The value of using rice flour processed into rice powder in preparing porridge was evaluated by measuring the moisture content, pH, total starch, reducing sugar, and color content. The moisture content of the rice flour and the pH of porridge made with rice flour were measured. Rice flour contained 77.55% moisture and the moisture content of the porridge made from rice flour processed into rice powder was 91.40 to 92.47%. The pH of rice flour porridge was acidic at 6.53 to 6.95. The color of the porridge was also measured. The L* values ranged from 82.62 to 97.55, the a* values ranged from －0.09 to 0.08, and the b* values ranged from －2.74 to 1.91.

PURPOSES : The commuting time is changing due to the changes in working style and hours. Thus, if the operating hours of parttime bus-only lanes, which are being implemented to increase on-time reliability, do not reflect the rush hour due to the changes in the commuting form, the effectiveness of part-time buses decreases. Therefore, in order to improve the punctuality of the bus, we would like to improve the operation time of part-time bus-only lanes by reflecting the rush hour according to the changes in commuting times. METHODS : Peak time was analyzed by surveying traffic volume, speed, and number of public transportation users in the curb bus lane operation section of the Daejeon Metropolitan City. The improvement effect was analyzed based on the passing speed ratio of general vehicles and buses when the implementation time of the dedicated vehicles was improved. RESULTS : The curb bus lane operation time in Daejeon was 40 min shorter than the average operating time of 2 h and 40 min in other major cities. Based on a 2 h analysis, the minimum speed occurrence time was 17:30 to 19:30, the maximum traffic occurrence time was 17:00 to 19:00, and the maximum number of passengers was during 17:00 to 19:00, which is different from the operation time of the afternoon bus-only lanes. CONCLUSIONS : By reflecting the analyzed peak hours, the operating hours of the afternoon lane are improved from 18:00~20:00 to 17:00~19:30. Prior to the implementation of the dedicated vehicles, the traffic speed of the buses and general vehicles is 1.8 (general/bus), It was analyzed that the traffic speed of general vehicles and buses after implementation was reduced to 1.5 (general/bus), thus improving the operation time in terms of the purpose and effectiveness of bus-only lanes.

PURPOSES : In this study, a virtual driving simulator was used to analyze the effects of implementing appropriate highway driving criteria on the attentiveness of motorists on Korean highways. METHODS : The study includes three scenarios. Scenario 1 was purposed to investigate the relationships between driver focus, the brain waves associated with drowsiness, and the speed of motorists driving along the straight 5-km section of Saemangeum South-North Road, which is the same as a car-only road. Scenarios 2 and 3 were designed to have shorter straight sections to enable comparison of the occurrence of drowsiness-related brain waves and velocity changes at 3 km and 2 km, respectively. RESULTS : Driver focus was found to decrease and result in speeding after driving 2.5 km of the straight section. Past this point, driver focus continued to decrease, and drivers continued to accelerate. However, upon reaching a curved section, driver focus increased according to the linear change; furthermore, drivers showed a tendency to reduce their speed to a value near the speed limit. CONCLUSIONS : According to the analysis of highway traffic accidents that occurred between 2013 and 2015, approximately 50% of total traffic accidents are due to speeding, drowsiness, and negligence. Therefore, if appropriately long straight sections, i.e., sections that are not associated with a reduced ability to focus, are calculated and implemented in road planning and operation, it is possible to prevent accidents caused by lack of driver focus.

본 연구는 음료나 술의 원료로 이용한 뒤 버려지는 고창산 복분자 부산물을 활용한 흑돈(K-berkshire) 단미사료화 소재 개발에 관한 연구이다. 복분자 부산물의 사료화를 위해 복분자 원물 및 부산물(즙박 및 주정박)의 추출물을 이용하여 총폴리페놀, 플라보노이드, 안토시아닌의 함량과 더불어 ABTS와 항균능을 확인하였다. 각 부산물에 대한 일반성분과 함께 섬유질 함량과 칼로리를 분석하였고, 또한 무기질 및 유해독소(mycotoxin)의 함량을 측정하였다. 부산물 추출물 내 아미노산 조성과 더불어 품질 표준화 를 위한 지표물질(ellagic acid), 수분활성도(aW)와 pH를 측정하였으며, 이후, 복분자즙 부산물을 총 6 주간 급이한 K-berkshire의 소장 내 미생물(총균, 대장균군, 대장균, 유산균)의 변화를 조사하였다. 그 결과, 복분자 원물과 비교했을 때 복분자 부산물에서 총폴리페놀을 포함하여 플라보노이드와 안토시아 닌의 함량이 높았으며, 항산화와 더불어 항균성에서도 높은 활성을 나타내었다. 복분자즙과 복분자주 부산물은 사료적 특성에서 큰 차이가 없었으며, 또한 aflatoxin과 ochratoxin 같은 곰팡이 독소는 허용 기준 이하로 확인되었다. 그러나, 복분자즙 부산물의 경우에는 수분활성도(aW)와 pH 변화의 폭이 적었 다. 따라서, 복분자즙 부산물 0.5%를 사료에 첨가하여 K-berkshire에 급이 하였을 때 흑돈 소장 내 유 해균의 수는 감소하였고, 유익균의 수에는 영향을 미치지 않았다. 또한 복분자 부산물은 원물과 비교했 을 때 다량의 항산화 성분을 비롯하여 미네랄과 아미노산을 함유하고 있어 높은 항균활성을 나타내는 것으로 생각되며 이로 인해 K-berkshire에 복분자 부산물을 사료 첨가제로 급이 했을 때 소장 내 유해 세균의 감소를 나타내는 것으로 판단한다. 따라서, 복분자 부산물은 K-berkshire에 영양학적으로도 가 치가 있으면서도 장내 미생물 군 조절에 탁월한 사료 첨가제로의 활용이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

