The delesseriacean parasitic red algal Asterocolax species was collected from Jindo in the southern coast of Korea. This parasitic species found on Pseudopolyneura japonica. And it is distinct from other species of Asterocolax with more or less denticulate branches when matured. This Korean entity is identified as Asterocolax denticulatus (Tokida) Feldmann & Feldmann (Delesseriaceae, Rhodophyta) based on these features. This is the first record of A. denticulatus in Korea.

포인세티아 ‘Red Elf’는 국립원예특작과학원에서 2014년에 육성한 품종이다. 진한 적색의 ‘Max Red’와 분홍색의 주름이 많은 상향성의 포엽을 가진 ‘Pink Elf’를 2010년에 교배하여 획 득한 실생 계통을 선발하여 육성한 품종이다. 2012년부터 2013년까지 생육특성, 개화특성, 균일성에 대하여 1, 2차 특성 검정을 실시하였다. 2014년에 3차 특성검정을 실시하여 최종 선발하였으며, 직무육성품종심의회에 상정하여 ‘Red Elf’로 명 명하였다. ‘Red Elf’품종은 적색의 상향성인 포엽과 열편이 거 의 없는 착색엽이 우수한 화형을 형성한다. 초장이 작고 엽병 이 짧은 잎몸을 가진 줄기의 발생이 많아서 균형 잡힌 수형을 이룬다. 단일 처리 후 약 8주가 경과하면 완전히 착색되어 출 하가 가능하다. 이 품종은 2016년 3월 17일에 국립종자원에 품종등록(등록번호 5953호)되었다.

본 연구에서는 홍삼농축액의 유화특성을 조사하였다. 먼저, 홍삼농축액의 표면활성능을 조사 하였으며, 이어서 홍삼농축액 유화액을 제조하고 이의 이화학적 성질을 조사하였다. 홍삼농축액의 물/기 름 계면에서 계면장력은 홍삼농축액 농도의 증가와 더불어 감소하였다. 홍삼농축액을 이용하여 유화액을 제조한 결과, 첨가 농도의 증가와 더불어 유화 지방구 크기는 감소하였으며, 홍삼농축액 농도가 3.5 wt% 이상일 경우 일정한 지방구 크기(d43 ≒ 0.39 μm)의 안정한 유화액을 형성하였고, separation analyzer(LUMiFugeⓇ)를 이용한 유화안정도 평가 결과에서도 이와 유사한 안정도 변화 경향을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 홍삼농축액 유화액 중 지방구 크기는 pH 및 NaCl 농도변화에 의존하였는데, pH가 감 소함에 따라 지방구 크기는 증가하고 음의 제타전위 값[-67.0 mV (pH 9.0) → + 2.1 mV (pH 2.0)]은 낮아지는 경향을 보였으며, NaCl 농도(0.1 M → 0.5 M)가 높을수록 지방구 크기는 증가하였다. 본 실 험을 통해 홍삼농축액의 유화능을 확인할 수 있었다.

Most of the red ginseng (RG) products contain active substances derived from hot water or alcohol extraction. Since active substances of RG are divided into two two types: water-soluble and liposoluble, water or alcohol is needed as an extraction solvent and this leads the different extraction yields and components of the active substances. To overcome the limit, whole red ginseng powder can be used and consumed by consumers. In this study, the physicochemical properties and extractable active substance contents of variable-sized RG powder (158.00 μm, 8.45 μm, and 6.33 μm) were analyzed, and dispersion stability was measured to investigate the suitable size of RG powder for industrial processing. In the results, no significant difference was found from the changes in color intensity and thiobarbutric acid tests at 4°C, 25°C, and 40°C for 4 weeks. There was no significant difference on the production of antioxidants and ginsenoside among the samples (p>0.05). In dispersion stability, RG-158.00 μm was precipitated immediately, and the dispersion stabilities between RG-8.45 μm and RG-6.33 μm showed no significant difference. It implies that fine RG is suitable for the production process. With further study, it seemed that the physicochemical effects of RG particle sizes can be clearly revealed.

