This study was done to investigate the antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of Lycii fructus in Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced by intravenous injection of STZ at a dose 45mg/kg.b.w. dissolved in citrate buffer(pH4.5). The ethanol extract of Lycii fructus was orally administrated once a day for 7 days. The contents of serum glucose, total cholesterol were significantly decreaed (p<0.05) in Lycii fructus treated group compared to the those of STZ-control group, also content of Triglyceride (TG), Altherogenic index (AI) were decreased, but not statistically significant. But high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol/total cholesterol ratio (HTR) were increased in Lycii fructus treated group compared to the those of STZ-control group. The content of hepatic glycogen and activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase(G-6PDH), glutathione-s-transferase(GST), superoxide dismutase(SOD) were significantly increased(p<0.05), glucose-6-phos-phatase(G-6pase)was significantly decreased(p<0.05) and The glutathione(GSH), glucokinase(GK) were increased. But not statistically significant In Lycii fructus treated group compared to the those of STZ-control group These results indicated that ethanol extract of Lycii fructus would have antidiabetic and antioxidant effects in STZ-induced diabetic rats.

This study was performed to investigate the effect of Lycii fructus beer on serum lipid profiles and antioxidant activity in rat Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats weighting about 190g were divided into the following 5 groups ; distillate water (Control), 5% ethanol in distillate water (Ethanol), commercial beer (CB), Lycii fructus beer (LFB) and 5% alcohol red wine diluted with distillate water (RW). Body weight, total food intake, FER and percent organ (liver, kidney) weight per body weight were not significantly changed by Lycii fructus beer drinking. After 6 weeks, serum total cholesterol, triglyceride and HDL cholesterol level were not significantly different. But, Lycii fructus beer intake tended to decrease serum triglyceride level and atherogenic index. Also, GOT and GPT levels were expressed lower than Ethanol group. There was not significantly different in hepatic glutatiione (GSH) content and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities among 5 groups. Lipid peroxidation in the hepatic was decreased by Lycii fructus beer intake. The results demonstrated that Lycii fructus beer was potential and effective antioxidant that can protect the decrease associated with alcohol.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of physical properties and antioxidant activities of the beer made by Lycii fructus for development of functional beer. Physical properties such as Brix˚, pH and hunter values were determined and compared with commercial beer. L(lightness) value was not significant difference among beer, although a(redness) and b(yellowness) values were higher in Lycii fructus beer than those of the commercial beer. Total phenolic acid contents were 0.790 mg/mL in Lycii fructus beer and 0.603 mg/mL in commercial beer. Electron donatin ability was 93% in Lycii fructus beer and 87% in commercial beer. Lycii fructus beer showed higher SOD-liked activities than in the commercial beer. The relative antioxidant effects of the Lycii fructus beer showed 19% inhibitory effect on the peroxidation of egg yolk lecithin.

The lipid stability of walnut added with water extracts of Ganoderma lucidum, Camellia sinensis and Lycii fructus was studied. The results are as follows : 1. when the extracts were added to walnut, the lipid stability was improved. The antioxidative activities of water extract of Camellia Sinensis and Lycii Fructus were considerably higher than that of Ganoderma lucidum. The antioxidative activity was decreased in the rank order Lycii Fructus$gt;Camellia Sinensis$gt;Ganoderma lucidum. 2. This clearly suggests that water extract of Lycii Fructus at 4℃ Bx level can be used as an alternative natural antioxidant for the lipid stability of walnut.

The storage stability from powdered anchovy and its preparation cooperated with three additives (water extract from green tea and boxthorn and BHT) was studied. The results are as follows: 1. When the additives were added to powdered anchovy, the storage stability was improved. The antioxidative activities of water extract from green tea and boxthorn were considerably higher than BHT. The antioxidative activities were decreased in the rank order boxthorn $gt; green tea $gt; BHT. 2. The more the concentration of natural additives was increased, the more the storage stability was improved. The rank order was 60° $gt; 40° $gt; 20° Bx. 3. The AV and POV of powdered anchovy were increased in the rank order to 6 $lt; 12 $lt; 18 $lt; 24 $lt; 30 months by storage term. 4. This clearly suggested that water extract at 20° Bx level from boxthorn was possible utilization as a new natural antioxidant for storage stability of powdered anchovy.

