The present study investigated the effect of forage sources and their inclusion levels in diet on the rumen fermentation of Korea traditional goat. Timothy and alfalfa were used as forage sources. Forages were mixed with concentrate diet in different ratios. The ratios of forage to concentrate diets were varied to 1:9, 5:5 and 9:1. The rumen fluid of goat was gathered from slaughter house. Dry matter digestibility was decreased and methane production was increased as forage levels in diet was increased. When forage sources, timothy and alfalfa, were compared, groups with timothy showed greater methane production than the groups of alfalfa. Molar ratio of produced acetate and valerate were increased when forage level in diet was increased. In the case of propionate and butyrate, they were decreased as elevated forage levels in diet. The result of this study provided a basic information for rumen fermentation of Korean traditional goat and these information could be applied in the development of nutritional and feeding strategy.

본 연구는 고지방 식이로 유발된 내당능 장애 모델의 학습 및 기억력 장애에 대한 스피룰리나 섭취의 개선 효과를 확인하고자 하였다. 당부하 검사(IPGTT)를 통하여 고지방식이를 통한 내당능 장애가 유발되었음을 확인하였고, SP는 HFD 대비 약 20%의 당 내성 개선효과를 나타내는 것으로 나타났다. 고지방 식이로 인지 기능 손상을 유발시킨 동물모델의 Y-maze 및 Morris water maze 시험을 진행한 결과는 SP에서 CND 대비 학습 및 장·단기기억력 장애가 유의한 수준으로 개선됨을 확인하였다. 실험동물의 혈청분석 결과는 스피룰리나 섭취가 일반식이로 전환한 것과 비교하였을 때, HFD 대비 LDLC 감소 및 HTR(HDLC의 비율) 증가를 통한 혈중 콜레스테롤 개선에 효과를 나타냈다. 적출된 뇌와 간 조직을 대상으로 SOD 활성, oxidized GSH 함량 및 MDA 함량을 측정한 결과 스피룰리나 섭취가 뇌조직뿐만 아니라 간 조직에서 항산화 활성을 향상시켜 주는 것도 역시 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 결과는 고지방 식이를 통한 혈당 상승 및 이로 인한 기억능력 저하에서 스피룰리나 섭취는 CND 수준으로의 개선 효과를 유도할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 또한, 스피룰리나 섭취는 뇌 기능과 직접적으로 연관된 콜린성 시스템 손상에도 CND 대비 AChE 활성에 더 높은 저해효과를 나타냄을 확인하였다. 따라서 본 연구는 스피룰리나가 고지방 식이로 유도된 내당능 장애 모델에서 발생될 수 있는 뇌기능 저하에서 혈중 콜레스테롤 개선 효과, 항산화 효과 및 AChE 저해효과를 통하여, 비만으로 유도될 수 있는 대사성 인지 장애에 대한 개선 소재로의 잠재적인 가능성을 갖는 것으로 판단된다.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of sea urchin shell powder, used in broiler diet, on Esherichia coli and Salmonella in litter produced by the broilers. A total of 120 broiler chickens were fed 1 of 3 treatment diets (10 chickens per pen) in a randomized block design treatments with 4 replications. Sea urchin shell powder was used in the concentrations of 0.5% and 1% in the basal diets; the control diet was constituted of basal diet. During the 3-week feeding trials, none of the treatments significantly affected the E. coli populations in poultry litter at weeks 0 and 1, nor did they affect the and S. enterica populations at weeks 1 and 3. However, dietary sea urchin shell powder addition affected the population of E. coli at weeks 2 and 3, and that of S. entericaat weeks 0 and 2 (P<0.05). It is therefore concluded that the use of dietary sea urchin shell powder (0.5% and 1%) will be beneficial enough to reduce E. coli, rather than S. enterica in poultry litter over short-term periods.