Fludarabine, a chain terminating anti-cancer drug, is a purine analogue that causes DNA strand breaks in normal cells. In this study, we determined if A. melanocarpa and Korean red ginseng extract mixture reduce cytotoxicity of fludarabine. Treatment of HaCaT cells with 10 μM of fludarabine for 24 hours decreased cell viability and increased DNA strand breaks. Treatment of A. melanocarpa and Korean red ginseng extract mixture for 24 hours increased cell viability as compared with single extract treatment. The protective effect of these extracts on cell activity increased in a concentration-dependent manner. DNA strand breaks induced by fludarabine decreased as concentration of extract mixture increased. p-H2AX level, a marker of DNA strand breakage, decreased depending on the concentration of extract mixture. The effect of mixed extract of A. melanocarpa and Korean red ginseng on DNA damage is due to the anti-oxidative effect of A. melanocarpa and signal transmission through glucocorticoid receptor upon binding of saponin of Korean red ginseng.

사찰인근 소나무림은 문화경관림으로서 가치가 높으나 식생천이와 기후변화로 쇠퇴할 가능성이 높다. 본 연구에서는 사찰인근 소나무림을 대상으로 식생구조와 소나무 활력도, 입지환경 특성을 조사해 소나무 생육과 입지환경간의 상관 관계를 밝히고자 했다. 소나무림이 양호하게 남아 있는 전남지역의 천은사, 원효사, 증심사, 태안사 4개소를 연구대상지 로 선정했다. 이 대상지의 교목층에는 모두 소나무가 우점하고 하층에는 낙엽활엽수종이 주로 출현했다. 소나무의 수령이 많은 천은사 지역보다 증심사·원효사의 소나무 생육상태가 전반적으로 좋지 않았다. 토양의 총질소량은 증심사 가 다른 지역보다 높은 편이었는데 하층식생 발달로 총질소량이 늘어난 것으로 보인다. 이로 인해 낙엽활엽수종과의 질소양분 경합에서 밀려 소나무의 생육이 악화된 것으로 추정된다.해발고와 가지길이는 부(-)의 상관관계를, 경사도와 소나무 평균상대우점치도 부(-)의 상관관계를 보였다. 즉, 해발고· 경사도가 상승할수록 토양환경을 포함한 생육환경이 열악해지면서 소나무의 생장량·우점도가 저조해지는 것으로 보인 다. 경사도는 소나무 가지길이와 정의(+) 상관관계를 보였다. 소나무림이 주로 분포하는 입지환경 범위 내라면, 급경사 지일수록 낙엽활엽수종과의 경쟁을 회피해 소나무 생육이 양호해지는 것으로 판단된다. 반면, 토양의 전기전도도가 증가할수록 소나무 생육이 더 악화되는 것으로 분석됐다. 토양양분 증가는 낙엽활엽수종의 식생 발달을 촉진해 소나무 의 생육환경을 악화시켜 소나무림의 건전성 유지에 부정적 영향을 미친 것으로 보인다.

Using a customized diffusion bonder, we executed diffusion bonding for ring shaped white gold and red gold samples (inner, outer diameter, and thickness were 15.7, 18.7, and 3.0 mm, respectively) at a temperature of 780 °C and applied pressure of 2300 N in a vacuum of 5 × 10−2 torr for 180 seconds. Optical microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were used to investigate the microstructure and compositional changes. The mechanical properties were confirmed by Vickers hardness and shear strength tests. Optical microscopy and FE-SEM confirmed the uniform bonding interface, which was without defects such as micro pores. EDS mapping analysis confirmed that each gold alloy was 14K with the intended composition; Ni and Cu was included as coloring metals in the white and red gold alloys, respectively. The effective diffusion coefficient was estimated based on EDS line scanning. Individual values of Ni and Cu were 5.0 × 10−8 cm2/s and 8.9 × 10−8 cm2/s, respectively. These values were as large as those of the melting points due to the accelerated diffusion in this customized diffusion bonder. Vickers hardness results showed that the hardness values of white gold and red gold were 127.83 and 103.04, respectively, due to solid solution strengthening. In addition, the value at the interface indicated no formation of intermetallic compound around the bonding interface. From the shear strength test, the sample was found not to be destroyed at up to 100,000 gf due to the high bonding strength. Therefore, these results confirm the successful diffusion bonding of 14K white-red golds with a diffusion bonder at a low temperature of 780 °C and a short processing time of 180 seconds.

