급격한 도시화와 산업화로 인하여 도시 내 인공구조물이 증가하고 토지이용이 무분별하게 추진되어오면서 환경오 염에 따른 여러 문제들이 심각한 사회문제로 대두되고 있 다. 국내 광역시의 생활권 도시 숲(공원, 녹지) 면적은 세계 보건기구(WHO)가 권고하는 최저기준인 1인당 9㎡의 1/2 수준이지만 서울시의 경우 4.54㎡로 생활권 도시 숲의 면적 이 부족하다. 도심지의 녹지공간 확보를 위하여 1980년대부터 옥상녹 화 개념이 도입되었고, 옥상녹화와 관련된 지원 사업이 이 루어지고 있는 추세이다. 서울시의 경우 2002년부터 옥상녹화 활성화를 위한 옥상 녹화 지원 사업을 진행하였으며, 2007년부터는 10만 녹색 지붕 만들기 사업을 통하여 자치구별로 생활권녹지 10만평 확충 등 도시 내 부족한 녹지공간 확보에 주력하고 있다. 옥상녹화와 관련하여 옥상녹화의 효과, 이입종에 관한 연 구, 단일 식물종의 생육연구 등에 관한 연구는 활발하게 이 루어지고 있으나, 다년간 옥상녹화에 실재 식재에 사용된 식물에 대한 연구는 미비한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구는 서울시의 지원을 받아 2010년부터 2012 년 동안 조성된 옥상녹화 조성지를 대상으로 실재 식재에 사용된 식물 조사를 통하여 향후 옥상녹화 보급에 있어 식 재식물 선정의 기초자료로 활용하고자 한다. 본 연구는 2010년에 조성된 61개소의 옥상녹화 조성지 와 2011년에 조성된 52개소의 옥상녹화 조성지, 2012년에 조성된 47개소의 옥상녹화 조성지를 포함하여 총 160개소 의 대상지 내 실재 사용된 식재식물을 조사하였다(표 1).조 사는 실제 옥상녹화 조성에 사용된 설계도면을 바탕으로 이루 어졌으며, 초본, 관목 교목으로 구분하여 조사하였다(표 2). 대상지에 사용된 식재 식물은 초본의 경우 가는잎 금계 국, 감국, 갯패랭이, 거미바위솔, 고사리 등 332종의 식물이 식재되었다.옥상의 극단적인 기후에서 생존하기 위해 내건성, 내한 성, 내습성은 물론 강한 일사와 바람에 적응할 수 있는 특성 을 포함하여 관상가치가 높은 식물인 구절초, 비비추, 맥문 동 등의 식재 빈도가 높은 것으로 판단된다. 관목의 경우 개쉬땅나무, 겹철쭉, 꼬리조팝나무, 공조팝 등 109종의 식물이 식재되었으며, 혼합형과 중량형에 이용 되는 특성상 비교적 관리가 용이하고 관상가치가 높은 수종 들의 식재빈도가 높은 것으로 조사되었다. 교목의 경우 감나무, 공작단풍, 구상나무, 금송 등 67종의 식물이 식재되었으며, 방문객의 이용을 목적으로 조성되는 중량형에 이용되는 경우가 많아 관상가치가 높은 수종들의 식재빈도가 높은 것으로 조사되었다. 특히 겨울철 평균기온의 상승으로 인해 남부지역에서만 생육 가능한 꽃도라지, 꽃무릇, 한라구절초 등의 초본류와 남천, 산수국, 무화과나무 등의 관목류가 식재 됨에 따라 남부 식물종의 중부 생존 가능성이 점점 높아지고·있는 것 으로 판단된다. 본 연구는 2010년에서부터 2012년 총 3개년간 서울시의 옥상녹화 지원을 통해 조성된 옥상녹화 조성지를 대상으로 실재 식재에 사용된 식물 수종을 조사하여 그 동향을 살피 고 향후 옥상녹화에 도입 가능한 식재 식물 연구에 관한 기초자료를 제공하는데 의의가 있다. 옥상녹화 조성지가 증가함에 따라 향후 옥상녹화는 옥상 이라는 인공지반위에 녹지를 도입하는 수준을 벗어나 생물 서식지의 개념으로 접근할 필요가 있다. 이를 위하여 설계 단계에서 식재 및 관리에 이르기까지 양호한 생물 서식공간 으로의 조성하기 위한 방법에 관한 연구가 필요할 것이라 판단된다. 또한 장기적으로 식재 식물을 조사하여 지역에 적합하고 관리가 용이한 옥상녹화 수종의 연구가 필요할 것이라 사료 된다.

