One major concern of Seoul City is the premature failure occurrence such as fatigue cracking and rutting in the pavement. Due to the acceleration at intersections and low vehicle speed at bus stops that cause higher shear and critical strain on the pavement. Because of this, there is a need to develop a new mixture that can withstand bus stop and intersection traffic while preventing premature failure. In this study, a high modulus asphalt mixture was adapted and developed to address the cracking and rutting concerns at bus stops and intersections of Seoul City. Indirect tensile (IDT) and beam fatigue testing were conducted to determine the fatigue performance of the high modulus asphalt mixture (HMB). In addition, the behaviour of the HMB considering loading speed and temperature were investigated using the IDT dynamic modulus test. It was found that the HMB performs 3 and 1.5 times better compared to conventional asphalt using IDT and beam fatigue test respectively. Moreover, it was observed that modulus value of HMB is two times better at low frequency (high temperature) compared to conventional asphalt. The dynamic modulus value of the HMB was then used as input for bus stop and intersection scenario analyses. It was found that HMB can reduce the total thickness of the pavement around 4 to 6cm compared to the conventional asphalt. It can be concluded that because of the better fatigue and rutting performance and high modulus value of HMB at low frequency, it can perform better in bus stops and intersections. It is recommended to conduct field construction to further evaluate the performance of HMB asphalt mixtures in the field.

PURPOSES: The effects on traffic accidents change with the changing environment. Accordingly, this study analyzes the characteristics of traffic accidents based on the personal characteristics (gender and age) of drivers, and those of 25 autonomous districts in Seoul, and suggests improvements. METHODS: Based on data pertaining to traffic accidents in Seoul, the analysis of accident characteristics was conducted by categorizing the types of traffic accidents according to the drivers' gender and age, and characteristics of 25 autonomous districts in Seoul. Further, for statistical verification, the SPSS software was used to derive influence variables through a multinomial logistic regression analysis, and a method for reducing traffic accidents was proposed. RESULTS : Analysis results show that males tend to be more involved in speed-related accidents and females in low-experience drivingrelated accidents such as those during parking and alleyway driving. In addition, variables such as age, automobile type, district, and day of the week are found to influence accident types. CONCLUSIONS : This study analyzed the accident characteristics based on personal and city characteristics to reflect the sociological characteristics that influence traffic accidents. The number of traffic accidents in Korea could be decreased drastically by implementing the results of this study in customized safety education and traffic maps.

Daegu City has the most number of heat waves every year in the last 10 years among 7 metropolitan cities in Korea. As the slang, such as ‘Daefrica(Daegu + Africa)’ shown, Daegu City is recognized as a high temperature region in the summer. The purpose of this study is to understand the perception of urban green space as a mediator for heat wave mitigation for Daegu citizens. First, about 93.3% of the respondents perceived what the heat was. The most frequent cause of the increase in the number of heat waves was the increase in energy use (34.9%), ‘indiscriminate development’ (24.9%), ‘automobile and traffic increase’ (17.9%), ‘greenery reduction’ (12.6% ) were the most common cause. Second, 87.1% of respondents had positive perception about the mitigation effect on the effect of urban green space as a medium to mitigate the heat. In addition, 26.7% of respondents answered that they are very effective in mitigating the effect of the heat of urban greenery, and 95.1% of them responded more than ‘normal’. Third, as a result of examining the priorities of short and long-term heat-related policies, the short term was the highest (37.5%) in responding to ‘electricity tariff realization’ because of the high dependence on air conditioners. In contrast to the short-term perspective, the long-term policy for mitigating the heat wave was overwhelmingly supported by ‘expansion of urban green areas’ (50.7%). This is a result of confirming Daegu citizens’ consciousness which is highly evaluating the effect of urban green space as a medium for mitigating the heat. Fourth, the importance and performance of ‘urban green space type’ for mitigation of the heat wave were examined. The type of urban green space belonging to the phenomena maintenance area (quadrant Ⅰ), which both had high importance and performance, was classified as ‘neighborhood park’. In addition, it was surveyed as ‘Ssamji(mini) Park’ as the type of urban greenery in the concentrated improvement area (quadrant Ⅱ) where the importance is high but the performance is low. We believe that the value of urban green areas for mitigating the heat waves has been fully recognized through the recognition of Daegu citizens. We hope that the results of this study will be used as basic data for future Daegu city heat and urban greening policy.

