Background : This study was conducted to investigate the resistance of Collectotrichum gloeosporioides to 9 fungicides. Methods and Results : With 3 isolates of Collectotrichum gloeosporioides obtained from diseased leaf of ginseng, it was conducted to detect the fungicide resistance of C. gloeosporioides against 9 chemicals through an agar dilution method. PDA medium was used for monitoring the resistance. Among the chemicals, fenhexamid・prochloraz manganese complex, fluazinam and metconazole exhibited high antifungal activity to the ginseng anthracnose fungus. When measuring the effectiveness for the prevention of anthracnose, 3 fungicides at 10 ㎍/㎖ showed 88.1 - 94.7% of preventive effect against C. gloeosporioides. But, the isolates resist to dimethomorph・dithianon, iminoctadine tris (albesilate), kasugamyci n・thiophanate-methyl, dimethomorph・pyraclostrobin, azoxystrobin. Conclusion : In summary, to develop the control system with fungicides, 3 fungicides (fenhexamid・prochloraz manganese complex, fluazinam and metconazole) were applied on ginseng at the indicated time. A reduced spray program based on efficacious fungicides will be useful for ginseng growers and provide more options for controlling anthracnose in Korea.

Background : Among registered fungicides for controlling ginseng disease, the disease occurrence rate from the mixed use of a single ingredient, mancozeb WP, and copper sulfate basic WP was examined, and experiments were conducted to establish safe disease control system. Methods and Results : As for the medicines used for the experiments, besides registered Pyraclostrobin WG as a single ingredient for ginseng disease control, 14 kinds were used for experiments. The fungicide was sprayed 5 times on June 21, July 4, July 16, August 2 and August 24. The examination was conducted 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, and 20 days after the final fungicide treatment. Anthracnose occurrence rate 5 days after the final fungicide treatment was 0.0 - 61.3% which was different depending on fungicides, and in a single treatment, the occurrence rate was less than 1% in 6 fungicides. In the single treatment, the occurrence rate was more than 1%, but 9 kinds of fungicides which had less than 1% occurrence rate in the case of mixed use with mancozeb, and one kind in the case of mixed use with copper sulfate basic 10 days later, the occurrence rate was 0.0 - 100% and there were lots of differences in the disease occurrence rate depending on fungicides. 10 kinds of fungicides showed the disease occurrence rate of more than 10.0% in the case of a single treatment. Among them, 9 fungicides showed the disease occurrence rate of less than 1.0% in the case of mixed use with mancozeb, indicating the effect of lowering disease occurrence rate in the case of mixed use. 15 days later, 9 fungicides showed disease occurrence rate of more than 2%, 1 kind of fungicide had the disease occurrence rate of less than 1%, and the overall disease occurrence rate increased. Among them, 7 kinds of fungicides showed the disease occurrence rate of less than 1% from the mixed use. 20 days later, 12 kinds of fungicides showed the disease occurrence rate of more than 50%, and only 1 kind of fungicide showed the disease occurrence rate of less than 1%. In the case of mixed use with mancozeb, 2 kinds had the disease occurrence rate of less than 10% and 1 kind of fungicide had the disease occurrence rate of less than 1%. Conclusion : For prevention of anthracnose disease of ginsengs during a rainy season, the disease occurrence rate from a single or mixed use was examined, and the examination found that rather than a single use, mixed use decreased the disease occurrence rate. In particular, the mixed use with mancozeb showed low disease occurrence rate and prevented the disease occurrence rate for a long time.

Background : The dried ripe fruits, leaf and root of boxthorn are widely used for medicinal purposes and as a functional food. Among them, frut is the most susceptible to anthracnose in the open field. Currently, there are only 5 fungicides registered in boxthorn anthracnose. In addition, resistance to fungicides caused by frequent use occurred in many open field, Therefore, a study on the fungicide resistance of boxthorn anthracnose was needed. Methods and Results : In 2017, collected anthracnose from boxthorn fruit. The collected samples were isolated by a single spore isolation method and 20 isolates of Collectotrichum spp. were obtained To test for anthracnose fungicide resistance, propineb, tebuconazole, azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin fungicide were used. Monitoring for fungicide resistance of Collectotrichum spp. causing boxthorn anthracnos to test fungicide were conducted by agar dilution method. The assay concentration were control, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100 ㎍/㎖ and strobilurin group of azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin were treated salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) to the alternative breath suppression at a concentration of 100 ㎍/㎖. In the result, Prevention of fungicide propineb was more than 100 ㎍/㎖ of EC50, and tebuconazole was less than 1 ㎍/㎖ except for 1 isolate of EC50 azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin showed a difference even though they had the same mode of action. Azoxystrobin showed almost no inhibition of mycelial growth except 6 isolates and remaining 6 isolates had EC50 of less than 1 ㎍/㎖, pyraclostrobin was divided into two groups of EC50, 6 isolates were less than 0.1 ㎍ /㎖ and 14 isolates were more than 1 ㎍/㎖. Conclusion : In summary, response to fungicides of anthracnose, azoxystrobin of strobilurin group showed the highest resistance to fungicide. As these fungicide resistance continues to develop, we plan to register a new anthracnose fungicide and improve the control method.

