Although it is increasing the number of day-care centers in Korea, but the quality of food and nutrition service are not increased sufficiently. The purpose of this study was to investigate the current practices of food and nutrition service in day-care centers. Questionnaire were sent to the directors of 750 day-care centers and 253 returned the complete answers. Staffing structure revealed that only 13% of the facilities had a dietitian. And compared with centers without a dietitian, there were more centers having nutritional standards, using facilities for service, and having long-term planning of meals in centers with a dietitian. In the using of foodservice budget, the centers having dietitian consumed more money for subsidiary dishes than for the staples. All centers needed increment of supplementation for the cost of foodservice and for hiring a dietitian. To improve the quality of food and nutrition services in day-care center, foodservice practices have to be conducted by professional personnel and to confirm the standard of service and to inspect the management of food and nutritional service.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the current foodservice management practices of children care social welfare facilities. Questionnaire were sent to the directors of all 275 children welfare facilities in Korea and 107 returned facilities in korea and 107 returned the complete answers. These questionnaire were answered by manager. Equipments were evaluated by investigators using the evaluation form. staffing structure revealed that most of the facilities had a director, a secretary, nurse, but only 15% of the system hired a dietitian. It showed the shortage of nurse, physical therapists, and dietitian. Therefore, food purchasing, menu planning, food delivery, and the other food service management processes are handled by non-professionals, such as director, secretary, or cooks. Food purchasing money of total budget is 10~20%. Food purchasing place in most facilities was market place. Foodstuffs were almost purchased 2~3 per weeks. 90% of the welfare facilities were used the menu. Modified food frequency questionnaire were used to get the frequencies of each food items used in menu. The results showed relatively satisfactory in food frequencies, however, this was about what was used in menu, not vat was eaten by the residents. conditions of most equipments in the kitchen were defective specially in dishwashing and sterilization step.

With increases in senior citizens and changes in family structure, the need for long-term care system for elderly is increasing, however, the capacity and environment of Korean facilities are very limited. Health and nutritional status of long-term care residents are worse than free-living elderly. In this study, general food service management and health care practices in long-term care systems were investigated. Questionnaire were sent to the directors of all 162 long-term care facilities in Korea and 81 returned the complete answers. The results showed 1) There are slow but steady increase in long-term care systems in Korea, however, the capacity is far from adequate. Less than 10,000 elderly were resided in the facilities. Most of the systems were free-nursing homes and supported by the goverment. Staffing structure revealed that most of the facilities had a director, a secretary, nurses, but only 21% of the systerm hired a dietitian. It showed the shortage of nurses, physical therapists, and dietitians. Therefore, food purchasing, menu planning, food delivery, and the other food service management processes are handled by non-professionals, such as director, secretary, or cooks. Modified fool frequency questionnaire were used to get the frequencies of each food items used in menu and a menu-analysis was made on the one-day menu provided by the facilities. The results showed relatively satisfactory in nutrients content and food frequencies., however, this was about what was used in menu, not what was eaten by the residents. Therefore this results did not tell that the food intake status of individuals. In most facilities general health checkup was done on a regular basis, and had residents with various chronic degenerative diseases, such as hypertension, neuralgia, stroke, arthritis, diabetes. But the items checked on health checkup included weight, height, blood and urine tests, X-ray test, which suggested that the checkup lists should be revised to accomodate the health problem of the aged today.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the foodservice management practices in child-care centers in order to provide basic information for the development of a model of a centralized food service information center. This approach was achieved using a variety of qualitative and quantitative information including general foodservice management practices and plate waste. A self-completed questionnaire survey of 651 child-care centers in Korea was undertaken and detailed information was carefully collected at 6 representative child-care centers. The results of the empirical survey were as follows: 1. Child-care centers categorized by location were in large cities (59.9%), medium cities (27.6%) and in provincial areas (12.5). 2. Private sector of child-care centers was 46.4% of the total followed by National/public (44.2%) and licensed home day-care programs (9.4%). 3. Total average number of children in child-care centers was 63.3±43.1 with a very significant difference (p〈0.001) in types of child-care centers. 4. The average space of kitchen and dining room was 5.0±3.8 and 10.8±11.0 pyung (1pyung=3.3058 cm2). 5. The average cost of interim snack in morning and afternoon in child-care centers were 345.9±459.3 won and 359.3±226.6 won respectively. The average cost of lunch was 644.0±481.1 won. There was a significant difference (p〈0.001) by types of child-care centers with a highest cost of 863.9 won in licensed home day-care programs. 6. Only a limited number of dietitian were employed, therefore most of food service management practice was not conducted by professional personnel. 7. The result of nutritional analysis of the food revealed that the level of energy and nutrients contained in the food was below the recommeded level (RDA/3).