건조 구기자의 휘발성 성분을 분석하기 위하여 SDE 방법으로 정유성분을 추출한 다음 GC 및 GC-MS로 성분을 확인하였다. 확인된 성분은 54종으로써 알코올류 12종, 에스테르케톤류 12종, 알데히드류 7종, 산류 6종, 탄화수소류 5종, 케톤류 8종, 푸란류 1종 및 피라진류 3조이었다. 그중 에스테르류의 상대적 면적비가 가장 높았다. 건조 구기자의 주요 휘발성 성분은 hexadecanoic acid의 에틸에스테르, 1-octadecanone, tetrapyrazine, 2-furancarboxaldehyde, ethyl linoleate 등으로 구성되어 있다.

본 연구는 국산 전통차 개발에 관한 실험으로써 산수유, 구기자 및 그 혼합물이 생체에 미치는 효능을 구명하고자 이들의 추출물을 미생물(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)과 실험동물(spraque-dawely(male)200g)에 투여하여 생리조사를 실시하였다. 미생물에 있어서는 산수유와 구기자의 첨가량이 증가할수록 균체생육이 증가했으나, 그중 산수유보다 구기자가 더 현저한 증가를 보였고, 특히 그 혼합구에서는 상승효과가 인정되었다. 흰쥐의 경우에는 산수유, 구기자 및 그 추출물이 CCl4로 야기된 간 손상에 미치는 영향을 관찰했다. GOT, GPT 활성도는 CCl4 중독에 의해서 대조군(S1)이 정상군(S0)에 비해 현저히 증가했으나 구기자군(S3)과 혼합군(S4)은 현저한 감소를 보였다(p〈0.01). 그 혈액중의 creatinine, BUN, glucose 함량은 시험구 모두 정상치에 접근했으나, 그중 구기자군(S3)이 좀 더 안정된 수치를 보였다. 따라서 CCl4의 저해에 대한 흰쥐의 간장보호 효과는 구기자, 그 혼합물, 산수유 순이고 이들 혼합물은 단일사용보다 상승효과가 인정되었다.

구기자응애 (Eriophyes kuko Kishida)의 침입 기생에 의하여 구기자나무(Lycium chinense Mill)의 잎에 형성되는 혹(Mite gall)의 성장에 따르는 표피세포와 핵의 크기를 측정하는 동시에 핵산(DNA, RNA)의 함량(함량으로 표시되느 농도분포)을 현미분광측정기(Microspectrophotometer)로 측정한 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 혹이 성장함에 따라 표피세포와 핵이 커지며 건전한 것보다 크게 된다. 2. DNA의 함량(함량으로 표시되는 농도분포)은 혹이 형성되는 초기에는 별로 변동이 없는 것 같으나 성장한 혹에 있어서는 건전한 것보다 오히려 증가하는 경향이 보였다. 3. RNA의 함량(함량으로 표시되는 농도분포)은 혹이 형성되는 초기부터 중기까지는 일시 적으로 증가하는 것 같으나 혹이 성장하게되면 건전한 것보다 오히려 감소되는 경향이 보였다. I

구기자혹응애(Eriophyes kuko KISHIDA)의 침입기에 의하여 구기자나무(Lycium chineens MILL.)외 잎형성된 혹(mite gall)의 생화학적 성질을 구명할 목으로 몇 가지 효소의 활성도, 화학성분의 함량 및 호량 등에 관하여 실험한 바 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. Catalase와 peroxidase 활성도는 건전한 잎의 직보다 혹 조직에서 높았으며 혹이 점차로 커짐에 따라 활성도도 높아졌다. 2. 조효소의 phosphorylase 활성도는 큰 혹(matured gall) 조직과 건전한 잎의 조직에 있어서 차이가 없었으나 활성 측정에 미치는 다른 효소의 영향을 고려하면 건전한 잎의 조직이 높은 것 같으며, phosphomonoesterase의 활성도는 건전한 잎의 조직보다 큰 혹 조직이 5배 가까이 높았으며 와 invertase 등의 활성도는 큰 혹 조직이 2배 가까이 높았다. 3. 조단백질 함량은 혹의 발생 형성초기인 작은 혹일때는 정도 건전한 잎의 조직보다 증가하였으나 혹이 점차 커 짐에 따라 감소하는 경향을 나타내었으며, 환원당은 자은 측일 에는 약간 감소하는 경향이었으나 혹이 점차 커짐에 따라 증가하였다. 인과 tannin의 함량도 혹이 점차커짐에 따라 증가하여를 혹이 건전한 잎보다 2배정도 많았다. 4, 호흡에 있어서 는 혹 조직이 건전한 잎보다 높았으나, 는 반대로 건전한 잎이 높았으며, RQ는 혹 조직이 낮았다.