본 연구에서는 국내 유통 중인 자외선 차단 기능성화장품 총 100건을 대상으로 살균보존제 16종과 자외 선차단성분 18종의 사용실태를 조사하였다. 그 결과, 검출률이 가장 높은 살균보존제 성분 5가지는 페녹시에탄 올(61건), 안식향산(19건), 메틸파라벤(11건), 벤질알콜(8건), 프로필파라벤(7건)순이었으며, 자외선차단성 분의 경우는 티타늄디옥사이드(81건), 에칠헥실메톡시신나메이트(69건), 징크옥사이드(48건), 에칠헥실살리 실레이트(48건), 비스-에칠헥실옥시페놀메톡시페닐트리아진(44건)순이었다. 검사한 100건의 화장품 모두 검 출된 살균보존제와 자외선차단성분 함량이 식품의약품안전처에서 정한 사용한도 기준에 적합하였지만 일부 자 외선 차단 화장품의 경우 포장⋅용기에 표시되어 있지 않은 살균보존제와 자외선차단성분이 검출되었다. 100건 중 31건의 화장품에서 표시되지 않은 살균보존제 성분(벤질 알콜 등 6종)이 검출되었고, 2건에서는 표시되지 않은 자외선차단성분(호모살레이트 등 2종)이 검출되었다.

This study was investigated the effects of various commercial sanitizers on microbial characteristics in fresh-cut iceberg lettuce during storage. For screening sanitizer, lettuce was cut and dipped in chlorine water (0.2 ml·L-1), solution of organic acids such as ascorbic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, mixture of ascorbic acid and acetic acid (1-6%), and solutions of commercial sanitizers such as Formula 4TM (1,3,4%), Fresh produce washTM (1,3,4%), CleancolTM (1%), ChitocholTM (1%) and Natural CaTM (0.1%) for 3 min, respectively. Washing lettuce with selected sanitizers resulted in reduction of aerobic bacteria of more than 2 log CFU/g. Initial pH of lettuce was related with the pH of sanitizers. pH ranged from 4.7 to 6.1 in Formula 4 (4%, pH 1.7) and Natural Ca (0.1%, pH 12.0), respectively. Chlorine water showed consistent and significant inhibition effect in all of microorganisms except total coliform. Over 3% of Formula 4 and Fresh produce wash were found to have high bactericidal activity among sanitizers. The sanitizers of chlorine water, Fresh produce wash, Chitochol and Natural Ca were effective in reducing yeast and mould populations. As coliform and E. coli, Formula 4 (4%) showed the highest bactericidal activity. The bactericidal effect of commercial sanitizers during storage varied with the kinds and concentrations of tested sanitizers. Although inhibition effect was not showed during storage, these results suggest that commercial sanitizers could be an alternative to chlorine for washing fresh-cut produce.

현대사회는 건강에 대한 관심이 높아지면서 웰니스 시대에 접어들었고 그로 인한 제품의 수요도 증가하고 있다. 본 연구의 배경 및 목적은 식문화의 다양화와 기후변화에 의한 각종 세균이나 바이러스에 의해서 발생되는 장염, 식중독 등의 질병이 문제가 되고 있는 현 시대에 이를 예방하기 위한 가정용 자외선 살균기 디자인 개발을 하고자 하는 것이다. 디자인 개발을 위한 연구의 방법 및 내용으로는 첫째, 문헌조사를 통한 UV 살균기술의 이해와 가정에서 사용되는 칼과 도 마의 일반적인 살균 보관기능을 가진 제품 및 UV를 이용한 제품의 시장 동향 및 디자인권 출원 추이를 통한 디자인 현황 을 살펴보고 동종⋅유사 제품에 대한 시장 현황에 대해 조사하였다. 둘째, 위의 문헌 조사를 통해 제품의 문제점과 개선방 안을 도출하고 사용자 분석 및 디자인 트렌드 분석을 진행하여 디자인 키워드와 방향성을 도출하였다. 마지막으로 도출된 컨셉을 기반으로 아이디어 스케치, 3D 시뮬레이션 등 단계별 디자인 프로세스를 적용하여 전문가와 소비자평가를 통해 최 종 디자인 개발을 진행하였다. 본 연구에서 제시한 가정용 자외선 칼⋅도마 살균기의 제품 디자인 개발은 사용자 경험 분 석 및 디자인 트렌드 분석을 통하여 개발된 디자인 개발과 살균과 건조 기능이 융합된 제품으로 향후 소비자들의 니즈를 만족시키며 건강한 식문화와 삶을 위한 가치 창출을 기대할 수 있을 것이다.