The purpose of this study was to evaluate food sanitation training program for the improvement of food service operation in day-care centers. Subjects consisted of 55(experimental) and 25(control) foodservice employees and 33(experimental) and 20(control)directors. The results of this study can be summarized as follow: 1. The majority of child care directors(55.0%(control), 46.9%(experimental)) received food sanitation education but 70% of control and 75.7% of experimental group did not conduct any practical sanitation training for employees. 2. The employee's food sanitary practices of control and experimental did not show any significant difference at the pre-test level but only the experimental group showed a significant improvement at the post-test level. 3. The sanitary knowledge of food service employees between two groups did not show any significant difference at the pre-test level, but a significant knowledge improvement was observed at the post-test level such as food poisoning concepts and sanitary equipment maintenance only in experimental group. 4. Dicrectors' sanitary practices affected the employees' sanitary practices but directors' food sanitary knowledge did not have much influence on the employees' knowledge.

The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrition education and training needs as a basis for program planning for day care children. Nutrition achievement test developed by American National Dairy Council and Iowa state University was modified and used for measuring the level of basic knowledge of food and nutrition for day care children. The results of this study can be summarized as follows 1. Over 70% of mothers indicated their children had a certain degree of food behavior and feeding problems in terms of unbalanced food habit, irregular meal period. 2. Mean score for the nutrition achievement test for day care children was 9.3. 3. The nutrition achievement test score for children with high socio-economic status was significantly higher than those of children with middle and lower group. 4. Inspection of the difficulty difference indices showed that over the 50% of the children had more items that were easier in the content of physiological facts than in the food handling and social psychological aspects of foods.

The purpose of the study was to develop computer-based menu planning program for day-care centers maximizing food preference score among children and satisfying such constraints as expense, nutrients, and season. Children's preference about 142 menu items was surveyed among 382 children of day-care centers. A 16-bit personal computer compatible with IBM-PC/AT was used. The data base files were created by dBASE III Plus, and processing programs were created by using FORTRAN language. Children preferred bread or a la carte menu items to cooked rice in main dish category. Deep fat fried or stir-fried menu items were more preferred than kimchi or cooked vegetables in side dish category. Preference scores for menu items were influenced by cooking methods or main ingredients. The contents of the computerized system show that when the program runs, the user should type inputs of cycle, season, and menu pattern, then the computer lists a series of menu satisfying the criteria of constraints. The user can examine and select a set of menu from the menu lists. Menus are generated seasonally. Menu lists are generated weekly and monthly basis with the contents of menu items, preference scores and price. Nutrient reports are also generated on a weekly and monthly basis with the contents of calories, 12 nutrients and price. Recipes for each menu items are also generated.

New media art is an art form that combines technology, science, and art to explore the relationship between humans and technology and how new technologies affect human life, culture, and society. Humanism is very important in this field, as the emergence and development of new technologies have far-reaching effects on society and culture. The new forms and practices of humanistic care in the digital age are explored in depth and provide references for practices in related fields. It also provides new ideas and directions for practices in the fields of digital art, cultural inclusion, and social welfare.

목회는 목회자, 회중, 목회사역의 삼대 요소로 이뤄진 삼각구도를 통해 수행된다. 목회에 있어서 이 세 가지는 어느 것 하나 빼놓을 수 없는 중요 한 것들이다. 그런데 그동안 목회론(혹은 목회신학)은 전반적으로 볼 때, 주로 목회자 혹은 목회사역에 집중해왔다. 그 결과 목회론에서 회중은 상 대적으로 관심을 제대로 받아오지 못했고, 따라서 목회자론과 목회사역론 에 비해서 회중을 논하는 ‘회중론’(필자의 조어)이 크게 발전하지 못했다. 한편 오늘날 신학 특히 교회론과 선교론은 급변하고 있고, 이런 변화 가운 데 회중에 대한 강조를 빼놓을 수 없다. 본 논문은 바로 이런 학문적 요구에 응답하고자 한다. 이를 위하여 본 논문은 한편으로 교회사에서 회중론의 유산을 간추려보고자 한다. 다른 한 편으로 본 논문은 최근 신학 특히 교회론과 선교론에서 회중을 강조하는 담론들을 살펴보면서, 그것들이 목회론 특히 회중론에 대해 지니는 함의를 간추려보고자 한다. 교회사 가운데 평신도의 중요성은 간헐적으로 강조되 어왔고 대표적인 것은 종교개혁이지만, 본격적으로 신학적 조명을 받게 된 것은 20세기부터라고 할 수 있다. 관련 신학은 평신도 신학, 하나님의 백성 신학, 회중 신학 등이다.