The present study aimed to understand the norms of the use of plants by Korean ancestors and to further broaden the horizon of the Palgyeong (eight landscapes) culture. This study explored the planting origin and symbolic meaning of Ssanggoi-su by the Gwangju Ahn clan in Sirye-ri, Gimhae to analyze and interpret the subtitle and content of the Chodangpalgyeong poem from a limited viewpoint of Yeomsudang. The results of this study are as follows: On the basis of the brotherhood of two brothers in the Gwangju Ahn clan Gwangju, Sirye-ri Ssanggoi-su was a symbolic tree to express the spirit of Seonbi by planting a pagoda tree called the scholar tree, as well as wishes that their descendants climb the ladder to become the highest government officials. However, Chodangpalgyeong is Palgyeong, which is a similar type of Sosang, composing poems on eight landscapes from the viewpoint of the Sarangchae space of the Yeomsudang garden. Chodangpalgyeong is the only collection of eight different landscape plants as objects of landscape. The Palgyeong poem presents a particular planting position for each of eight different plants, indicating planting patterns as custom. That presentation suggests that the landscape plants in Chodangpalgyeong are a symbolic counterpart that can enhance the careful consideration of the “ancient things” in addition to the pursuit of beauty. Furthermore, the plants that had appeared in “Bihaedangsasippalyoung (Bihaedang 48 Poems)” at the beginning of the Joseon Dynasty further appeared in Chodangpalgyeong in the early 19th century. This observation indicates the norm of the traditional planting pattern as well as the universal cultural phenomenon.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the landscape image of the Seoul City Wall, focusing on the external restoration without paying attention to the landscape. To derive the results, data were collected from a domestic portal site and the original text of documents and used as the basic data for the study. As a result, 21 landscape image keywords related to the “Naksan course” were derived, and the correlation of the extracted keywords was analyzed. First, the landscape image of the Naksan section does not mean the characteristics of the place, but rather how it has been perceived as a physical element of the city for about 600 years. Second, the landscape image of the Naksan section can be divided into positive and negative images according to people’s reasons for visiting. Visitors pursuing a positive physical activity had a positive image, while those pursuing a passive activity had a negative image. Third, there is a need for a variety of landscape elements that can bring out the emotions of the visitors, because landscape images are derived in various ways. In this study, the Naksan section was the sole focus, and landscape image studies of the other sections are still ongoing, so visitors need to understand the landscape image needed for the Seoul City Wall and discuss the direction it should go. In addition, technical studies should be conducted to make up for the limitations of the text mining method used here to derive the results.

도문은 두만강을 사이에 두고 함경북도 온성군 남양시와 마주한 간도의 국경도시이다. 1932년 만주국의 신경과 도문을 연결하는 경도선철도건설공사의 착공과 함께 성장한 도문은 이후 ‘북조선 삼항(청진, 웅기, 나진)’의 배후도시, ‘중계 국경역’으로 발전하였다. 현경준은 일제 강점기 도문에서 활동한 대표적인 조선족 소설가이다. 1937년 일제의 문화동화정책을 피해 만주로 이주한 현경준은 국경도시 도문에 거주하면서 현지에서 생활하는 조선인의 삶과 ‘밀 수’라는 사회문제에 천착하였다. 현경준은 작품을 통해 살아가기 위해 어쩔 수 없이 밀수를 할 수밖에 없었던 현지 조선인들의 삶을 변호하고, 그들을 ‘타락’으로 이끈 일본제국주의의 침탈을 간접적으로 비판하였다. 또한 현경준은 도문역을 통해 북만주로 이주하는 조선인의 모습을 작품 속에 담았다. 그는 국경도시 도문역을 배경으로 일제의 식민정책으로 자기의 고국에서 못살고 타국으로 쫓겨 가는 인민들, 이민자들에게 아무런 도움도 제공하지 않는 이민 보도소 관리, 그들의 배후에서 기생하는 인신매매업자 등의 다양한 군상들을 통해 도문이란 국경도시가 갖는 의미와 함께 일본제국주의의에 대한 비판의식을 드러내었다.

PURPOSES: Owing to the growth of income and socio-economic levels, demands from road users have diversified. Accordingly, new road policies are being actively sought. The metropolitan city government of Busan has been focused on constructing and expanding roads to accommodate the increasing traffic demand. Given the increase in functional characteristics, we need to re-evaluate the hierarchy and function of roads, and specifically remodel the road planning and operations that fit into their functions.METHODS : First, this study focuses on introducing the minimum condition required to redefine the hierarchy of the roads. Second, the authors propose a new model that identifies the impact level of road hierarchy adopting discriminated analysis technique.RESULTS: Authors suggest that we redefine the hierarchy of roads in the central business distinct in Busan, and specifically the arterial roads in Busan, namely, Joonang-daero and Gaya-ro. These roads need to be reequipped with cross walks, a lower speed limit, and exclusive bus lanes to improve their accessibility.CONCLUSIONS: The authors found that the sub-arterial and collector roads have been subjected to excessive loads, owing to inappropriate functions being assigned to the main arterial road. Moreover, given that through traffic is concentrated on the sub-arterial and collector roads, over-speeding and other safety issues are consequently created.