구기자 잎을 이용한 특허제품 개발 및 기능성 식품소재에 관한 연구는 다수 진행되고 있으나 구기자 잎을 규격화 표준화하여 대량으로 공급할 수 있는 생산체계는 확립되어 있지 않다. 이에 구기자 육성품종 중에서 잎 생산에 알맞은 품종을 선발하고 가공용 잎을 대량으로 생산할 수 있는 예취시기를 확립코자 하였다. 구기자 11품종 중 잎 생산에 적합한 품종은 ‘명안’이었고, 다른 품종에 비하여 잎이 크고 분얼과 재생력이 왕성하였을 뿐만 아니라 잎 건물수량도 높았다. ‘명안’ 품종에서 구기자 잎 생산에 적합한 예취시기는 초장이 약 60 ~ 70 cm 자랐을 시기였고, 잎 수량은 5월 16일 수확 시 평균 106 ㎏/10a, 6월 20일 수확 시 평균 287 ㎏/10a로서 수확시기가 늦어질수록 직선적으로 증가되었다. 구기자의 지표성분인 베타인 함량을 1.43 ~ 2.63% 범위였고, 품종과 예취시기에 따라 함량이 다른데 생육이 진전 될수록 증가되는 경향이었다. 구기자나무 잎의 주요 생리기능성을 조사한 결과 항고혈압성을 나타내는 ACE 저해활성이 평균 84.4 ~ 90.8%로 높은 편이었고, 나머지 생리기능성은 20% 이하로 낮거나 검출되지 않았다.

Background: To enhance the taste and physiological characteristics of Lycii fructus (Gugija) extracts, we investigated the changes in the physiological characteristics of Gugija extracts caused by adding white ginseng (WG) and red ginseng (RG) Methods and Results: Gugija extracts, including 10G10, 10GW-G8 : 2, -G6 : 4, -G4 : 6, -G2 : 8, and -G0 (mixtures made by replacing 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% of Gugija with WG), as well as 10G10, 10GR-G8 : 2, -G6 : 4, -G4 : 6, -G2 : 8, and -G0 (mixture made by replacing 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% of Gugija with RG) were extracted with water at 10 times the respective mixture's volume. The antioxidant activities of Gugija extracts were investigated by assessing their 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-azinobis(3ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) activity, nitrite scavenging activity, and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity. As the amount of WG added increased, the DPPH, and, ABTS radical scavenging activity, and FRAP activity of the Gugija extract decreased. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 10G10, 10GW-G6 : 4, 10GR-G6 : 4, and 10GR-G0 for DPPH radical scavenging activity were 25.50 ± 1.04, 52.06 ± 1.46, 16.87 ± 1.24, and 9.50 ± 0.16 ㎕/㎖, respectively. On the other hand, the physiological activity of Gugija extract increased with the addition of increasing amounts of RG. However, ACE inhibitory activity was the highest (50.25 ± 2.58%) in the Gugija 10-fold extract without any added RG. Conclusions: From the above results, we suggest that adding RG to Gugija extracts increase their antioxidant, FRAP, and nitrite scavenging activities.