신선 농산물의 비가열 살균에 사용되는 살균소독제는 처리시간과 살균소독제의 농도에 비선형적인 감균효과를 나타낸다. 따라서 실제 사용에 있어서는 적정 농도와 적정시간에 대한 고려가 매우 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 희석염산(6%, v/v)을 원료로 생성한 미산성 차아염소산수(slightly acidic electrolzyed water, SlAEW)(20±1℃에서의 유효염소 30 ppm, ORP 562±23 mV, pH 6.4)로 4종의 채소류(상추, 깻잎, 치콘 및 케일)에 대한 미생물 저감 특성을 분석하여 비가열 살균공정설계에 필요한 살균효과를 평가하였다. SlAEW에 30분간 3회 침지하면서 핵심인자인 유효염소와 미생물군수 및 잔류 미생물군수와의 관계를 분석하였다. 대부분의 총균수 감소는 1차 침지 초기 10분간 이루어졌으며 4종의 채소류에 생존하는 3 log CFU/g의 총균수가 침지를 통해 감소시킬 수 있는 한계값으로 판단되었다. 또한 SlAEW에 10분간 침지함으로써 감소시킬 수 있는 균수는 평균적으로 약 2 log CFU/g이었다. 초기 10분후의 감소된 유효염소는 상추, 깻잎, 치콘 및 케일에 대해 각각 2.2 ppm, 2.0 ppm, 1.7 ppm 및 2.5 ppm이었고 감소된 유효염소량의 약 50-80%가 초기 10분내에 감소되었다.

본 연구는 환자용 균형영양식으로 제조하여 감마선 조사처리를 통해 살균한 모델식품의 유전독성 여부를 평가하기 위해 수행되었다. 4 kGy 이상의 흡수선량으로 감마선 조사처리한 시료에서 생균수가 1 log CFU/g의 검출한계 이하로 나타났기 때문에 살균을 위한 조사처리 선량으로 4 kGy를 설정하였다. 복귀돌연변이 유발성 평가 결과, 모델식품의 열수 추출물과 메탄올 추출물은 처리한 용량과 대사활성계존재 여부와는 상관없이 음성대조구(멸균증류수 또는 DMSO)와 유사한 수준의 복귀돌연변이 발생빈도를 나타내었다. 염색체 이상 시험에서 실험군들의 정상 염색체의 수는 음성대조군과 유사하였으며, 용량 및 대사활성계에 대한 비의존성을 나타내어 염색체 이상 유발능은 없는 것으로 판단하였다. 또한 최고 2,000 mg/kg 체중의 농도로 모델식품을 경구 투여한 마우스의 골수세포에서도 소핵 다염성적 혈구의 발생빈도는 음성대조군에 비해 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 따라서 4 kGy의 흡수선량으로 감마선 조사처리한 환자용 균형영양식은 본 실험 조건하에서 유전독성을 나타내지 않는 것으로 사료된다.

Ozone concentrations in water and air, and resulting disinfective properties, were measured following generation by either an ozone generator or a low-temperature dielectric barrier discharge plasma generator. In freshwater, ozone concentrations of 0.81 and 0.48 mg/L O3 were observed after the ozone and plasma generators had been operated for five minutes, respectively. Higher levels of dissolved O3 were attained more easily with the ozone generator. In seawater, both systems were capable of creating concentrations greater than 3.00 mg/L O3 after 5minutes of operation. Higher ozone levels were attained more easily in seawater than in freshwater. Rates of bacterial sterilization in seawater after three minutes were 96% and 88%, using the plasma and ozone generators, respectively. In freshwater, higher concentrations of ozone were released into the atmosphere by the ozone generator than by the plasma generator. In creating equivalent levels of dissolved ozone in freshwater, the plasma generator released 4.5 times more ozone into the atmosphere than did the ozone generator. This shows that ozone generators are more effective than plasma generators for creating ozonated water. For the same concentration of dissolved ozone in seawater, more ozone was released into the atmosphere using the ozone generator than using the plasma generator. Therefore, with regard to air pollution, plasma generators seem to be less expensive than ozone generators.