We study the angular correlation function of bright (Ks ≤ 19.5) Extremely Red Objects (EROs) selected in the Subaru GTO 2 deg2 field. By applying the color selection criteria of R − Ks > 5.0, 5.5, and 6.0, we identify 9055, 4270, and 1777 EROs, respectively. The number density is consistent with similar studies on the optical − NIR color selected red galaxies. The angular correlation functions are derived for EROs with different limiting magnitude and different R −Ks color cut. When we assume that the angular correlation function w() follows a form of a power-law (i.e., w() = A−), the value of the amplitude A was larger for brighter EROs compared to the fainter EROs. The result suggests that the brighter, thus more massive high-redshift galaxies, are clustered more strongly compared to the less massive galaxies. Assuming that EROs have redshift distribution centered at hzi ∼ 1.1 with z = 0.15, the spatial correlation length r0 of the EROs estimated from the observed angular correlation function ranges ∼ 6-10 h−1Mpc. A comparison with the clustering of dark matter halos in numerical simulation suggests that the EROs are located in most massive dark matter halos and could be progenitors of L∗ elliptical galaxies.

In the construction of a white LED, the region of the red emission is a very important factor. Red light emitting materials play an important role in improving the color rendering index of commercial lighting. These materials also increase the color gamut of display products. Therefore, the development of novel phosphors with red emission and the study of color tuning are actively underway to improve product quality. In the present study, heuristic algorithms were used to search for phosphors capable of increasing the color rendering index and color gamut. Using a heuristic algorithm, the phosphors that were identified were SrGe4O9:Mn4+ and BaGe4O9:Mn4+. Emission spectra study confirmed that these phosphors emit light in the deep red wavelength region, which can fulfill the requirement for the improvement in color rendering index and color gamut for a white LED.

본 연구는 마이크로파 저온진공건조 기술을 이용하여 고효율 인삼개발을 하고자 하였다. 홍삼 제조 공정에서 증삼 후 60-70℃에서 24시간 동안 건조하고 다시 40℃에서 72시간동안 건조한 열풍 건 조 홍삼과 증삼 후 마이크로파 저온진공건조기에서 900 watt, 2.45 MHz, 50 mmHg 조건으로 5시간동 안 건조하고 다시 750 mmHg로 2시간동안 건조한 홍삼으로 조직 관찰, 관능평가, 진세노사이드 및 조 사포닌 함량 변화 등을 비교하였다. 그 결과, 마이크로파 저온진공 홍삼은 색도가 밝은 색으로, 표면적 은 다공성 조직으로 변화하였으며, 향미를 높이고 쓴 맛을 크게 감소시킴과 동시에 단 맛을 증가시켜 종합적인 선호도를 높였다. 또한, 단시간에 진세노사이드 Rg1과 Rb1 함량을 열풍 건조 홍삼에 비해 1시 간대에서 약 6배, 8배가 증가되었으나, Rg3 함량에서는 큰 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 마지막으로 조사포 닌 함량은 10-20분대부터 크게 증가하여 이후 지속적으로 높은 함량이 나타났다. 이와 같은 결과를 종 합해보면, 마이크로파 저온진공홍삼은 열풍 건조 홍삼에 비해 다공성 조직 변화를 통해 단시간에 진세노 사이드 및 조사포닌에 대한 추출 수율을 높이고 향미와 식감을 개선시켜 홍삼에 대한 선호도를 높일 수 있음을 확인되었다.