Background : Insect pests damages are increasing on the field of Lycium chinense under organic farming management and especially, pest damage of Gelechiidae (Ilseopsis parki Povolny) is serious. Currently, various organic farming materials are registered, but insecticidal activity against Gelechiidae was not verified. Therefore, this experiment was carried out to screening for effective organic farming materials showing insecticidal activity in Gelechiidae. Methods and Results : Screening for effective organic farming materials (OFM) showing insecticidal activity in Gelechiidae, we screening OFMs through in vitro testing Among them, OFMs showing insecticidal activity were first selected through field test. In the field test method, OFMs was sprayed at the time of moth occurrence, after 5 days of treatment, insecticidal activity was investigated as a result, a total of five OFMs were selected through the in vitro test and the Sophora japonica and three plant extracts showed the best control effect at 81.7%. in 2017. In 2018, the 2017 selected OFM and 4 kinds of new OFMs were field tested. The field test was performed in the same method as before. As a result, 2 kinds of OFMs made of Sophora japonica and three plant extracts extract and Sophora flavescens extract showed high control value of 87.3% and 88.3%, respectively. In contrast one organic agricultural material showed a chemical injury. To determine the timing of control, the extract was treated before and after topping and pretreatment of topping showed better control value by 80%. Conclusion : Insecticidal activity against Gelechiidae was not effective in all tested OFMs, but the 2 OFMs showed a high control value of over 80%. In this study, we selected 2 materials out of 9 OFMs against Gelechiidae, and It was effective to treat OFM before topping.

Background : Boxthorn (Lycium chinense M. 2 n = 24) is a self-incompatibility crop of solanales. It can not be fertilized in the cultivation of single cultivars. Therefore it is necessary to select proper pollinizer. We selsected good line, Cheongyang 26, with Anthracnose-resistant and high yield. This experiment was carried out to select proper pollinizer through researching self-incompatible and Cross-compatibility. Methods and Results : The self-incompatibility test of Cheongyang 26 was investigated fertilization rate and fruit Characteristics by artificial selfing fertilization. Investigation of fertilization rate and fruit characteristics by artificial fertilization was carried out to test cross-compatibility of Cheongyang 26 with Cheongwoon, Hokwang, Cheongdang, Cheonghong, Cheongkwang and Cheonggeum. Self-fertilization rate of Cheongyang 26 was 19.3%, self-incompatibility. In flowering period, Cheongkwang, Cheonghong, Hokwang, Cheongyang 26 and Cheongdang were early. The fertilization rate of Cheongkwang, Cheonggeum, Cheongwoon, Hokwang and Cheongdang in order was high when Cheongyang 26 was bred as seed parent. The fertilization rate of Cheonggeum, Hokwang, Cheongwoon and Cheongdang in order was high when Cheongyang 26 was bred as pollen parent. Cross-compatibility of Cheongyang 26 and Cheonghong was very low because of inbreeding. Anthracnose on fruits in open field was strong in Cheongyang 26, Cheonghong and Cheonggeum. The infection rates on leaves to Eriophys macrodonis Keifer was high in Cheongyang 26 and Cheongwoon. Conclusion : The proper pollinizer of Cheongyang 26 in open field was Cheonggeum when considering flowering period, cross-compatibility, Anthracnose and Eriophys macrodonis Keifer. In rain-shelter plastic greenhouse, the proper pollinizer of Cheongyang 26 was Cheongwoon because it’s able to prevent Anthracnose in rain-shelter plastic greenhouse.

Background : Boxthorn (Lycium chinense M. 2 n = 24) is a self-incompatibility crop of solanales. It can not be fertilized in the cultivation of single cultivars. Therefore it is necessary to select proper pollinizer. We developed a new variety, Cheonggeum, with Anthracnose-resistant and high yield. This experiment was carried out to select proper pollinizer through researching self-incompatible and Cross-compatibility. Methods and Results : The self-incompatibility test of Cheonggeum was investigated fertilization rate and fruit Characteristics by artificial selfing fertilization. Investigation of fertilization rate and fruit characteristics by artificial fertilization was carried out to test cross-compatibility of Cheonggeum with Cheongwoon, Cheongmeong, Hokwang, Cheonghong and Cheongkwang. Self-fertilization rate of Cheonggeum was 11.1%, self-incompatibility. In flowering period, Cheongkwang, Cheonghong, Cheongmeong, Hokwang and Cheongwoon were early in order. Flowering period of Cheonggeum was June 18. When Cheonggeum was bred as seed parent, the fertilization rate of Cheongmeong and Cheonghong were high. When Cheonggeum was bred as pollen parent, the fertilization rate of Cheonghong and Hokwang were high. Cross-compatibility of Cheonggeum with Cheongkwang or Cheongwoon was low. Anthracnose on fruits in open field was strong in Cheonggeum, Cheongmeong and Cheonghong. The infection rates on leaves to Eriophys macrodonis Keifer was middle in Cheonggeum, Cheongmeong, Hokwang, Cheonghong and Cheongkwang. But it’s was high in Cheongwoon. Conclusion : The proper pollinizer of Cheonggeum in open field was Cheonghong when considering flowering period, cross-compatibility, Anthracnose and Eriophys macrodonis Keifer.