Purpose – This study aims to explore women's beauty industry market and growth development by identifying the main factors of women's perception of skin health care. Research design, data, and methodology – The survey was conducted on women aged 20 to 60 living in Seoul. For the statistical analysis, frequency analysis, t-test and one-way ANOVA were conducted, and significant differences in p<0.05 were tested through the multiple range test of the Scheffe. The factor analysis was conducted to verify the validity of questions, and the reliability was determined by the coefficient of Cronbach's α. Results – The lower the age, the higher the perception of the skin, and women pay a higher price for skin health as a provisional customer. 'Acne care' was the most common skin condition (32.8%), 'life style' (79.8%) was the most important part of skin care. Final education was the highest level of skin care for women with a professional background (M=3.41) (F=4.028, p<.05). Conclusions – The differences in the recognition of health knowledge by age, marital status, and household monthly income were significant, but there was no difference between jobs and final education. Customers who use less skin care than customers who frequently use the skin care center were more aware of skin health, and women who have a high awareness of skin are more interested in aging and regenerating due to the skin care.

본 연구는 2009년 시범사업으로 시작된 대체교사 지원사업 제도를 진단하고 향후 방향을 모색하기 위한 기초연구로 3개시 어린이집 원장 221명, 교사 590명, 총 811명을 대상으로 원장과 교사의 배경별 대체교사 지원사업 이용여부, 대체교사 지원사업에 대한 원장과 교사의 인식, 대체교사 지원사업 이용 경험이 있는 원장과 교사의 인식, 대체교사 지원사업을 이용해보지 않은 원장과 교사의 대체교사 지원사업 이용 실태와 인식을 조사하였다. 연구결과, 원장과 특히 교사를 대상으로 대체교사 지원사업에 대한 적극적 안내가 필요하며, 대체교사 지원 수요에 비하여 대체교사 지원이 부족한 것으로 나타나 대체교사 인력확충이 필요한 것으로 판단된다. 또한 보육교사의 자유로운 연차사용 환경조성과 이에 대한 사회적 인식의 변화와 제도적 뒷받침이 필요함을 알 수 있다.

최근 삶의 질이 향상되면서 많은 사람들이 다양한 레저 활동을 즐기고 있다. 하지만 레저 활동 인구가 증가하면서 다양한 사고로 척수손상장애인이 되기도 한다. 이러한 이유로 척수손상장애인의 인구가 증가할 수 밖에 없다. 이러한 현상은 의료복지 측면에서의 수요 확대로 이어질 수 있다. 척수손상 정도에 따라 외출 및 외래진료에 어려움이 있는 척수손상환자들은 방문의료서비스의 이용 증대로 이어질 수 있다. 이러한 이유로 보건복지부에서는 서비스 양적 확충을 위해 지속적 연구가 진행되고 있다. 하지만 서비스 다각화 및 질적 향상 측면에서 체계화가 미흡한 실정이다. 선행연구의 대부분은 이용자를 대상으로 단편적인 만족도 및 욕구조사 중심으로 진행되었다. 이에 본 연구에서는 ICT 방문의료서비스 디자인을 위한 4D프로세스 중 Define 단계로 이해관계자 요구사항을 조사하였다. 조사 대상은 서비스 제공자 4명, 서비스 수요자 14명을 대상으로 진행하였다. 조사 대상자들의 구체적인 문제점 및 요구사항을 도출하기 위해 인터뷰 방법론을 활용하였다. 본 연구의 방법으로는 첫째, 척수손상장애와 ICT 방문의료서비스에 대한 이론적 고찰을 실시하였다. 둘째, 국내, 국외에서 진행된 ICT 방문의료서비스에 대한 사례 연구를 진행하였다. 그 결과 ICT 방문의료서비스 관련 이해관계자를 파악하였고 서비스 현황, 주요 시사점을 도출하였다. 셋째, ICT 방문의료서비스 관계자 4명과 척수손상장애인 14명을 대상으로 심층인터뷰와 포커스 그룹인터뷰를 진행하였다. 그 결과 6가지 주요 시사점을 도출할 수 있었다. 6가지 주요 시사점은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 외래진료와 원격진료 병행으로 인한 업무의 부담이다. 둘째, 간접적 원격 진료에 대한 신뢰성이 낮았다. 셋째, 서비스 내 커뮤니케이션 채널이 없었다. 커뮤니케이션 채널이 없어 주요 정보 공유에 문제가 있었다. 넷째, 생체정보 측정 장비와 ICT 의료시스템과의 데이터 호환성에 문제가 있었다. 기기와 시스템 간 호환이 되지 않아 비효율적인 의료서비스가 제공되고 있었다. 다섯째, 다수 환자에 대한 예방, 의료기록, 일정관리 등을 위한 ICT 모니터링 시스템 구축의 필요성이 나타났다. 여섯째, 다양한 특성의 척수손상장애인을 고려한 서비스 세분화이다. 향후 본 연구를 통해 도출된 6가지 시사점은 ICT 방문의료서비스디자인의 개선방향 설정에 활용될 것이다. 또한 의료서비스를 지원하는 시스템 개선방향에도 활용될 예정이다.

