Purpose - This paper aims at exploring the effects of failure types such as failure in promotion orientation and failure in prevention orientation on consumers' consumption behavior, and the moderation role of lay theories in the effects. Research design, data, and methodology – This study employed 2 between-subject designs(failure in promotion orientation vs. failure in prevention orientation) and also 2 (failure in promotion orientation vs. failure in prevention orientation) with implicit self as the within-subject. Chinese consumers participated in the empirical study, and to verify the hypotheses ANOVA, T-test and regression analysis were used. Results – Consumers were more likely to choose adaptive consumption behavior rather than compensatory consumption behavior when they were encountered with failure in promotion orientation versus failure in prevention orientation. Lay theories did play the moderation role in the effect of failure types on consumption behavior. The incremental theorists who think that effort is an important way to accomplish their learning goals showed more willingness to conduct compensatory consumption behavior rather than adaptive consumption behavior. Conclusions – Marketers should put more attention on the ways by which their products can help consumers self-improve when consumers encounter with failure. They should also be aware of the importance of consumers' mindsets when designing and developing advertising messages.

Background: Dazomet are widely used as soil fumigant to solve soilborne problems, and the degradation intermediates are toxic to nematodes, fungi, bacteria, insects and weeds. Methods and Results: The effects of cultivation of green manure crop, maize before and after soil fumigation on the control of ginseng root rot disease were compared using soil where 6-years-old ginseng was harvested. Fumigant (dazomet) were used for soil fumigation in May and September, respectively. Maize was grown for soil management before and after soil fumigation. After May fumigation, the sowing date of maize was delayed by 15 days and thus its dry weight was decreased significantly. Maize cultivation after May fumigation increased pH but decreased EC, NO3, P2O5, and K significantly. Maize cultivation after May fumigation decreased fungi population and the ratio of fungi and bacteria. Growth of 2-years-old ginseng was improved and the incidence of ginseng root rot was significantly decreased by maize cultivation after May fumigation. After harvesting 2-years-old ginseng, the population of Cylindrocarpon destructans was not different between treatment of May and September, but Fusarium solani showed a significant increase in September fumigation after maize cultivation. Conclusions: Maize cultivation after soil fumigation was effective in inhibiting ginseng root rot by the amendment of mineral composition and microorganism in fumigated soil.

목적: 이 연구의 목적은 한국과 중국 엘리트 수영선수들을 대상으로 시합결과에 대한 결과귀인 및 패배 귀인과 사후가정의 관계를 규명하는 것이다. 방법: 연구 대상은 2016 - 2017년도 한국과 중국 수영협회에 등록된 207명의 엘리트 수영선수들이다. 결과: 첫째, 결과귀인에서 한국과 중국 선수들 모두 상대실력을 낮게 귀인한 선수들이 상향적 사후가정을 더 많이 하는 것으로 나타났다. 반면, 한국선수들의 경우 자기 실력 귀인을 많이 할수록 상향적 사후가정이 많은 반면, 중국 선수들은 집단 간 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 한국과 중국 선수들 모두 자만심 패배귀인이 높을수록 더 상향적 사후가정을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나, 한국 선수들의 경우 팀웍 귀인이 높을수록 타인관련 상향적 사후가정을 한 반면, 중국 선수들은 팀웍과 관련해서 집단 간 차이가 발생하지 않았다. 또한, 한국 선수들의 경우 컨디션 귀인을 할수록 하향적 사후가정을 한 반면, 중국 선수들은 타인관련 상향적 사후가정에 유의미한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 상향적 사후가정에 유의한 영향력을 미치는 패배 귀인은 한국 선수들의 경우, 우리 실력 혹은 팀웍이고 중국 선수들의 경우 자만심과 컨디션으로 나타났다. 논의: 한국과 중국 선수들의 결과에 대한 공통점과 차이점을 비교문화적인 측면에서 논의했으며, 타당성 있는 척도 개발 및 비교문화 후속 연구를 제언했다.

This paper applied the concept of risk to prevent disasters in reservoirs and to manage them efficiently. However, there is a lack of information on safety management for small reservoirs managed by local governments. Therefore, considering such a reality, the geotechnical failure mode scenarios have been reduced to five types. In this study, the site investigation was carried out and the geotechnical failure probabilities were calculated based on the results, and then its applicability has been suggested.