This study was carried out in order to investigate sterilization effect and to extend storage periods of the Rubus coreanus by treating with tap water (TW), electrolyzed water (EW) and aqueous chlorine dioxide (ClO2). After each treatment plot was soaked with 10, 50, 100, 200 ppm in each sterilizing solution within 30 sec, each treatment was compared during the storage time at room temperature and refrigerator temperature. As results of total plate count according to temperatures and periods, the microbial sterilizing power of each treatment plot was bigger at EW and ClO2 treatment plots than the TW treatment plot; however, it sharply increased on the high concentration ClO2 treatment plot. Futhermore, the cold storage treatment plot had more outstanding microbial sterilizing power than the room temperature treatment plot. As a result of observing the surface of the Rubus coreanus using scanning electron microscope (SEM), no microbe was seen in EW and ClO2 treatment plot. The results of measuring enzyme activity showed a more significant decrease in EW and ClO2 solutions treatment plot than TW treatment plot but gradually increased with time. The contents of total polyphenol revealed similar values on each treatment. The EW and ClO2 treatment of the Rubus coreanus could be considered as good methods for inhibiting microbial growth in fresh vegetables and fruit, thereby contributing to quality maintenance.

The objective of this study was to characterize the bactericidal effect of 461nm visible-light LED on three common foodborne bacteria: Escherichia coli O157:H7, Staphylococcus aureus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Tests were conducted against pathogen strains that were treated with 461nm LED for 10 h at 15°C. The E. coli (ATCC 43894, ATCC 8739 and ATCC 35150) and the S. aureus (ATCC 27664, ATCC 19095 and ATCC 43300) had average reductions of 2.5, 6.6, 1.5, 2.5 and 2.0 log CFU/mL, respectively, after they were exposed for 10 h to 461nm LED light (p<0.05). In contrast, V. parahaemolyticus (ATCC 43969) had 6 log CFU/mL reductions after it was exposed for 4 h to 461nm LED light. The results showed that both the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were inactivated with 461nm LED light exposure. Also, the Gram-negative bacteria were more sensitive to the LED treatment than the Gram-positive bacteria. These results show the potential use of 461nm LED as a food preservation and application technology.

We studied the ozone concentrations generated by low-temperature dielectric barrier discharge plasma reactor after adding air and phytoplankton to control the ozone concentrations in seawater. We also examined the numbers of bacteria and Vibrio spp. after treatment using the plasma reactor. As the airflow rate was increased, more ozone was removed. Although marked variation in the ozone decrease was observed with and without airflow, the rate of ozone removal did not increase proportionately with the airflow rates. The ozone concentration decreased with increasing organic matter and time. The amount of organic matter seems to be an important factor decreasing the dissolved ozone concentration in liquid. The ozone concentration was 0.07, 0.32, 1.28, and 2.3 mg/L when operating the plasma reactor for 30, 60, 180, and 300 s, respectively; i.e., the ozone concentration increased with the reactor operating time. The initial numbers of bacteria and Vibrio spp. were 800 and 480 CFU/mL, respectively. After operating the plasma reactor at a flow rate of 6 L/min for 30 s, no bacteria or Vibrio spp. were detected. The disinfection effect of this plasma reactor seems to be superior to that of a conventional ozone generator.

The physiochemical property, nutrient composition, and functionality of apple juice sterilized at a low temperature (LT, 70℃, 30 min) or a high temperature (HT, 100℃, 20 min) were analyzed. The pH of the apple juice that was sterilized at LT (pH 4.72) was higher than that of the apple juice that was sterilized at HT (pH 4.57), and the acidity of the apple juice that was sterilized at HT (8.90%) was higher than that of the other sample. The sugar content of the two apple juice samples was 15 °Brix, and the apple juice samples had high potassium, malic acid, and glutamic acid contents. The total polyphenol contents of the apple juice samples that were sterilized at LT and HT were 27.39 mg/100 mL and 23.24 mg/100 mL, respectively. The apple juice that was sterilized at LT had a significantly stronger DPPH radical scavenging activity than the apple juice that was sterilized at HT (p<0.01), and the apple juice that was sterilized at LT had a lower hydroxyl radical scavenging activity level than the other apple juice. Finally, the apple juice that was sterilized at LT showed significantly stronger activities that inhibit enzyme-related oxidation than the apple juice that was sterilized at HT (p<0.05).