To determine the optimum water temperature (a temperature which minimizes metabolic activities and stress in fish) for long distance transportation of red-spotted grouper (Epinephelus akaara), by evaluating the behavior, survival and physiological and hematological responses to variable water temperature conditions (9, 12, 15, 18 and 21℃) for 48 hours. Fish exposed to 9℃ died at 48 hours exposure, but those exposed to 12, 15, 18 and 21℃ treatment groups all survived. Fish in the 15, 18 and 21℃ exposure groups exhibited normal swimming, while those exposed to 12℃ were observed to be stationary at the bottom of the tank. The plasma cortisol and glucose concentration were higher in fish exposed to 12℃ than at other temperature conditions. The fish in the 12 and 15℃ groups had significantly higher hematocrit (Ht) and hemoglobin (Hb) than those in the 18 and 21℃ groups (P<0.05). Levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), NH3 and osmolality showed a pattern similar to the levels of plasma cortisol, while alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and total protein did not significantly vary among the experimental groups. These results indicate that the optimum water temperature for long distance transportation of the red-spotted grouper is 15℃.

The red ginseng is known to have effects on antioxidativity and cytotoxicity. Nanoscale active substances have various advantages such as improved bioavailability and permeation ability into the cell. However, few studies conducted with the nanoparticles of red ginseng due to its low yield rate and difficulty of manufacturing the product in pilot scale. This study, therefore, investigated the size effects of ultra-fine powder of red ginseng on antioxidativity and cytotoxicity. Red ginseng powder (6, 8, or 158 μm) prepared using a pilot scale was provided by a local company. Antioxidativity was measured by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) assays, and cytotoxicity was tested by methylthiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay. The results of DPPH and ABTS radical electron donating ability IC50 of red ginseng were ranged from 2.27 to 3.34 mg/ml and 2.94 to 3.09 mg/ml, respectively, which were not significantly different between all samples. However, the results of cytotoxicity clearly showed a pattern of decreased toxicity in 6 and 8 μm power compared to 158 μm powder. Unexpectedly, particle sizes of red ginseng did not significantly affect antioxidativity. It is believed that these were related to the process of pilot scale production. These phenomena are also believed to be caused by aggregation of low size power particle that increases water holding capacity. From our result, it is concluded that this range of particle size of red ginseng affected the reduction of cytotoxicity.

In this study, an α-Fe2O3 (hematite) coated porcelain plate was sintered in a temperature range from 1100 oC to 1250 oC using ferrous sulfate. The specimens were investigated by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and UV-visible spectrophotometer. It was confirmed that α-Fe2O3 (hematite) was densely fused to the surface at several tens of μm, the α-Fe2O3 (hematite) was in the form of thin platelet and polyhedra, and no other compounds appeared in the sintering process. In the specimen coated with α-Fe2O3 (hematite), the reflectance spectra show a red absorption band of 560-650 nm. The L* value decreased from 53.18 to 46.94 with the firing temperature. The values of a* and b* were at 19.03 and 15.25 at 1100 oC and gradually decreased with increasing temperature; these values decreased rapidly at 1250 oC to 11.54 and 7.98, respectively. It is considered that the new phases are formed by the phase transition of the porcelain plate (clay), and thus the a* and b* values are greatly influenced.

Even though the red pepper is one of the most important seasoning vegetables in Korea, the volume of usage of domestic red pepper has shrunk due to decrease in consumption. Thus, researchers and government officers need to seek for solutions to extend usage of domestic red pepper of food processing industry which consumes considerable amount of it. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the factors of the usage of domestic red pepper in food processing companies using cross-tabulation analysis and multiple regression model and to find the implications for promoting the usage of domestic red pepper. The results of studies present that specific characteristics of food processing companies affect the usage of domestic red pepper, including size of sales, shape of company, food product processed by company, human organization for purchase of food material, registered trademark, and support of government. This study also suggests that government needs to offer more supporting programs to sauce industry and improve the system of program to promote the usage of domestic red pepper.

FK506BP는 일명 FK506 binding protein 12이라 불리는 작은 펩티드로서 single 도메인을 가진 다. FK506BP는 면역반응 억제, 산화적 스트레스 및 염증과 관련이 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 참돔 (Pagrus major)을 저수온(8℃, 33 psu) 및 저염분(20℃, 10 psu) 상태에 노출시킨 후, FK506BP 유 전자의 발현을 관찰하는 것이다. 연구결과, FK506BP 유전자의 발현은 저수온(8℃, 33 psu) 및 저 염분(20℃, 10 psu)상태에서 유의적으로 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 이 연구결과로서 FK506BP 유전자는 수온 및 염분 등의 환경 스트레스에 대한 생체지표유전자로서 역할을 한다고 제의 한다.