근접방사선치료는 일반적으로 외부방사선치료와 병행하여 수행되고 치료단계가 매우 복잡하며 이로 인 해 방사선 사고가 발생될 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 이를 해결하기 위해 근접방사선치료에 사고유형과 영향 분석(Failure mode and effects analysis, FMEA) 방법을 적용하여 프로세스 맵을 구성하고 이를 기반으로 각 치료단계에 대한 위해도를 산출하였다. 프로세스 맵은 “외래 및 진료”와 “근접방사선 모의치료”, “CT 모의 치료”, “근접방사선치료계획”, “방사선치료”로 총 5단계로 구성하였으며, 각 치료단계를 세분화하여 세부단 계를 작성하였다. 위해도를 산출하기 위해 의사와 의학물리사, 선량설계사, 방사선사, 간호사가 참여하여 세부단계마다 발생빈도와 심각도, 불검출도를 평가하였다. 전반적으로 프로세스 맵은 각 치료단계마다 환 자 신원 확인 절차가 우선적으로 수행되며, 이는 다른 환자로 오인하여 서로 다른 치료계획이 수립되어 방 사선사고가 발생될 우려가 있다. 프로세스 맵을 기반으로 작성한 세부단계에 대해 위해도를 평가한 결과, 전반적으로 “외래 및 진료”와 “근접방사선치료계획” 과정이 높은 위해도로 평가되었다. 직종마다 평가한 위해도는 서로 다른 경향을 보였으며, 간호사는 방사선치료를 제외한 모든 과정이 55점 이상의 위해도를 보였으며, “근접방사선 모의치료” 과정이 88.8점으로 가장 높았다. 방사선치료를 수행하는 의료기관마다 치 료단계가 다소 차이가 있으므로 해당 기관에 대한 프로세스 맵을 작성하고 위해도를 산출하여 중점관리 항목을 집중적으로 리스크 관리가 수행되어야 할 것으로 생각된다.

To ensure the successful launch of the Korea pathfinder lunar orbiter (KPLO) mission, the Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI) is now performing extensive trajectory design and analysis studies. From the trajectory design perspective, it is crucial to prepare contingency trajectory options for the failure of the first lunar brake or the failure of the first lunar orbit insertion (LOI) maneuver. As part of the early phase trajectory design and analysis activities, the required time of flight (TOF) and associated delta-V magnitudes for each recovery maneuver (RM) to recover the KPLO mission trajectory are analyzed. There are two typical trajectory recovery options, direct recovery and low energy recovery. The current work is focused on the direct recovery option. Results indicate that a quicker execution of the first RM after the failure of the first LOI plays a significant role in saving the magnitudes of the RMs. Under the conditions of the extremely tight delta-V budget that is currently allocated for the KPLO mission, it is found that the recovery of the KPLO without altering the originally planned mission orbit (a 100 km circular orbit) cannot be achieved via direct recovery options. However, feasible recovery options are suggested within the boundaries of the currently planned delta-V budget. By changing the shape and orientation of the recovered final mission orbit, it is expected that the KPLO mission may partially pursue its scientific mission after successful recovery, though it will be limited.

Network design of the Reservoir Failure Forecasting System are proposed to using LPWA network in order to actively respond to the power problem, breaking communication wire and cost reduction of management system.

Web-based DB design standards of the Reservoir Failure Forecasting System are proposed in order to actively respond to the user’s work changes, various sensors, and business logic, and increase the system usability by reducing logic changes and client maintenance through minimal interface changes.

This paper attempts to manipulate brittle shear failure in reinforced concrete deep beam which has shear span-to-depth ratio, a/d=2.0 with aid of lattice model. Timoshenko beam type of lattice model was basically used for reinforcing steel in order to incorporate the dowel action. Truss type of lattice model was applied for plain concrete domain using union-jack type of structured mesh. Mesh sensitivity analyses focused with varying different level of unit union-jack block discretization.