Background: An imbalance in energy intake and expenditure can cause obesity, which is a major risk factor for chronic diseases such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, cancers and hyperlipidemia. Methods and Results: In this study, we evaluated the anti-obesity effects of a water extract from the young leaves of barley sprout (BS) in 3T3-L1 cells and in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice (HF). Lipid accumulation measurement indicates that BS markedly inhibited adipogenesis by reducing lipid droplet production in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of adipogenic transcription factors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ and fatty acid synthetase, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α and fatty acid binding protein 4 in 3T3-L1 cells was significantly inhibited by BS treatment. In an in vivo test, the BSadministered group of HFD-induced mice showed less body weight gain, and lower liver and epididymal white adipose tissue weights. The BS-treated mice showed decreased serum levels of leptin and lipids compared to untreated HFD mice and the levels of adiponectin and the HDL-cholesterol/total cholesterol ratio increased. These results indicate that BS inhibits body fat accumulation by reducing the mRNA expression of lipogenesis transcription factors and increasing serum adipokine concentration in in vitro and in vivo tests. Conclusions: BS reduced high fat diet-induced weight gain and had a positive effect on dyslipidemia.

Present study aimed to determine the effect of ‘bitter melon’, a popularly used fruit in Bangladesh and several other Asian countries, on high-fat-diet-induced type 2 diabetes. To investigate the effect, ethanol extract from bitter melon (BME) as a dietary supplement with mouse chow was used. BME was found to significantly attenuate the high-fat diet (HFD) -induced body weight and total fat mass. BME also effectively reduced the insulin resistance induced by the HFD. Furthermore, dietary supplementation of BME was highly effective in increasing insulin sensitivity and reducing hepatic fat and obesity. These results indicate that BME could be effective in attenuating type 2 diabetes and could therefore be a preventive measure against type 2 diabetes.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of long-term endurance exercise and Salvia miltiorrhiza vinegar on body composition and insulin resistance of high-fat diet (30% carbohydrate, 50% fat and 20% protein) induced obese rats. After 8 weeks of high fat diet (50% of total calories), rats were divided into 4 groups (sedentary group, n=10; exercise group, n=10; Salvia miltiorrhiza vinegar group, n=10; exercise+Salvia miltiorrhiza vinegar group, n=10) for 8 weeks. Body weight, body composition, diet intake volume, oral glucose tolerance test, plasma total cholesterol were measured. The results showed that Salvia miltiorrhiza vinegar plus endurance exercise training for 8 weeks significantly improved body weight control, visceral fat weight, and insulin resistance. However, only Salvia miltiorrhiza vinegar treatment did not significantly improve body composition and insulin resistance. In addition, there was no additive by the combination of Salvia miltiorrhiza vinegar and endurance exercise in insulin, body fat, and total cholesterol. The reduction of body fat, glucose, insulin and cholesterol by combination was resulted from the exercise. These results suggest that Salvia miltiorrhiza vinegar has slight effect on anti-hyperglycemia and anti-obesity.

본 연구는 제2형 당뇨 환자 식이교육 기능성 게임(Roly-Poly 160)을 개발하고 그 효과를 검증 하고자 수행하였다. 당뇨환자의 식이교육 기능성 게임은 식사자가관리, 카드게임, 퀴즈게임으로 총 3가지 종류의 모듈로 이루어져 있다. 식사자가관리는 매일의 식사정보를 관리하여 12개월 동 안의 변화추이를 관찰할 수 있도록 개발되었다. 카드게임은 권장식사메뉴를 바탕으로 변화된 카 드를 제한시간동안 찾아내는 게임이며 퀴즈게임은 식이요법에 관한 퀴즈를 풀면서 지식을 습득 하는 게임이다. 이 게임은 2016년 9월 28일부터 10월 28일까지 G지역소재 C병원과 G병원에 내 원하여 당뇨식이교육을 신청한 제2형 당뇨병환자 30명에게 1인당 1시간씩 총 5회 실시하여 당뇨 식이지식과 식후 2시간 혈당을 실험전과 후에 반복 측정하였다. 실험 후 제2형 당뇨환자의 당뇨 지식은 실험전보다 통계적으로 유의하게 상승하였고(p=0.01), 공복시 혈당과 식후 2시간 혈당은 각각 통계적으로 유의하게 감소하여(p<.05) Roly-Poly 160의 임상효과를 검증하였다.