Background : The reduction in the area of cultivation and production is a difficult factor to solve in order to expand Boxthorn's culture for the main reasons for the aging agricultural labor and rising unit prices. Increasing the area of cultivation and production requires less labor and ease of work. This experiment was designed to provide improved plant type to increase the area of cultivation and to secure efficient machinery harvest. Methods and Results : The variety of experiment is 'whasu' and was cultivated in 2015 and planted in fields on April 4, 2016. The plant types were 150 × 50 ㎝ T-shaped fence plant type. The number of times to be cut was two, and the branches were extended to produce fruits. The typical T-shaped fence plant type for comparison is made of two stems, 10 ㎝ in length, and a single cut, then a long stretch of branches for harvesting. As a result of the experiment, it was difficult to verify the applicability and quantity of the handy type harvesting machine in order to make the re-ordination, and from the following year it was possible to verify. Major items such as stem number, stem length, quantity, time of harvest, and efficiency of harvest were investigated when applying the handy type harvesting machine. Two stems had 20% more branches than a single stem, while the yield increased by 7%. Two stems, five ㎝ long, and two cuts were numerous and long, and the quantity was 33% higher than the customary T-shaped fence plant type. When working with the machinery harvest work, the ratio of work performed was 62% for harvesting, 19% for collection, and 19% for separation of foreign materials. The proportion of the collector work and the segmentation of design materials was 38%, which was an urgent problem to be remedied. Two stems, five ㎝, and two cuts increased the quantity by 33% compared to the customary method of T-shaped fence plant type, and the machinery harvest work efficiency was 56% higher, making it suitable for handy type harvesting machine. Conclusion : T-shaped fenceplant type of two stems, five centimeters, and two cuts was a good shape for Handy type harvesting machine.

Background : The dried ripe fruits, leaf and root of boxthorn are widely used for medicinal purposes and as a functional food. Among them, frut is the most susceptible to anthracnose in the open field. Currently, there are only 5 fungicides registered in boxthorn anthracnose. In addition, resistance to fungicides caused by frequent use occurred in many open field, Therefore, a study on the fungicide resistance of boxthorn anthracnose was needed. Methods and Results : In 2017, collected anthracnose from boxthorn fruit. The collected samples were isolated by a single spore isolation method and 20 isolates of Collectotrichum spp. were obtained To test for anthracnose fungicide resistance, propineb, tebuconazole, azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin fungicide were used. Monitoring for fungicide resistance of Collectotrichum spp. causing boxthorn anthracnos to test fungicide were conducted by agar dilution method. The assay concentration were control, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100 ㎍/㎖ and strobilurin group of azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin were treated salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) to the alternative breath suppression at a concentration of 100 ㎍/㎖. In the result, Prevention of fungicide propineb was more than 100 ㎍/㎖ of EC50, and tebuconazole was less than 1 ㎍/㎖ except for 1 isolate of EC50 azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin showed a difference even though they had the same mode of action. Azoxystrobin showed almost no inhibition of mycelial growth except 6 isolates and remaining 6 isolates had EC50 of less than 1 ㎍/㎖, pyraclostrobin was divided into two groups of EC50, 6 isolates were less than 0.1 ㎍ /㎖ and 14 isolates were more than 1 ㎍/㎖. Conclusion : In summary, response to fungicides of anthracnose, azoxystrobin of strobilurin group showed the highest resistance to fungicide. As these fungicide resistance continues to develop, we plan to register a new anthracnose fungicide and improve the control method.