As sewerage systems have obsolete, as quality and service level standards increase, and as rain characteristics change, the sewerage utility authorities are challenged to develop cost recovery strategies that assure financial sustainability. In this study, we conducted scenario analysis to examine the effect of three alternatives of partial or full sewerage cost recovery in Seoul during 2014-30 periods. It turned out that the alternative 1 is optimal and recommended. According to alternative 1, we had better increase annually sewerage fee by 14.8% until 2020 and thereafter apply only the inflation rate in setting sewerage fee. It would gradually decrease the deficit after 2019. The accumulated deficit of 13 billion Won in 2030 was estimated.We expect that this kind of analysis may provide useful informations to help sewage utility staffs, decision makers, and regulatory authorities understand, develop and implement ultimate full cost recovery strategy for many municipalities.

Urban-Hanok emerged as a result of urbanization of Hanok in the modern period. In particular, Urban-Hanok has been mass-produced from the early 1920s, when the population is concentrated in cities, until the middle. Large-scale development by the professional developer has been developed in large-scale land rather than individual client because housing shortage was serious problem. 11 Gahoe-dong was made in 1935-36 is representative Urban-hanok area of Bukchon. It was formed through division of large-scale Land in 1930’s. In the 1930’s, the large-scale development projects of Urban-Hanok was triggered by the two events. One is Land Investigation Project performed by the Japanese government to capitalization of property, another is the pro-japanese bought the large scale-land in Gahoe-dong at bargain price from The Japanese government. Each lot has still a topographical characteristics such as land-dividing quality, the way of development, characteristic quality of urban-tissue. 11 Gahoe-dong, Urban-hanok area was developed two ways. First, development have been adapted to the topography. The lots have reflected topographical conditions such as land cutting area, a retaining wall, land-diving was maintaining the original topography almost. Second, it was street oriented development. The lots have developed sequentially along the street. So, the lots's shape and size is different each. For this reason, this area distribute various type of Hanok.

This study is intended to analyze the relation between G. D. Weisman’s Way finding 4 elements the accessibility and efficiency of consumers as to eternal area for Seoul historical museum. The findings are summarized as the following three aspects. First, G. D. Weisman’s Way finding element introduced in this study had a significant impact on visitor satisfaction.. It leads to the following conclusion: The higher the impact is, the greater accessaccessibility and efficiency are. Second, among 4 elements, the factor that had the biggest impact on the accessibility was ‘visual-perceptual accessibility.’ Thus, ‘visual-perceptual accessibility’ should be considered first to boost the accessibility to consumers. Third, among 4 elements, the factor that had the biggest impact on the efficiency was ‘sign system’. Thus, ‘sign system’ should be considered first to boost the efficiency to consumers.

목 적: 안경원 방문자를 대상으로 연령군에 따른 굴절이상의 분포와 굴절상태의 변화를 분석하고자 하였다. 방 법: 2007년부터 2013년까지 서울 서초동 소재 안경원에 내원한 922명(1,844안)을 대상으로 연령군에 따라 10대군(10∼19세), 20대군(20∼29세), 30대군(30∼39세), 40대군(40∼49세), 50대군(50∼59세), 60대 이상군(≥60세)으로 분류하고 타각적 굴절검사와 자각적 굴절검사를 시행하였다. 굴절이상은 등가구면굴절 력을 이용하여, 근시군(SE≥-0.75 D), 원시군(SE≥+0.75 D) 및 난시군(Cyl≥-1.00 D)으로 나누고, 난시는 (-) 원주축 방향에 따라 직난시(180°±15°), 도난시(90°±15°), 사난시(16°∼74° 또는 106°∼164°)로 구분 하였다. 통계분석은 SPSS version 18 (SPSS INC., Chicago, IL, USA)을 이용하여 각 요인을 독립표본검 정(independent T-test), 선형회귀분석(linear regression analysis), 일원배치분산분석(one way anova)을 통해 조사하였으며, 유의 수준은 p<0.05로 하였다. 결 과: 전체 대상안의 굴절이상 분포는 근시 84.4%, 원시 5.7%, 정시 9.9%그리고 난시는 46.1%로 나타 났다. 평균 등가구면굴절력은 10대 -3.77±2.06 D, 20대 -4.44±2.61 D, 30대 -3.85±2.61 D, 40대 -3.48± 2.70 D, 50대 -1.92±2.65 D, 60대 -0.56±2.58 D로 연령이 증가함에 따라 근시에서 원시로 유의 하게 변하였다(p<0.05). 난시는 직난시 54.8%, 사난시 30.4%, 도난시 14.9% 로 나타났고 10대에서는 직난 시가 월등히 높았으며, 도난시는 60대에서 45.3%로 가장 높았다. 결 론: 청소년기에는 근시와 직난시의 유병률이 높지만, 연령이 증가하면서 굴절상태는 변하여 노년층에 서는 원시와 도난시의 유병률이 높았다. 굴절상태는 연령에 따라 청소년기에 근시화가 진행되고, 근시안과 정시안의 경우에는 40대 이후에 원시화가 나타나며, 근시화와 원시화 정도는 근시안이 정시안보다 더 많은 것으로 사료된다.