The red-spotted apollo butterfly, Parnassius bremeri Bremer, 1864 (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae), has been listed as an endangered species in Korea. We developed microsatellite markers by nest-generation sequencing (NGS), selected 12 markers, and applied the markers to available South Korean populations to understand population genetic characteristics. The genotyping of 40 P. bremeri individuals from three localities in South Korea showed that at each locus, the observed number of alleles ranged from 17 to 43, the observed and expected heterozygosities were 0.84722-0.90556 and 0.76045-0.79208, respectively, and FIS was –0.155 to –0.121. STRUCTURE analysis supported the presence of two genetic pools in all three populations, although an immediate reason for this subdivision is not known. The population based FST, RST, and front wing length collectively suggest that at least Samchuk population in Gangwon Province has a significant distance. Further scrutinized analysis is undergoing.

A new Hibiscus syriacus ‘Danna’ was developed at the National Institute of Forest Science in 2013. It was initially derived from an artificial cross in 2004, between H. syriacus ‘Hanŏl’, a seed parent, a Korean local cultivar with vigorous growth and H. syriacus ‘Hanŏl-tanshim’, as a pollen parent, with long bloom period. ‘Danna’ was preliminarily selected as ‘KFRI-HH03’ for the aesthetic and stable quality of its unique color of its flower and rapid growth in elongation in 2008. Trial evaluation was conducted for 6 years (2008 - 2013), meanwhile, all investigated traits were retained in rooted cuttings originated from it. ‘Danna’ had a bright pink flower with very small red eye zone. Its flower diameter is 111.3 mm; length of red eye spot on petals is 13.8 mm. Leaves were 71.3 mm long and 43.1 mm wide, and petiole length was 14.2 mm. Flowering period of the cultivar investigated in 2013 was 81 days. It was registered as a new cultivar at the Korea Seed & Variety Service in 2015 (Grant Number 5756). Its tree habit shows vigorous and fast growth and is upright, so it can be used as an ornamental tree or a street tree.

This study was conducted to determined the status and geographical distribution of the alien invasive Red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) turtle on Jeju Island. We found thirty-two Red-eared slider habitats including twenty-five ponds, five agricultural reservoirs, a puddle and a stream. Among those, thirteen sites are newly determined habitats of the turtle. The remaining nineteen are previously reported. However, we could not find any turtles at nine sites, which were documented as turtle habitats in earlier reports. A total of one hundred thirty-three turtles were observed. Among them, we determined that thirty-nine were juvenile turtles, found in nineteen different habitats, indicating estimating that Red-eared sliders produced their progeny in the wild of this island. Because of geographical isolation by the ocean, no freshwater turtle had been found until 19th Century. Therefore, the increased number of finding sites and Red-eared sliders indicate the possibility of human release of their pets or for other purposes, and natural propagation in the wild on Jeju Island. Our findings will be useful for management planning to deal with this invasive species, and implementation of a conservation program for native wildlife on Jeju Island.

Nanosized and aggregated Y2O3:Eu Red phosphors were prepared by template method from metal salt impregnated into crystalline cellulose. The particle size and photoluminescent property of Y2O3:Eu red phosphors were controlled by variation of the calcination temperature and time. Dispersed nanosol was also obtained from the aggregated Y2O3:Eu Red phosphor under bead mill wet process. The dispersion property of the Y2O3:Eu nanosol was optimized by controlling the bead size, bead content ratio and milling time. The median particle size (D50) of Y2O3:Eu nanosol was found to be around 100 nm, and to be below 90 nm after centrifuging. In spite of the low photoluminescent properties of Y2O3:Eu nanosol, it was observed that the photoluminescent property recovered after re-calcination. The dispersion and photoluminescent properties of Y2O3:Eu nanosol were investigated using a particle size analyzer, FE-SEM, and a fluorescence spectrometer.