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of dietary cultured wild ginseng root (CWGR) supplementation on goat milk composition and ginsenoside profiles. Sixteen Saanen dairy goats were allocated to two balanced groups based on lactation period, body weight (38.6 ± 3.2 kg), and dairy milk yield (2.85 ± 1.2 kg), and were kept in separate pens. Goats were fed a total mixed ration (TMR) feed (2.3 kg/d, dry matter basis) and 1.5 g of CWGR powder was supplemented in the experimental diet. The total feeding period was 3 weeks, and milk and blood samples were collected on the last three days of the experimental period. There was no effect of CWGR on daily milk yield and milk composition (fat, protein, lactose, and solid-not-fat). However, the CWGR-treatment group had significantly higher plasma IgG and protein contents than the control group (P < 0.05). Significant amounts of ginsenosides were observed in the milk of the CWGR-treatment group, whereas ginsenosides were not detected in the milk of the control group. In conclusion, dietary CWGR was a useful regimen to produce functional goat milk enriched in ginsenosides.

We investigated the effects of Acorus gramineus water extract on the blood lipid levels in high fat diet-fed obese male mice. We divided thirty-five C57BL/6 mice into 5 groups: normal group, control group, and groups treated with Acorus gramineus water extract at concentrations of 20, 100, and 500 ㎎/㎏. We inoculated Acorus gramineus water extract per orally once a day for 6 weeks respectively. The results revealed that Acorus gramineus water extracts had positive effects on the total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels.

본 연구는 제2형 당뇨환자에게 맞춤형 식이교육을 제공하기 위하여 기능성게임을 개발하기 위 한 콘텐츠 효과를 검증한 연구이다. 기존의 기능성 게임이 제1형 당뇨에 중점을 두고 개발되었기 때문에 본 연구에서는 제2형 당뇨환자와 보건교육자가 상호작용을 통해 맞춤형 교육을 실시할 수 있도록 설계되었다. 자료수집 기간은 2015년 11월 7일부터 12월 26일까지였으며, 연구대상자는 보 건소에 내원하여 당뇨 식이교육을 신청한 제2형 당뇨환자 중 선정기준에 적합하고 8회의 교육을 꾸준히 이수한 총 26명이었다. 기능성 게임 프로토타입으로 맞춤형 식이교육을 제공받은 후 대상 자의 자가간호행위, 당화혈색소가 통계적으로 유의하게 상승하였다(p<.05)

Obesity is a pro-inflammatory state that contributes to the development of metabolic disorders such as hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver, and cardiovascular disease. In this study, we evaluated the inhibition of adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells and in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice by Peucedanum japonicum Thunberg L. water extract (PJT). Lipid accumulation measurement indicates that PJT markedly inhibited adipogenesis in a dose-dependent manner. RT-PCR results demonstrated that the mRNA expression of adipogenic transcription factors such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein- α (C/EBPα) in 3T3-L1 cells were significantly down-regulated by PJT treatment. Oral administration of PJT (100, 300, and 500 ㎎/㎏, b.w/daily for 4 weeks) was conducted in high-fat diet induced obese mice and C57BL/6 mice. The PJT-administered group of HFD-induced mice had a lower body weight gain, along with decreased serum levels of glucose, triglycerides, and total cholesterol compared with the control mice, however, the HDL-cholesterol/total cholesterol ratio was increased. Furthermore, the elevated mRNA expression levels of adipogenesis related genes in the white adipose tissue of obese mice were significantly suppressed by PJT. These results indicate that PJT exhibits anti-obesity effects in obese mice by decreasing in serum lipid levels and lipogenesis related gene.