For the purpose of promoting the consumption of rice powder, 5 cultivars were applied differently to establish the optimal manufacturing conditions and measured Hunter color values, hardness and expansion rate of Yakgwa for the optimal conditions. Looking into the optimal manufacturing conditions of Yakgwa, the commercial flour-facilitating Yakgwa is shown to have a great shape when the mold is made with a thick paste for C-2 manufacturing method, Hangaru 100 mesh for H100-2 manufacturing method, Hangaru 200 mesh for H200-2 manufacturing method, Shingil 100 mesh for S100-2 manufacturing method, and Shingil 200 mesh for S200-1 manufacturing method. It also showed a trend of chewy taste after frying without cracks. Hunter color values (L) and red chromaticity and value b of yellow chromaticity indicated a lower value for the commercial flour and Hangaru 200 mesh in its entirety. The hardness of Yakgwa is within the range of 1,981.41~3,756.45 g and the degree of hardness is shown differently for each rice powder exclusive cultivars. Rice flour developed as rice powder 5 cultivars, and as a result of measuring chromaticity, hardness and expansion rate of Yakgwa for the quality characteristics, the item of hangaru 200 mesh had outstanding quality characteristics for Yakgwa.

This study attempts to analyze the physicochemical characteristics of rice flour developed as rice powder for exclusive use, steamed rice cake recipes developed as basic recipefor rice cakes. The study also aims to compare the quality characteristics of steamed rice cakes in an effort to establish the possibilities of developing various rice cake recipes. The moisture content and amylose content increased as the rice powder particles for exclusive use became finer. With regards to water uptake, in the case of the Hungara type, the water uptake increased as rice powder particles increased in size. In the case of the Shingil and commercial types, the water uptake decreased as rice powder particles increased in size, and solubility and swelling force decreased as rice powder particles increased in size. In the case of chromaticity, Sulgidduk made with rice powder for exclusive use the brightness (L value) increased as powder particles became finer and the yellow indexes (b value) decreased, and this was especially pronounced in the Shingil type. The measurements of changes in the mechanical textures of Sulgidduk showed that rice types with larger particles led to lower hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, and chewiness.

The recent development of information and communication technologies brings new changes to automobile traffic systems. The most typical example is the advancement of dedicated short range communication(DSRC). DSRC mainly consists of an intelligent transportation system(ITS), an electronic toll collection system(ETCS) and an advanced traveler information system(ATIS). These wireless communications often cause unnecessary electromagnetic waves, and these electromagnetic waves, in turn, cause frequent system malfunction. To solve this problem, an absorber of electromagnetic waves is suggested. In this research, various materials, such as powdered metal and iron oxides, are used to test the possibility for an effective absorption of the unnecessary electromagnetic waves. The various metal powders are made into a thin sheet form by compositing through processing. The electromagnetic characteristics(complex permittivity, complex permeability) of the fabricated sheet are measured. As a result, we achieve –6.5 dB at 940 MHz(77.6 % absorption rate) with a 1.0 mm-thickness electromagnet wave absorber, and –9.5 dB at 940 MHz(88.8 % absorption rate) with a 2.0 mm-thickness absorber.