Background : The fruit of Lycii fructus (Gugija) has beeen used as a tonic medicine and a long-term healthy food without side effect in Asia. An increase in the demand for natural healthy food, Gugija has been thought as a source of healthy foods, and then the extracts of dried Gugija have been frequently used as food ingredients. But, its extracts with Gugija alone has a slightly bad taste. Physiological characteristics of Gugija extracts were investigated by adding white ginseng (WG) and red ginseng (RG) to enhance taste. Methods and Results : Gugija extract were prepared by adding 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% of ginseng (WG and RG) to the weight of Gugija, respectively. Antioxidant activities of Gugija extracts were investigated DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity, SOD-like activity, FRAP, activity. As the amount of WG added increased, DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging activity, and FRAP activity of Gugija extract decreased. On the other hand, the physiological activity of Gugija extract increased with increasing amount of RG. The SOD-like activity of Gugija extract added up to 60% of WG and to 40% of RG was continuously lowered, in the addition amount thereafter, the activity increased as the addition amount increased. In components, As the amount of WG and RG added increased, the ginsenosides content of Gugija extract increased, the content of ginsenosides was higher in extract added RG than WG, but betaine and total flavonoid content decreased. Conclusion : From the above results, we may suggest that Gugija extracts by adding RG increased the antioxidant activities, SOD-like activity, and the preference degree.

Background : The most problematic disease in Boxthorn is Anthracnose in open field. New variety with Anthracnose-resistant is good for high yield and Safe fruit production in open field. Therefore it is necessary to develop a new variety with Anthracnose -resistant and high yield. Methods and Results : The new boxthorn line, CB10511-104 was selected from the cross between CB09480-18 and Chunghong (IT258916) to breed new variety with high yield, Anthracnose-resistant and good color in 2011. Its preliminary yield test was performed from 2013 to 2014 and the selected line was named Cheongyang 26. Its regional yield trials were carried out in Cheongyang, Yesan and Jindo for 3 years, from 2015 to 2017. Cheongyang 26 was registered as the new variety, Cheonggang, in 2017. The specific characteristics were summarized as follows. Tree shape is semi-open type and the leaf is lanceolate and green color. The flowers are normal size and purple. The fruit is normal size, round oval and redish. The flowering was June 17 with medium flowering. Number of sprout branch by pruning was generated less than the check variety, Cheongmeong. The infection rates on leaves to Eriophys macrodonis Keifer of Chunggang, 54.4 percent, was higher than the check variety, Cheongmeong. Anthracnose on fruits in open field was slightly strong compared to the check variety, but check variety was Anthracnose-resistant. The content of betaine and free sugar in dried-fruits were higher than that of the check variety. The dried-fruit yield was increased about 26 percent in open field compared Cheongmeong. Conclusion : This variety ‘Cheonggang’ was suitable for cultivation in open field and rain-shelter plastic greenhouse because of Anthracnose-resistant and good color. It is necessary the companion variety because of self-incompatible. It’s suitable ‘Cheonggeum’ in open field, ‘Cheongun’ in rain-shelter plastic greenhouse.

The amounts of free amino acids extracted from dried Gugija (Lycium chinensis Mill) were monitored under different extraction conditions. The response methodology was applied using the ethanol concentration (X1 0-80%) and extraction time (X2 1-5 h) as operational parameters with regard to various free amino acids (glycine, serine, alanine, threonine, proline, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, asparagine, lysine, arginine, histidine, carnosine, ornithine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, phosphoserine, hydroxyproline, -γ amino-n-butyric acid, taurine, phosphoethanolamine, citrulline, β-alanine, β-amino-isobutyric acid, hydroxylysine, sarcocine, and ethanolamine) and their sum. Under the optimum conditions, the free amino acid contents were asparagine 186.28, phosphoethanolamine 166.21, proline 46.51, alanine 43.35, aspartic acid 27.23, hydroxyproline 21.17, glutamic acid 16.53, taurine 16.24, arginine 14.66, serine 11.65, γ-amino-n-butyric acid 10.82, leucine 10.52, tryptophan 8.75, ethanolamine 8.49, and total free amino acid 629 mg/100 g. The coefficients of determination (R2) of the models for methionine, arginine, histidine, carnosine, ornithine, aspartic acid, phosphoserine and γ-amino-n-butyric acid were within 0.9052-0.9810 (p<0.01-0.05). For the total free amino acids, the R2 of the model was 0.8608 (p<0.1), the extraction yield ranged from 282 to 641 mg/100 g depending on the extraction conditions and was the highest when extracted for 5 h with 20% ethanol.