The steel grid composite deck is a composite structure made of a concrete slab disposed over a steel grid. In this study, the punching shear strength obtained experimentally and the shear strength calculated by design equations of ACI 318 and Eurocode 2 are compared. The result shows that the experimental strength is best estimated by the design equation of Eurocode 2 which considers reinforcement ratio.

According to this research, it was confirmed that safety coefficient is useful tool to rationally quantify structural deterioration of pipe. In addition, it could perform simple and rapid evaluation escaping from confinement by time and budget, and it can be utilized as a tool to set up policy for future water supply.

Recently durability design based on deterministic or probabilistic method has been attempted since service life evaluation in RC(Reinforced Concrete) structure exposed to chloride attack is important. The deterministic durability design contains a reasonable method with time effect on surface chloride content and diffusion coefficient, however the probabilistic design procedure has no consideration of time effect on both. In the paper, a technique on PDF(Probability of Durability Failure) evaluation is proposed considering time effect on diffusion and surface chloride content through equivalent surface chloride content which has same induced chloride content within a given period and cover depth. With varying period to built-up from 10 to 30 years and maximum surface chloride content from 5.0 kg/m3 to 10.0 kg/m3, the changing PDF and the related service life are derived. The proposed method can be reasonably applied to actual durability design with preventing conservative design parameters and considering the same analysis conditions of the deterministic method.

Web-based DB design standards of the Reservoir Failure Forecasting System are proposed in order to actively respond to the user’s work changes, various sensors, and business logic, and increase the system usability by reducing logic changes and client maintenance through minimal interface changes.

형상비(M/VD, shear span-depth ratio)가 4.5인 축소모형의 원형기둥 실험체 3개를 제작하였다. 철근콘크리트 기둥 실험체의 단면 은 원형이고 중공단면으로 제작되었다. 철근콘크리트 기둥 실험체의 단면 지름은 400 mm, 중공 지름은 200 mm이다. 일정한 축력 하에서 반복 하중을 가력하는 준정적 실험을 수행하였다. 실험체의 주요변수는 횡방향철근비이다. 모든 실험체의 횡방향 나선철근 체적비는 소성힌지 구 간에서 0.302~0.604%의 값을 갖는다. 이 값은 도로교설계기준에서 요구하는 최소 심부구속철근 요구량의 45.9~91.8%에 해당하며, 이는 내진 설계가 되지 않은 기존 교각이나 내진설계개념으로 설계되는 교각을 나타낸다. 본 연구의 최종목적은 실험적 기초자료의 제공과 함께 성능단 계별 균열, 철근의 항복, 파단 등 정량적 수치와 경향을 제공하기 위한 것이다. 본 논문에서는 실험결과를 통해 분석된 실험변수에 따른 교각의 파괴거동, 강도저감거동, 변위연성도에 대해 중점적으로 기술하였다.

This test was performed to verify the failure mode of coupling beam using T-shaped steel for alternation of reinforcement details.

As viable substitutes for reinforced concrete link beam, the use of alternlate link beam and composite coupling beams have also been investigated by several researchers. In this study to enhance the post-damage repair capability of the link beam, a different type of replaceable link beam with angle connection was investigated.