In recent years, the surroundings of Fire have rapidly changed and citizens need for Fire have been demanding very high. Under these situations, in order for satisfaction to all these demands, Seoul Metropolitan Government Fire Academy(SFA) have only to improve its educational training program as the fire educational training center in Korea. The purpose of this study is to scrutinize current educational training program of SFA and measure the relative weight among the hierarchy of disaster management(prevention and mitigation-preparedness-response-recovery) by using the Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP). The result of this study presents that how many hours must be allocated and set the educational training program with scientific and systematic way of AHP compared the current program of SFA　in 2013. And This study is applied to increase access and comprehension about the AHP and will be able to present guideline for the selection of optimal the educational training of SFA to serve Seoul citizens the best Fire services.

The tap water plays a critical role in our daily life by providing clean water for drinking as well as for residential use. Its importance, however, is often hidden and criticized in mass media because drinking the unprocessed tap water as a primary source of drinking water is very low comparing to other countries. This is because survey tool in Korea is often different from those in other countries so their results on the tap water cannot be directly compared without analysis on survey questionnaire. Therefore, we examplified cases showing the difference of questions of each country and discussed the reason why results of tap water intake should not be compared without analysis on the questions. Also, distrust on Arisu without rational reason is known as the first reason of distrust on the tap water. However, it was not the ultimate reason of distrust on the tap water. To verify, we designed survey questions in a tricky way that the same question was asked twice with different choices in the survey questionnaire. Most of the people who distrust Arisu without rational reason at the first question were selected different choices and significantly reduced in the second question. This proved that the ratio of distrust on the tap water is not actually the right reason and that by providing more choices, people’s distrust on the tap water without rational reason can turn into more specific reasons.

PURPOSES: This study is to suggest the improvement for bus rapid transit system in Seoul METHODS: The maintenance cost for bus lane damages and plastic deformations are increased by bus passing speed, heavy bus weight, and climate change (localized torrential downpour, subtropical climate) and the accident risk has been increased. RESULTS: Recent analysis of pavement damage indicates that bus lane damage caused by heavy weight is overwhelming and it is urgent to prepare countermeasures. CONCLUSIONS : Pavement data of bus rapid transit system, bus transit numbers and pavement damage elements were analyzed. By analyzing pavement maintenance, design and construction, the countermeasures for the improvement of bus lane pavement and effective maintenance were suggested.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the eating patterns, nutrient intakes, blood levels, and health status of male college students in Seoul according to body mass index (BMI). In this study, we classified subjects into normal weight (n=240), under weight (n=11), and obese (n=46) groups according to BMI. The weight and BMI were significantly higher in the obese group compared to other groups (p<0.0001). The obesity was associated with overeating and frequent eating. The under weight group showed significantly higher consumption of fast food, snacks, and fried foods compared to the other groups (p<0.05). The intakes of milk, meat, fish, eggs, and fried food and preference ratios were higher in the obese group (p<0.05). The male college students in this study showed insufficient intakes of calories, vitamin C, folic acid, and calcium. The plasma LDL-cholesterol levels in the obese group were higher compared to the other groups. In conclusion, intake of nutrients among male college students is found to be insufficient and requires nutritional education. The under weight group showed regular eating habits and increased nutrient intake. The obese group was shown to need more exercise with higher intakes of vegetables and fruits.