PURPOSES : This study aims to propose widths of pedestrian zones considering the characteristics of sidewalk areas, pedestrian volumes, and pedestrian density. METHODS : We derived a pedestrian zone formula considering the maximum pedestrian volumes, mean intervals between pedestrians (pedestrian density), occupancy widths of pedestrians, and average speed of pedestrians. We compare the widths obtained using the formula with the existing Korean standards. RESULTS: Considering the pedestrian volumes and density, the pedestrian zone widths of neighborhood main sidewalk areas are determined to be 1.4~4.5 m, whereas those of commercial sidewalk areas are determined to be 1.4~2.9 m. CONCLUSIONS: Existing Korean regulations and guidelines provide a uniform standard sidewalk width. However, this study proposed a formula for determining pedestrian zone widths considering pedestrian volumes, characteristics of the sidewalk area, and pedestrian density.

Membrane distillation (MD) has shown the potential to further reduce the volume of coal seam gas (CSG) reverse osmosis (RO) brine. However, despite its potential, the lack of appropriate MD membranes limits its industrial use. Therefore, this study was aimed on the fabrication of a robust membrane for the treatment of real CSG RO brine via an air gap MD (AGMD) process. Here, graphene/polyvinylidene fluoride (G/PVDF) membranes were prepared through a phase inversion method. Surface characterization revealed that all G/PVDF membranes exhibited favorable membrane properties having high porosity and liquid entry pressure, and suitable pore size. AGMD test results indicated a high water vapor flux of 20.5 L/m²h. Long-term AGMD operation revealed the robustness of G/PVDF membrane with superior performance compared to commercial PVDF membrane.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of equation being used to estimate the total digestible nutrients (TDN) of whole crop rice silage (WCRS) in sheep. To compare the observed and estimated TDN contents [estimated TDN content=87.57-(0.737×ADF)], two varieties of WCRS from Nokyang (NS) and Samgwang (SS) as forage and food source, respectively, were used as a treatment. Nine female Corriedale sheep (average body weight: 49.2±6.3 kg) were used as the experimental animals. The ewes were fed according to their nutrient requirements at the maintenance level. To check the difference between the observed and estimated TDN contents, one sample non-parametric t-test was applied. The CP, NFE and CF contents of the NS were 43.6, 74.2 and 64.2%, respectively, and that of the SS were 46.2, 58.1 and 44.9%, respectively. The observed and estimated TDN contents of the NS were 63.5 and 61.5%, where there was no significant difference. The observed and estimated TDN contents of the SS were 48.9 and 59.0%, where there was significant difference (p<0.05) This research confirmed the validity of TDN estimation equation being used for estimation of TDN of WCRS as forage source, but further research is recommended on the equation for estimating TDN contents of WCRS as food source.

PURPOSES: The objective of this study is to establish the traffic volume-based warrants of right-turn lanes at unsignalized intersections and to introduce a risk probability methodology based on the warrants.METHODS : In this study, a risk probability of a potential rear-end collision is applied between a right-turn vehicle and the immediately following through vehicle. Using the shifted negative exponential model and the compound probability theorem, the risk probability can be expressed as the function of directional volumes and the percentage of right-turns for a two-lane and four-lane highway, respectively.RESULTS : Based on the risk probablity, guidelines for installing right-turn lanes on two-lane and four-lane highways were developed. The risk probability also showed rationality by comparing with right-turn same-direction conflicts observed in-situ.CONCLUSIONS : The results of our study define the total approaching volumes to encourage a right-turn lane as a function of operating speed, percentage of right-turn, and number of lanes.

국제 교역 규모의 증가 및 기후변화는 과거와 달리 다양한 해외 병해충의 국내 침입 및 토착화 가능성을 증가시킬수 있다. 해외에서 유입되는 식물병해충은 국내의 자연생태계와 농업환경 전반에 걸쳐 피해를 줄 수 있기에 국가차원에서 선진화된 검역기법을 통한 병해충의 조기차단과 침입한 병해충에 대한 신속하고 효과적인 방제가 이루어져야 한다. 따라서 국내로 유입가능성이 높은 고위험군의 해외병해충에 대한 선제적 연구를 위해 해충전용 밀폐연구시설의 국내 조성 필요성 및 인식에 관한 내용을 곤충학자를 대상으로 설문조사를 진행하였다. 그 결과 전체 설문응답자중 중견연구자와 신진연구자의 경우 각각 85%와 60% 이상 밀폐연구시설의 국내 조성이 필요하며, 이러한 시설은국가주도로 이루어져야한다고 전체 피설문자의 75% 이상이 응답하였다. 또한, 전체 설문 응답자의 95% 이상은밀폐연구시설이 국내 식물검역기술개발과 검역관련 정책에 기여 할 수 있을 것으로 이 답변하였다.