Background: Crop rotation plays an important role in improving soil chemical properties, minimizing the presence of disease pathogens, and assists in neutralizing autotoxic effects associated with allelochemicals. Methods and Results: Five rotation crops of sudan grass, soybean, peanut, sweet potato, and perilla were cultivated for one year with an aim to reduce yield losses caused by repeated cropping of ginseng. In 2-year-old ginseng grown in the same soil as a previous ginseng crop, stem length and leaf area were reduced by 30%, and root weight per plant was reduced by 56%. Crop rotation resulted in a significant decrease in electrical conductivity, NO3, and P2O5 content of the soil, whereas organic matter, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, and Zn content remained-unchanged. Soil K content was increased following crop rotation with sudan grass and peanut only. Rotation with all alternate crops increased subsequent ginseng aerial plant biomass, whereas root weight per plant significantly increased following crop rotation with perilla only. A significant positive correlation was observed between root rot ration and soil K content, and a significant negative correlation was observed between ginseng root yield and the abundance of actinomycetes. Crop rotation affected the soil microbial community by increasing gram negative microbes, the ratio of aerobic microbes, and total microbial biomass whereas decreases were observed in actinomycetes and the ration of saturated fatty acids. Conclusions: In soil exhibiting crop failure following replanting, crop rotation for one year promoted both soil microbial activity and subsequent ginseng aerial plant biomass, but did not ameliorate the occurrence of root rot disease.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the learning effects of self-controled feedback on Success and Failure Experience. Methods: The test subjects were 40 female college students who had no information about the purpose of this study. The test subjects constituted a success experience groups(10 self-controlled students and 10 yoked students) and a failure experience groups(10 self-controlled students and 10 yoked students). The task used in this research was 2m golf putting which is the applied clevett’s putting test. On the first day, subjects were given pilot test and group Classification test. There were no differences in putting skill between two groups(success experience and failure experience group) after analysing the data collected during the two tests. Dependant variable was E(total error score). The data analysis of acquisition phase and retention tests were carried out under 2(success and failure experience)×2(feedback group)×6(block) or 2(success and failure experience)×2(feedback group) factorial design with repeated measures on last factor. Results: The following results were reached by analysing the test data. (a) success experience groups were more effective than failure groups at acquisition phase and retention test. (b) according to transfer test' interaction of success/failure experience×feedback, self control feedback group were more effective than yoked group at success experience condition whereas, there was no significant between two groups at failure experience condition. Conclusion: conclusively, this study shows that, the success experience self-control feedback group performed the best on the golf putting skill task.

스위니 아고니스테스 는 극적 형태에 있어서 T. S. 엘리엇의 첫 번 째 탐구 작업인 바, 대체적으로 실패라고 여겨지고 있다. 그러나 엘리엇 이 이 시를 자신의 시 전집들에 포함시켰다는 사실은 독자들로 하여금 그것의 의미를 그의 작품 전체 속에서 숙고하게 만든다. 그의 초기 작 품들의 명백한 미숙함으로부터의 이탈이 변화나 역전의 신호가 아니라 그의 정서의 확대나 발전이라는 그의 안내를 따라간다면, 이 시는 보통 사람들의 감상주의적인 성향에도 불구하고 보통 사람들의 정서를 변화 시키려는 첫 번째 단계인 것이다. 이 시가 인기가 많았던 마리 로이드 처럼 관객에 대한 정서적 혁명의 영향력을 극대화하는 첫 번째 단계로 의 입문이었기 때문에, 단순히 ‘실패’라기보다는 ‘성공적인 실패’라고 정 의되어야 한다. 이러한 실패의 결과로 이어지는 시극들 전부에서 ‘유머’ 의 어조가 ‘심각함의 어조로 바뀌었다. 하지만 관객의 의식적인 관심을 요구하겠다는 그의 전략의 이러한 변경이 엘리엇의 정서적 혁명의 최종 목표인 공동체의 영적 가치관을 변화시키기에 충분히 좋지는 않았다.

본 연구에서는 DAMBRK 모형을 2002년 태풍 루사로 인해 붕괴된 남대천 유역의 장현저수지와 동막저수지에 적용하여 붕괴상황을 재현하였 다. 두 저수지는 병렬로 위치하고 있으며, 이 두 저수지의 붕괴 모의를 위해 Relaxation 기법을 DAMBRK 모형에 추가하였다. 그리고 ASDSO (2005)에서 제안한 흙댐 붕괴지속시간과 첨두붕괴유량 산정을 위한 Froehlich 등의 경험공식을 활용한 저수지의 붕괴지속시간 추정 방법을 제안 하였다. 제안 방법으로 선정된 붕괴지속시간으로 장현저수지 단일붕괴와 장현 및 동막저수지 연속붕괴에 대해 적용하여 붕괴유출 수문곡선을 계 산하였다. 계산된 붕괴유량이 하류로 전파하면서 예상되는 홍수량 및 홍수위를 주요 하도지점에서 계산하고, 유량이 감쇠되는 특성을 해석하였다. 그리고 계산 홍수위와 현장 조사된 홍수위와의 비교를 통해 적용 모형의 매개변수 및 정확성을 검증하였다.