A research was conducted on Seoul regional elementary, middle, and high school nutritionists to study about their perception of HACCP control standards & performance conditions and sanitation & safety inspection, to seek for more efficient methods of school meals' sanitation system settlement. All surveys were distributed and collected via email. A total of 305 survey papers were collected, and out of these, 300 school results were analyzed. As for CCP 1 performance conditions, 43.3% of the nutritionist put emphasis on temperature control for cooking duration and 71.0% said that they manage both temperature and PHF food control. In CCP 2 stage, 65.8% of the nutritionists maintained the food's temperature, and 56.7% documented the recordings after cooking. A total of 79.3% of the schools scored above 90 points on school meal sanitation & safety inspection, 3.72 points on necessity for revisions, 3.38 points on objectivity, and 3.34 points on reliability. As for these results, a clear CCP control criteria as well as training must be set. Also, because the necessity of revision for sanitation & safety inspection is higher than reliability and objectivity, appropriate complementary measures must be taken.

The purpose of this study was to compare the validity of obesity indices among the body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and body fat percentage (BF%), and to determine which is the most useful index to predict the risk of chronic diseases of elderly people. This study was conducted as a cross-sectional study at welfare centers in Seoul. The total number of subjects was 261 (68 men and 193 women) with age ≥60 years. The distribution of obesity using 3 obesity indices in the subjects with hypertension, diabetes, or arthritis was BF%>WC>BMI in elderly men and WC>BF%>BMI in elderly women. In elderly women, odds ratios (ORs) for hypertension in BMI and WC quartiles were significantly increased in quartile 2 and 3 (p<0.05). The ORs for hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and arthritis in BF% quartiles were significantly increased in quartile 3 and 4 (p<0.05). The BF% was sensitive obesity index for predicting the occurrence of chronic disease in men, and the WC was sensitive index in women. Our results suggested maintaining BMI less than 23.5 kg/m2, WC less than 82 cm, and BF less than 35% in order to prevent chronic diseases in elderly women.

We investigated the distribution of asbestos in Seoul for 16 school buildings built before and after 1990, includingkindergartens, elementary schools, middle schools and high schools. The risk assessment standards of AHERA,HSE and ASTM were reviewed and a comparative analysis of assessment standards was conducted in schoolbuildings. For the risk assessment of 16 schools, 170 samples were selected, each of which was assessed usingstandards of AHERA, HSE and ASTM. The school buildings included the ACM (asbestos containing materials)ranged 3-4% of chrysotile and 1-3% of amosite in classroom ceilings and has 7-8% chrysotile in partitions of studenttoilets. The airborne concentrations of fiber materials were ranged with 0.002-0.022 fiber/cc in school buildingsby PCM. In this study, a simplified rating scale was used three categories of Good, Damaged and SignificantlyDamaged. In the result of comparative analysis for the risk assessment criteria, it was found that 113 samples, 132samples and 82 samples were classified as Good when assessed by AHERA, HSE and ASTM, respectively; and46 samples, 29 samples and 53 samples as Damaged, respectively; and 12 samples, 8 samples and 34 samples asSignificantly Damaged, respectively. From the distribution of asbestos and the comparative analysis for the riskassessment criteria, the management plan and new risk assessment were made based on the Korea backgroundshould be established to control asbestos exposure to students from damaged ACM and will be revealed that theassessment for the current condition and potential for disturbance on asbestos in school buildings.

This study was conducted to analyze dust mite allergen and bacterial endotoxin concentrations in the subwaycabins. For this aim, we sampled dust using a vacuum cleaner on cabin seats of subway trains operating in threeSeoul Metro Lines from April to May in 2011. The concentration of dust mite allergen and endotoxin were1,137.51±806.26ng/g and 5,742.1(4.68)EU/g, respectively. While, the concentration of dust mite allergen washigher on cabin seats of subway trains in Line B(1,487.61±930.59ng/g) than on those of trains in Lines A andC(641.9±398.3 and 1,344.9±822.4ng/g). All measurements did not exceed the National Workshop Guidelineof 2,000ng/g. While, bacterial endotoxin concentration [GM (GSD)] was higher on cabin seats of subway trainsin Line A [12,373.21(4.97EU/g)] than on those of trains in Line B and C8,520.77(3.98) and 1,631.43(1.88)EU/g. Dust mite allergen concentrations were strongly influenced by the portion of underground (on the subway line)and endotoxin concentrations were significantly correlated with the number of passengers using the subway lines.Seats for seniors and the week showed relatively higher concentrations compared to seats for general passengers.But, no significant difference of dust mite allergen and endotoxin concentrations in the subway cabins was foundrelating to seat type (p=0.451, p=0.564). There was no correlation between the dust mite allergen levels andendotoxin levels in the subway cabins (p=0.439).

