준이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 분석 결과를 바탕으로 DSM-5 진단기준과 관련한 정책적, 실천적 제언을 논의하였다.

목적: 비사시성 수평 안위 이상안을 대상으로 원, 근거리 사위군에서 폭주부족을 CISS(Convergence insufficiency symptom survey) 설문지를 이용하여 측정하고 상관성을 분석하고자 하였다. 방법: 경남 김해에 거주하고 굴절이상이 구면도수 ±6.00 D 이하, 원주도수 ±2.00D 이하인 대학생 94명 (남; 36명, 여; 58명, 평균나이 22.56 ± 3.72세)을 대상으로 하였으며, 전신질환 및 안질환이 있거나, 양안의 차이가 2.00 D 이상인 굴절이상안은 제외하였다. 비사시성 수평안위이상 검사를 위해 완전융합제거사위는 마 독스 로드를 이용하였고, 일부융합제거사위는 Wesson 주시시차 카드를 이용하였으며, CISS 설문결과에 따라 폭주부족의 증상군과 비증상군으로 나누었다. 통계분석은 SPSS 22.0을 이용하였고, CISS 증상군과 비증상군의 사위도에 따른 평균 값 비교는 Mann-Whitney U test를 이용하였으며 사위의 분류에 따른 비율은 교차 분석을 이용하였으며, ROC curve는 통계프로그램 Medcalc version 17.5.5(Medcalc Software, Mariakerke, Belgium)를 사용하여 민감도, 특이도 및 AUC 값을 구하여 비교하였고 유의수준은 p<0.05로 하였다. 결과: 원거리 완전융합제거사위 검사에서 외사위군(n=62)에서는 CISS 증상군이 36명(43.4%), 비증상군 이 26명(31.3%)이며, 내사위군(n=21)에서는 증상군이 12명(14.5%), 비증상군이 9명(10.8%)으로 나타났으며, 원거리 사위 종류에 따라서 CISS 폭주부족 증상군과 비증상군의 비율은 차이가 없었다(χ2 =0.131, p=0.937). 근거리 완전융합제거사위 검사에서 외사위군(n=64)에서 증상군 37명(39.4%), 비증상군 27명(28.7%), 내사위 군(n=18)에서 증상군은 12명(12.8%), 비증상군은 6명(6.4%)으로 근거리 사위종류에 따라 증상군과 비증상 군의 비율은 차이가 없었다(χ2 =0.424, p=0.809). 일부융합제거사위 검사에서 외편위군(n=61)에서는 증상군 이 36명(38.3%), 비증상군은 25명(26.6%), 내편위군(n=10)에서 증상군은 6명(10.7%), 비증상군은 4명(10.5%) 으로 나타났으며, 편위의 종류에 따라 증상군과 비증상군의 비율은 차이가 없었다(χ2 =2.474, p=0.290). 사위검사방법의 민감도와 특이도 및 AUC는 각각 원거리 완전융합제거검사 41.3%, 75.2%, 0.542, 근거리 완전융합제거검사 69.7%, 53.1%, 0.560, 일부융합제거검사 87.2%, 특이도 2.4%, 0.541로 나타났지만 검사법에 따라 차이가 없었다. 결론: 원, 근거리 완전융합제거사위 검사로 분류한 사위의 종류에 따라 CISS 설문지로 조사한 폭주부족 증상군과 비증상군의 비율은 차이가 없었고, 일부융합제거 사위 검사로 분류한 편위의 종류에 따라서도 차이가 없었다.

The oedemerid species Oedemera sexualis Marseul, 1877 is reported for the first time from Korea. The genus Oedemera Olivier, 1789, within subfamily Oedemerinae and family Oedemeridae, is one of the common oedemerid beetles being widely distributed throughout the world. The world-widespread genus Oedemera is presented 3 subgenera and 104 species in Palaearctic region. Until now, 8 species and subspecies were recorded in Korea. O. sexualis was found in Is. Yongcho and Is. Bijin in Tongyeong-si, Gyeongsangnamdo of Korea, bringing the number of Korean Oedemera species to 9 species. In this study, we report the taxonomic key to the genus Oedemera of Korea, and morphological description of O. sexualis.

We studied the inhabited environment of aquatic lampylid species, Luciola lateralis, in Andong-si (rice paddy type), Bonghwa-gun (rice paddy type) and Cheongsong-gun (stream type) from 2010 to 2012. Totally, 5 species (Gabbia misella, Semisulcospira libertina, Radix auricularia, Physa acuta, and Hippeutis cantori) in rice paddy habitats, and 4 species (S. libertina, S. forticosta, R. auricularia, and H. cantori) in stream habitats can be edible by larval L. lateralis. We selected 2 species, S. libertina and P. acuta which can be the main food resources for larval L. lateralis in paddy and stream habitats, and individually reared the L. lateralis larvae with each other edible species. After the individual rearing, we analyzed the head sizes of each larval exuviae. There is no significant difference in the 1st instar larval size (P>0.05) between the kind of provided feed (S. libertina and P. acuta). In case of 2nd instar larvae, the head size was bigger when P. acuta was provided as the feed (P<0.05). In case of 3rd and 4th instar larvae, the head size was bigger when S. libertina was provided as the feed (P<0.05). In the analysis of size of L. larteralis adult according to inhabited environment, the adult size was found to be bigger at stream type environment than rice paddy type (P<0.01).

Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood is a newly advent pest on citrus in Jeju. Both larvae and adult attack the new shoots and young and matured fruits of citrus. S. dorsalis is highly polyphagous with over 100 recorded species, but not known in Jeju. As a result from investigating the host plants in and/or around citrus orchards in Jeju during 2009 to 2010, they were 25 families 39 species. The total thrips examined on those plants were 13 species, and the richness thrips among them was S. dorsalis, Frankliniella occidentalis, Thrips tabaci and Thrips hawaiiensis. The widespread host plants of S. dorsalis were Mallotus japonicus, Paederia scandens, Hedera rhombea, Cayratia japonica and Clematis apiifolia and they can be also used for monitoring plants. On early May, the larvae of S. dorsalis were first investigated on the shoots of Mallotus japonicus, Lonicera japonica, Paederia scandens, Viburnum awabukira, Fraxinus rhynchophylla and Celtis sinensis. The other thrips species except S. dorsalis and T. tabaci, especially F. intonsa, T. hawaiiensis, T. flavus and T. coloratus were just found on flower stalks during the blooming season.

The males of cryptic mealybug, Pseudococcus cryptus, were attracted on trap baited with or without a synthetic sex pheromone. The attractiveness of sex pheromone trap was higher than yellow-color sticky trap, but both phenologies were similar. There was a positive relationship between mean density of 2nd nymph to adult cryptic mealybug and the density of the male caught on trap. The density of cryptic mealybug per tree was higher correlated with yellow-color sticky trap than sex pheromone trap. The pattern of cryptic mealybug male occurrence had two to three cohorts in a generation resulted from overwintering stage. The maximum occurring time of 1st to 2nd nymph stage could be estimated from the peak time of trap catch by effective temperature accumulation. The higher and lower threshold temperature was estimated as 10.9 and 32.6℃, respectively and its thermal constant was 360 degree-day. The cryptic mealybug parasitoid, Anagyrus sp., which was first recovered in Jeju in 2009, was well attracted on yellow-color sticky trap. There was a high correlation between the density of Anagyrus sp. and of cryptic mealybug males caught on trap.

The damage of citrus fruit by yellow tea thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood, was first confirmed in 2008, and has since been one of the serious pests of citrus in Jeju. This was reported on damage symptom on tangor cultivar, Setoka (Tangor Norin No. 8) fruits cultivated in a greenhouse and the characteristic of spatial disttribution of S. dorsalis caught on yellow sticky traps was conducted in three commercial citrus orchards. The feeding habits by S. dorsalis cause rind blemishes on the navel part of fruit. The damage is characterized by being scarped and figure like covered cloud on satsum mandarine fruit, but on by a brown ring of rough russeting that occurs on navel part of Setoka fruit. The season of damage occurrence was from middle of June to late of July. There was a highly significant relationship between the average number of thrips per trap and the maximum number caught on a trap. The overall differences between the linear regression models obtained from mean-variance relationship for each surveyed fields were tested by type Ⅲ error and contrast method. The characteristic of spatial distribution of S. dorsalis was better described by Taylor's power law than Iwao's patchiness regression, and the dispersion index which is the slope (=1.72) of linear regression model showed the aggregated distribution pattern. The sequential sampling stop lines at fixed precision level of 0.20, 0.25 and 0.30 were calculated.

Some responses of cryptic mealybug, Pseudococcus cryptus, for a sex pheromone, [(1R,3R)-3-isopropenyl-2,2-dimethylcyclobutyl]methyl 3-methyl-3-butenoate, were studied to develop the applying strategy of sex pheromone trap for efficient monitoring and control-time decision in citrus orchards grown in greenhouse for 2 years (2007-2008). The optimal concentration of a sex pheromone was 1.0㎎ per hexane 100㎕ in a using pheromone lure. There was no significant effect of the attraction of male adults among different colours (white, blue and yellow) of plate-type trap baited with sex pheromone. The more male adults were attracted, as the distance of a pheromone trap form a citrus tree infested with cryptic mealybug was closer. The male adults were caught to sex pheromone trap from middle April to late November, and its peak period was the middle of July. The thermal constant for the next attraction was about 640 degree-days (lower threshold temperature=12℃) after confirmed the first attraction of male adults. The optimum control time for cryptic mealybug after the first attraction of male adults were confirmed was estimated as 450 to 500 degree-days.