Diphlorethohydroxycarmalol (DPHC) is a known to modulate the expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) components in 3T3-L1. However, the possible role of DPHC in integument stability during obesity induction is not clear yet. We evaluated the effects of DPHC on collagen or elastic fiber quantity in integument during obesity induction with high-fat diet. The dorsal back integument sections were stained with hematoxylin–eosin, Masson trichrome, and Verhoff-Van Gieson. The intensities of collagen fibers and elastin fibers were analyzed with ImageJ. The number of fibroblasts was counted at ×1,000 fields. The number of fibroblast was increased by obesity induction, but DPHC suppressed it in a concentrationdependent manner both in lean and obese mice. On the other hand, the intensities of collagen fibers were increased by DPHC treatment in obese mice groups but not in lean mice groups. The intensities of collagen fibers of obese mice were lower than that of the lean mice in 0% group. However, the number became similar between lean and obese mice by the treatment of DPHC. The intensity of elastic fibers was increased in the lean mice with the concentration of DPHC. In the obese mice group, there were increasing patterns but only significant at 10% DPHC group. The intensity of elastic fibers of obese mice was higher than lean mice in 0%, 1%, and 10% groups. Histologically epithelial cells and follicle cells which were diffused nuclear staining forms were increased by DPHC treatment. The results suggest that the activity of integument cells during obesity induction can be modulated by DPHC.

본 연구는 대두 부산물인 순물과 침지수가 고지방 식이에 의 해 비만이 유도된 마우스의 지방 제거에 미치는 영향을 조사하 였다. 침지수가 포함된 일반 사료를 섭이한 실험군의 체중 및 간 과 부고환 지방 조직 내 지방 축적은 현저히 적은 것으로 나타났 으며, 복부 내 내장 지방과 피하지방도 크게 발달하지 않은 것으 로 나타나 침지수는 체내 축적된 지방량을 효과적으로 감소시 키는 것으로 조사되었다. 침지수 식이군의 혈중 AST와 ALT의 활성은 대조군 수준으로 유지되었으며, 콜레스테롤 함량과 중 성 지질 농도가 감소되는 것으로 나타나 침지수가 고지방 식이 로 인한 혈중 효소 활성과 지질농도를 개선하는 것으로 조사되 었다. 특히 침지수는 metabolic sensor 단백질인 AMPK와 ACC 의 인산화를 촉진시켜 체내 지방산 산화에 영향을 주는 것으로 확인되었다. 또한 침지수는 복부 내 피하지방과 내장지방의 축 적을 억제하는 것으로 확인되었다. 따라서 대두 부산물 중 침지 수는 비만이 유도된 마우스의 혈중 지질 함량을 개선할 뿐만 아 니라 체내 조직의 지방 축적을 완화시키거나 제거하는 데 효과 적일 것으로 사료된다.

The HWND_G02 (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, Crataegus pinnatifida, Polygonum multiflorum Thunberg, Cnidium officinale Makino) and HWND_G03 (Cinnamonum cassia Blume, Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, Crataegus pinnatifida, Polygonum multiflorum Thunberg, Cnidium officinale Makino, Allium macrostemon Bunge) are new natural mixture composed with several oriental herbs. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of HWND extracts on high cholesterol diet (HCD)-induced hyperlipidemic rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups: control, HCD, atorvastatin (5 ㎎/㎏, po), ethanolic extracts of HWND_G02 (1,000 ㎎/㎏, po) and HWND_G03 (1,000 ㎎/㎏, po) were administered to the HCD-induced hyperlipidemic rats for 4 weeks to evaluate their anti-hyperlipidemic activities. HWND extracts markedly decreased body and liver wight gain, and recovered serum lipid levels, such as total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) in the HCDinduced hyperlipidemic rats. Furthermore, the lipid levels (TC and TG) and the lipid accumulation were significantly lowered in the liver tissue of HWND-administrated rats. After a HCD, each group had a lower atherogenic index (AI) compared to the HCD group. In conclusion, these data suggest that HWND extracts could be the candidate for the material to prevent hyperlipidemia.