Purpose - This study is to propose discriminative management strategies to long-term care facilities based on the empirical analysis after reviewing the effects of social support, perceived by long-term care facility employees, to service orientation. Research design, data, and Methodology - The research model designed social support, job stress, organizational commitment, and service orientation. The survey collected data from 453 customers in a long-term care facility in jeju. The SPSS 18.0 package was used for analysis. Results - First, social support for long-term care facility employees has a negative(-) effect to job stress. Test results, social support factors except appraisal support had a negative impact on job stress. Second, social support has a positive(+) effect to organizational commitment. Test results, informational support, tangible support and appraisal support had significant effects on organizational commitment. However, emotional support had a positive impact on affective commitment and normative commitment. Third, social support has a positive(+) effect to service orientation. Test results had a positive impact. Fourth, job stress has a negative(-) effect to organizational commitment. In the test results, employee's continuance commitment and normative commitment had significant negative effects in job stress. However, affective commitment had no significant impact. Fifth, job stress has a negative(-) effect to service orientation. Test results showed a negative impact. Conclusions - The study implies the following. First, that there should be a change in the social perception of long-term care facilities. 'Long-Term Care Insurance for The Elderly' was enacted to emphasize this responsibility for the elderly problems as a new system. Enactment of this Act was expected to improve the quality of life of the people by stabilizing the elderly life and reducing the burden of families. Therefore, long-term care facility system should be as efficient as possible for making plans for systematic and organizational support. Second, the efforts of facility managers to minimize job stress of employees is necessary. Accordingly, performing spontaneous work is required for a comfortable working environment and management. Third, the systematic education and training to employees for service oriented behavior of the facility will be required in the long term.

Monitored anesthesia care (MAC) has been described as a specific anesthesia service for diagnostic or therapeutic procedures performed under local anesthesia along with sedation and analgesia, titrated to a level preserving spontaneous breathing and airway reflexes. Radio-frequency ablation (RFA) is a kind of methods to remove benign thyroid nodules (BTNs) by inducing the irreversible injuries with the use of an ultrasound-guided RF electrode placed inside the nodules. A 37 years old, 157 cm, 81 kg woman underwent RFA of BTNs under MAC. We present with a case report where laryngospasm under MAC was resolved by the use of positive pressure ventilation without any complications.