최인호는 베스트셀러 작가이다. 베스트셀러 작가라는 사실은 작가 최 인호에 대한 선입견으로 작용하기도 했다. 지금까지 평단과 학계는 최인 호의 소설을 진지한 연구 대상으로 삼는 데 유보적이었다. 하지만 최인호 의 등단 초기 작품들은 당대의 다른 작가들과 비교할 때 매우 이채로운 특 징들을 보여준다는 점에서 주목해야 한다. 가장 큰 차이점은 바로 최인호 의 소설에 등장하는 소설적 인물들이 서울 토박이라는 사실이다. 서울이 대도시로 변모하던 1970년대, 최인호의 소설 속 인물들은 그 변화에 대해 다른 어떤 작가보다 더 민감한 반응을 보였다. 이는 김승옥이나 이청준과 같은 이전 세대의 작가들이 보여주었던 하숙생 인식과 거리가 멀다. 1960 년대 소설가들에게 ‘서울’이 고향과 대조적인 장소이자 환상이 파괴되는, 환멸의 장소였다면 최인호의 소설에서 ‘서울’은 고향이자, 삶의 터전이었 다. 따라서, 최인호의 소설 속 인물들은 1970년대 이후 발생했던 서울의 변화에 대한 목격자이자 증언자 역할을 해낸다. 그 변화가 산업화와 더불 어 진행된다는 점에서 최인호의 소설에 등장하는, 변화하는 ‘서울’과 ‘집’에 대한 서술들을 주목할 필요가 있다. 1980년대 이후 본격화된 사유 재산적 가치로서의 ‘집’ 문제가 이미 최인호의 1970년대 소설에 언급되기도 하고, 도시화에 따라 서울의 외연이 어떤 방식으로 확장되어 갔는지도 구체적 장면으로 형상화되어 있다. 중심에서부터 변두리로 멀어지는 거주지로서 ‘집’과 서울의 확장 과정을 통해 당시 서울 토박이 소시민으로서 경험해야 했던 박탈감이 고스란히 드러나는 것이다. 이에 본고는 최인호의 초기 소 설에 나타난, 서울의 변모 양상과 집의 의미를 살펴보고, 이러한 면모가 최 인호 소설에서 어떻게 형상화되었는지 살펴보았다. 이는 섬세한 관찰력과 사회 문제에 대한 예민한 감식안을 확인하는 과정이기도 하다.

PURPOSES: This study is to investigate the countermeasures against heavy snow on road in Seoul: Focusing on Seocho 1-dong. METHODS : Since 2000, three cases of the top 10 in the highest snow fall depth in a day occurred in 2001(234mm, 156mm) and 2010(258mm) and the possibility of heavy snow is getting higher. 10 days after heavy snow fall when the snow thaws, socio-economic damages occurred often. For example, the insufficient snow removing, difficulty in patients transfer, crash accidents, injuries from a fall, the increasing cost of snow removing etc. RESULTS : For the effective deploying snow removing equipment and workers, it is necessary to understand emergency snow removing spots. Seocho 1-dong was tested because it contains mountains, hill and urban areas as well as various buildings and road types exposures. CONCLUSIONS : Based on the domestic and international heavy snow researches, the elements for vulnerability were analyzed and vulnerable areas to snow fall were derived.

PURPOSES: This study is to suggest heavy snow risk analysis in Seoul. METHODS: Recently, the increase of extreme weather caused by global warming raises the occurrences of unpredictable natural disasters and the loss potential of human disasters by land use facilities accumulation. It is necessary to develop the risk analysis for the natural and human disasters. RESULTS : In this study, heavy snow risk analysis among natural disasters in Seoul was suggested. The spatial unit of risk analysis level was established for the lines and administrative districts. CONCLUSIONS : The risk analysis was performed using risk matrix of disaster occurrence score and disaster damage score. The components affecting the risk disaster analysis by types were analyzed and the application of heavy snow risk analysis was suggested.