Onion (Allium cepa L.) is one of the richest sources of flavonoids in human diet. Onion peel contains over 20times more quercetin than onion flesh. In this study, we studied the effects of onion peel water extract (OPE) on the bloodlipid profiles in mice. The onion peel extracts was extracted with hot water. The experimental groups were divided with 3groups (n=6) of ICR male mice: normal diet+distilled water (NC), high-fat diet+distilled water (HF), high-fatdiet+onion peel water extract 20㎎/㎏ (OPE-20). The oral administration was conducted daily. The experimental periodwas 7 weeks. Onion peel water extract showed higher concentration of polyphenol gallic acid and anti-oxidant trolox equiv-alent than the ethanol extract. The body weight gain and food efficiency ratio was significantly lower in the OPE-20 group ascompared with HF group (p<0.05). The epididymal fat and retroperitoneal fat showed significantly lower weights and sizesin the OPE-20 group as compared with HF group (p<0.05). The serum levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and trig-lyceride were significantly lower in the OPE-20 group as compared with HF group (p<0.05). The OPE-20 group showedhigher HDL cholesterol concentration than HF group (p<0.05). Atherogenic index was ignificantly lower in as comparedwith HF group (p<0.05). The serum levels of glucose, GOT and GPT were significantly lower in the OPE-20 group as com-pared with HF group (p<0.05). In these results, we suggests that onion peel water extracts supplementation can reduces theserum lipid components and improves the lipid metabolism in hyperlipidemic mice induced with a high-fat diet.

미역, 다시마, 톳 등 갈조류 3종이 산란계의 계란 품질에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 기존의 양계사료(대조구)에 미역(A처리구), 다시마(B처리구), 톳(C처리구)을 각각 10% 첨가하여 8주간 사육한 후 생산된 계란의 표면색깔, fucoxanthin, 무기질, 지방산 조성을 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 갈조류 첨가에 의해 난황의 표면색깔은 적갈색으로 변화하는 경향이었고, 미역을 첨가한 A처리구가 가장 크게 일어났다. Fucoxanthin 함량은 원료 갈조류에서 21.3∼34.8 mg%로 검출되었으나, 난황으로 이행되었다고 확인할 수는 없었다. 무기질 함량으로 Ca은 300.2 mg%에서 328.2∼391.2 mg%로, Fe는 4.5 mg%에서 4.9∼6.3 mg%로, Na은 2.5 mg%에서 88.2∼99.7 mg%로, K는 350.8 mg%에서 402.2∼450.5 mg%로 증가하는 경향이었으나, P는 199.4 mg%에서 110.5∼149.5 mg%로 감소하는 경향으로 나타났다. 총 무기질 함량은 톳이 첨가된 C처리구에서 1,155.1 mg%로 가장 높게 나타났다. 지방산 조성으로 포화지방산은 38.3%에서 30.4∼32.1%로 감소하고 불포화지방산은 61.5%에서 68.1∼69.6%로 증가하였는데, 다가 불포화지방산에서 현저하게 증가하는 경향이었다.

본 연구는 섬더덕의 항비만 효능과 지질대사 개선효과를 알아보기 위해 C57BL/6J 4주령의 마우스에게 고지방식이를 9주간 급여하여 비만을 유발한 후 섬더덕 추출물을 첨가한 식이를 5주간 먹여 실험하였다. 체중은 고지방식이군에서 유의적으로 증가하였으며, 섬더덕 추출물을 먹인 마우스에서 유의적인 감소를 하였다. 식이효율 결과 또한 섬더덕 추출물을 공급한 군이 고지방식이군보다 통계적으로 유의하게 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 장기 및 지방무게에서도 고지방식이군에서 무게가 증가한 것을 확인하였고, 섬더덕 추출물을 공급한 군에서 장기 및 지방의 무게가 전반적으로 감소한 것을 알 수 있었다. 혈장을 이용한 중성지방, 총콜레스테롤, 고밀도콜레스테롤을 측정한 결과 섬더덕 추출물을 공급한 군에서 중성지방과 총콜레스테롤은 유의적으로 감소하였고, 고밀도콜레스테롤은 유의적으로 증가함을 확인 할 수 있었다. 동맥경화 지수와 심혈관계 위험도 지수는 감소된 것을 확인할 수 있었다. Western blot을 통해 지방관련 단백질 발현양상을 본 결과 지방분해에 관여하는 PPAR α의 경우 섬더덕 추출물을 급여함으로써 발현양이 증가하였으며, 지방생성 관련 단백질인 SREBP-1, FAS, ACC의 경우 고지방식이군과 비교 시, 섬더덕 추출물을 공급한 군에서 억제되었다. 이상의 결과로 섬더덕 추출물의 섭취는 체중 감소와 더불어 혈장 지질수준 개선에도 도움을 줄 수 있음을 제시하였다.