1993년 한강로·왕산로·동작대로·강남대로에 가로변버스전용차로를 설치하면서부터 시작된 버스전용차로는 1996년 천호대로에 중앙버스전용차로 설치, 2004년 서울시 대중교통 시스템 개편 등을 통해 점점 확대 도입되어 오늘날에 이르기까지 대중교통의 혁신에 큰 이바지를 했다. 그러나 버스전용차로는 버스 같은 중차량만 통행하므로 일반 차로에 비해 파손이 빈번하게 발생하는데, 이는 안정적인 버스 운행에 지장을 주며 버스 특성상 대량의 인원을 수송하므로 사고가 발생하면 대형사고로 이어질 가능성이 높다. 이에 따라 도시관리사업소에서 지속적으로 보수하고 있으나, 아직까지 사전에 방지할 수 있는 대책은 전뭄하다. 본 연구의 목적은 대중교통의 안전을 도모하고자 버스전용차로 실시간 모니터링 지점 선정을 위한 방안을 연구하는데 있다. 구체적으로 도로 파손에 영향을 미치는 버스전용차로의 특수 요인별(버스 통행량, 경유하는 버스 노선 수, 정류장 승하차 인원 수 등) 영향력을 분석하고, 버스전용차로 구간 중 어느 지점에 어떤 방법으로 모니터링 시스템을 구축할 것인지에 대해 제시할 것이다. 도로 파손 여부는 영상 검지기와 같은 기존의 장비로는 확연한 구분이 어려우므로 도로 표면에 설치하거나 주변 도로 시설물을 활용하는 방법을 고안하고자 한다.

평면교차로는 잦은 사고가 발생하는 대표적인 지점이다. 경찰청의 교통사고통계(2016)에 의하면, 전체 사고중 약 90%가 교차로부근에서 발생하는 것으로 나타났다. 전체 교통사고는 지속적으로 감소 추세인 반면에 교차로내 발생하는 교통사고는 약 두 배 이상 증가하고 있다. 이는 교차로의 교통상충지점은 32개로 일반 구간에 비해 교통사고 발생할 확률이 높기 때문이다. 또한 직진 차량과 회전 차량 간 속도 차이가 크기 때문에 부상 심각도가 일반 구간에 비해 높은 것으로 판단된다. 이러한 교통상충형태 중에서 회전 차량의 감속으로 인해 뒤따르는 차량의 추돌사고는 적절한 보조차로 설치를 함으로써 어느정도 예방할 수 있다고 판단된다. 신호교차로의 경우는 한국도로용량편람의 서비스수준 분석방법론을 적용하여 보조차로 설치 여부를 판단할 수 있으나 비신호교차로의 경우는 보조차로 설치 여부에 대한 정량적인 가이드라인이 없으며 정성적 기준을 바탕으로 설계자 혹은 정책 결정자의 경험을 통해 보조차로 설치 여부를 결정한다. 특히, 비신호교차로의 우회전 전용차로에 대해 국내 관련 연구가 전무한 것으로 나타났다. ‘평면교차로 설계지침(2004)’에 의하면, 회전 교통량이 많아 직진교통에 지장을 초래한다고 판단되는 경우, 회전 자동차의 속도가 높은 경우, 교차각이 120도 이상인 경우는 전용차로 설치를 권장한다고 정성적 기준으로 제시하였다. 따라서 도로·교통 여건에서 적절한 보조차로 설계가 필요하다는 점을 고려한다면 정량적 기준도 어느정도 중요하다고 판단된다. 본 연구에서는 주도로의 우선 통행권을 부여하는 비신호교차로의 좌회전·우회전 전용차로 설치 권장 기준을 정립하기 위해 위험기반 확률 모델을 적용하는 방안을 고려하였다. 본 연구에서 적용한 확률모델은 Kikuchi와 Charkrobory(1991), Yang(2008), Mounce(1983)가 제시한 개념과 이론을 바탕으로 2차로와 4차로의 비신호교차로에 적용할 수 있는 모델로 재정립하였다. Kikuchi와 Chakroborty(1991)은 AASHTO에서 적용하고 있는 Harmelink 모델의 문제점을 지적하고 Harmelink 모델을 기반으로 수정된 모델을 제시하였다. Yang은 우회전 차량으로 인해 뒤따르는 직진차량과 잠재적 추돌 사고에 대한 위험을 분석하기 위해 개발된 모델은 Mounce에 의해 제안된 확률적 정의(Probability statements)를 기반으로 정립되었다. 이러한 확률모델을 통해 2차로도로와 4차로도로에 대해 좌회전·우회전 전용차로 설치 기준을 정립하였으며 아래의 그림은 몇 가지 경우에 대해 관련 기준을 제시하였다