The purpose of this study is to present the basic data of species composition and characteristics of agricultural ecosystem by surveying and analysing the flora distributed in farmland, Daegu Metropolitan City. The numbers of flora were summarized as 207 taxa including 52 families, 157 genera, 188 species, 17 varieties and 2 forms. Among the cultivated plants, Cryptotaenia japonica, Pimpinella brachycarpa, Petasites japonicus and so forth were wild. The naturalized plants were 44 taxa including Fallopia dumetorum, Chenopodium album, Thlaspi arvense, Verbesina alternifolia, Festuca myuros and so forth. Plants that expected to spread nationwide were 11 taxa including Amaranthus patulus, Lepidium virginicum, Xanthium canadense, Bromus unioloides and so forth. The NI and UI were about 21.3% and 13.7%. The invasive alien plants were 3 taxa including Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Aster pilosus and Lactuca scariola. The C4 plant were 21 taxa including Commelina communis, Cymbopogon tortilis var. goeringii, Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii, Cyperus amruicus and so forth.

With special condition in the geography, maritime industry is improvement rapidly in the planet, which is covered by approximately 360,000,000 km2 of Saline water. Together with the development of this field, freight transportation industry becomes one of the most important service in the world as well as in Hai Phong. Meanwhile the number of company and quality of service increased due to the demanding of citizen, the price for this activities also raised.

The main objective of this study is to analyze the preservation and management for the city wall ruins of China, and to find out the implications. Firstly, Chinese walls have experienced a process from demolition to protection. The walls of the historical value of the site are gradually being certified, and many walls ruins were designated as a conservation unit. Secondly, China’s institutional system is based on the central government issued Cultural Relics Protection Law and combined with the actual situation of local governments to establish a special law. Management System is Cultural Relics Bureau, the planning department, the garden department and the tourism sector joint implementation. Thirdly, through the study of Nanjing, Xian, Pingyao, Suzhou city wall ruins finding that perfect legislation and unified management system to help protect city wall ruins.

The purpose of this study was to provide the basic information for developing sugar related nutrition education programs for children in child-care facilities and their parents. The results showed that the total score of parent’s dietary attitudes towards sugar-rich foods was 17.94 and the total score of parent’s nutritional knowledge was 3.67. A positive relationship was observed among items of parent’s dietary attitudes (p<0.01), and some correlations were also observed between the total score of parent’s nutritional knowledge and the total score of parent’s dietary attitudes (p<0.05 or p<0.01). The total average score of children’s eating behaviors for sugar-rich foods was 23.98, and the item with the highest score was ‘I often eat candy, chocolate and jelly’. For children, food that received the highest preference was chocolate, and soft drinks received the lowest preference. The most frequently consumed food item was candy or caramel, and the least frequently consumed food item was soft drinks. There were positive correlation among the total score of children’s eating behaviors, food preferences, and food intake frequency (p<0.01). When parent’s tried to reduce the sugar intake, children’s total score of eating behaviors (p<0.001) and food intake frequency (p<0.001) for sugar-rich food was lower. We conclude that parent’s dietary attitudes may influence children’s eating behaviors, food preferences, and food intake frequency for sugar-rich foods.

This study was conducted on the “traditional area” of Dunsan in Daejeon, and 22 apartment complexes in Doan new city in the “new urban area”. Its goal was to compare and analyze green percentage of each apartment complex’s exterior space. The application examples of the green percentage were examined. Through the advanced research, exterior space types of apartment housing were divided according to chronical change. Five kinds of space (entry space, main pedestrian space, auxiliary pedestrian space, building surroundings space, and playground space) were designated to enable comparison analyses between green-space percentages of the apartment complex in both the Dunsan and Doan areas. Five exterior spaces and 22 apartment complexes in the Dunsan area and in the Doan new urban area were photographed. This study serves as a basic exploratory study to derive the baseline Index of Greenness results of traditional area and new urban area, addressing the lack of such research on the residential facilities. The study also analyzed differences between the two greenness indexes with respect to shape and space. Compared with the average rates of index of greening in traditional areas and new urban areas, Doan (a new urban area) showed an Index of Greenness rate of 34.1%, and Dunsan (a traditional area) showed an Index of Greenness rate of 40.5%, which was 6.4% higher. It is considered that the shape of each green space, the arrangement of various facilities, and the design of the spaces have a great influence on the differences of the Index of Greenness.