본 연구는 어린이집의 부모교육에 대한 부모와 원장의 인식 간에 차이여부를 알아보기 위하여 이루어졌다. 연구의 대상은 C 도시에 소재한 어린이집의 원장 86명과 해당 어린이집에 재원하고 있는 영유아의 부모 94명이며 자료는 설문지법을 사용하여 수집하였다. 연구결과는 SPSS 18을 사용하여 이루어졌으며 부모와 원장의 인식의 차이를 알아보기 위하여 교차분석과 두 독립표본 t검증을 사용하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 부모와 원장은 부모교육의 필요성에 대하여 인식에 차이가 있었으며 원장들의 인식이 부모들보다 높았다. 부모교육의 주제에 대한 부모와 원장의 인식은 언어발달, 정서안정, 신체발달과 운동기능, 문제행동과 지도, 상호작용 방법, 자녀에 대한 관심과 표현, 부모 스트레스 해결방안, 지역사회 자원과 활용방안, 부모의 취미 및 친목관련 정보, 교육시설 교육활동, 교육시설 행사 및 전달사항 등에 관한 주제에서 차이를 보였다. 운영방법에 대해서는 부모교육을 실시하는 요일에 관한 내용 이외의 모든 항목, 즉 횟수, 소요시간, 시간대, 강사, 프로그램 방법, 홍보방법에 대한 부모와 원장의 인식에서 차이를 보였으며 부모교육을 활성화하기 위한 방법에 대해서도 부모는 도움이 되는 프로그램의 개발로 본 반면 원장은 홍보를 가장 효과적인 방법으로 인식하는 것으로 나타났다.

This study was conducted to investigate needs and operational status for care farming of education or experience farms in South Korea. A questionnaire made up of 38 questions was developed for this study. The survey was conducted online among owners in education and experience farms (total 264 sites) in Seoul and nine provinces in September 2017. A total of 78 questionnaires were collected and the response rate was 44.6%. As the results, the purposes of farm operation reported as experience (85.9%), education (79.5%), production of agricultural products (67.9%), and healing (47.4%). Main visitors in education and experience farm were children and adolescents (89.7%), adults (51.3%), and families (46.2%). A farm activity program was mainly provided by a one-time experience using crops (69.2%), animals (16.7%), and food processing activity (10.3%). Fifty percent of the responding farmers received support from the government and the local government such as public relations (32.5%), operational funding (32.5%), and management consulting (15.0%). The lack factor of operating in farms was lower profit system (24.4%), poor farm infrastructure (21.8%), and lack of promotion and marketing ways (16.7%). 97.5% of the respondents reported ‘very necessary’ and ‘necessary’ of care farming. Specifically, the care farming service reported that priority should be given to children and adolescents (55.1%) and people with emotional and behavior disorder (15.4%). The present study is anticipated to offer the efficient management of care farm and provides reference data of the policy suggestion for care farming setting in South Korea.

This study is to evaluate the per capita accessibility to child care facilities using road map in rural village unit considering the supply and demand of child care facilities in municipal (Si-Gun) units. Using these estimated accessibility, the most accessible regions to child care facilities was identifies using Moran’s index. Assuming establish a new child care facility in the most accessible region, the sensitivity of child care environment was analyzed. The number of regions are 71 si-gun-gu where supply of child care facilities is insufficient. The average accessibility per capita is 1.09 km to child care facilities and the average accessibility in Myeon unit is approximately 2.2 times higher than accessibility in Eup unit (Eup unit 0.54 km, Myeon unit 1.21 km). Approach tendency from village to child care facilities has positive relationship as 0.451 global Moran’s index. The high-high (H-H) accessibility regions are wide as Gangwon-do, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Gyeongsangnam-do, Jeollanam-do and Chungcheongbuk-do. Assumed to be established the new child care facilities in Yangyang-gun (Ganwon-do), accessibility changes of child care environment are up to 2.7 times greater and the recipient population is 77% of Yangyang-gun.

The objective of this study was to investigate the current situations of farms in South Korea which provide care farming activities in order to develop and settle care farms. A questionnaire that includes 60 questions about resources, clients, management, background of establishment, budget, manpower, organization, etc. was developed by the researchers. The survey was conducted by email and phone interview in the period of July to August, 2016. Five farms were participated in this study. As the results, each farm had a different size of land, about 744 – 39,670 m2. The farms were classified by different types of farming activities such as cultivating horticultural crops or cultivating horticultural crops and raising animals. The background of farmers was health, special education, social welfare or professional farmer. The income sources were from care farming programs, educational program, and crop production. The participants in the care farm were children with or without disability, adolescents, adolescents with behavior problem, adults, adults with mental disability or developmental disability, mental illness, dementia, addict, etc. The major activities in care farms were plant cultivating, harvesting, garden maintenance, cooking by using harvest, crop processing, waling in the farm, caring for animals, dealing with farm work equipment, and farming activity with local residents, etc. The participation duration was 25% for one-day experience, less than two weeks in a week, and more than six months, respectively. To settle and develop care farming of South Korea, the concept, clients, operation, professional manpower, policy, support, etc. should be established.