경상남도 김해시의 화포천습지 생태공원에서 2015년 4월부터 10월까지 월 1회씩 4가지의 방법을 이 용하여 육상 곤충상을 조사한 결과 총 11목 98과 281종 4,163개체가 채집․조사 되었다. 이 중 우점종은 애긴노린재(Nysius plebejus) (노린재목), 아우점종은 맵시잎벌레(Chaetocnema concinna) (딱정벌레목), 그 다음으로 알락귀뚜라미(Loxoblemmus arietulus) (메뚜기목), 그물등개미(Pristomyrmex pungens) (벌목) 순으로 조사되었다. 목별 종 수는 노린재목이 72종(25.5%)으로 가장 우점하였고, 딱정벌레목이 69종(24.6%), 파리목이 31종(13.1%)으로 그 다음으로 나타났다. 목별 개체수 또한 노린재목이 1,265개 체(30.3%)로 가장 많았고, 딱정벌레목이 911개체(21.8%), 메뚜기목이 848개체(30.4%)로 그 다음이었다. 군집 분석 결과, 우점도 지수(DI)는 0.15, 다양도 지수(H')는 4.48, 풍부도 지수(RI)는 33.60, 균등도 지수(EI)는 0.80으로 조사되었으며, 한반도 고유종 2종, 국외반출 승인 대상종 18종, 기후변화 생물지 표종 3종, 생태계 교란종 1종이 채집되었다.

PURPOSES :This study was initiated to estimate the utilities of usage attributes of BRT and Bimodal Trams using a conjoint analysis method in order to identify the important features pertaining to the use of BRT and Bimodal Trams.METHODS :For this purpose, important attributes and those level in the use of BRT and Bimodal Trams in the city of Sejong were identified. Next, a profile questionnaire pertaining to BRT and Bimodal Trams was designed for the conjoint analysis, and a survey was conducted in the city of Sejong. Using SPSS software, conjoint analysis was performed to identify the important attributes vis｀-a-vis the use of BRT and Bimodal Trams in the city of Sejong. Finally, the utilities for individual attributes were calculated based on the models estimated by the conjoint analysis.RESULTS :The results of the conjoint analysis were used to identify the important attributes. With regard to the usage of BRT, users indicated that fare was the most important attribute with the highest utility. In the case of Bimodal Trams, the users indicated that the number of seats and internal environment were the most important attributes with the highest utilities.CONCLUSIONS :Based on the results of the conjoint analysis, the important attributes pertaining to the use of BRT and Bimodal Trams in the city of Sejong were identified. Our study indicates that BRT in the city of Sejong needs to be upgraded to improve the utilities of the important attributes. Currently, Bimodal Trams has not been introduced completely in the city of Sejong. However, in the future, when the introduction of Bimodal Trams is completed, the important attributes should be emphasized in order to improve the quality of its service.

본 연구는 의왕시 발달장애안 가족의 생활실태 및 복지욕구 조사 결과를 바탕으로 의왕시 발달장애인 가족 문제를 확인하고, 의왕시 발달장애인 가족지원 정책 및 프로그램 개발과 의왕시 발달장애인 가족에 대한 질 높은 복지서비스를 제공하고자 하는데 목적이 있다. 연구방법은 의왕시 발달장애인 가족 157명을 대상으로 생활실태 및 복지욕구를 파악하기 위하여 설문조사를 실시하였다. 연구결과를 살펴보면, 첫째, 장애인으로 인한 경제적 부담의 정도를 살펴보면, 부담이 되는 편이다가 53.3%로 가장 높게 나타났고, 그 다음으로 매우 부담이 된다 28.3%, 부담되지 않는 편이다 17.1% 등의 순으로 나타났다. 둘째, 장애인으로 인한 가족 간 갈등 경험 정도를 살펴보면, 다소 있는 편이다가 53.2%로 가장 높게 나타났고, 그 다음으로 없는 편이다 22.7%, 자주 있는 편이다 16.9% 등의 순으로 나타났다. 셋째, 장애인 출현으로 가족관계 변화를 살펴보면, 부부간, 가족 간 시간을 포기가 29.7%로 가장 높게 나타났고, 그 다음으로 갈등은 사라지고 돌봄, 양육, 보호에 더욱 협조적 17.4%, 가사와 양육문제 등 가족 모두 공동 해결 16.7% 등의 순으로 나타났다. 넷째, 장애인 출현으로 사회생활 변화를 살펴보면, 장애인 가족이라는 이유로 소외감 느끼게 하는 경우가 있음이 42.4%로 가장 높게 나타났고, 그 다음으로 동정어린 눈빛으로 바라보는 경향이 있음 22.2%, 실제 도와주지는 못해도 마음으로 관심을 가져줌 16.0%등의 순으로 나타났다. 다섯째, 발달장애인 가족 지원 서비스 필요도를 살펴보면, 부모 사후 장애자녀를 위한 제도적 지원이 85.5%로 가장 높게 나타났고, 그 다음으로 장애인 성인 이후 제도적 보호 지원 81.0%, 장애인 지역사회 편의시설 지원 79.9%, 재활치료비 지원 79.3%, 장애인 취업 관련 상담 지원 75.9%, 의료비 및 교통비 지원 71.2%, 위탁시설 이용료 지원 70.6% 등의 순으로 나타났다.