본고에서는 대구·경북지역 청동기시대 무덤을 종합적으로 분석하여 지역 내 전개과정을 검토해보고 이를 통해 청동기시대 사회의 변화상에 대해 유추해보고자 하였다. 선행작업으로 우선 통·공시적 범위를 설정할 필요성이 있으므로 무덤 내 부장유물 가운데 가장 보편화 된 적색마연호·마제석검·마제석촉에 대한 형식분류와 이들의 조합관계를 통해 일정한 시간대(청동기시대 전기 후반 / 중기 전반 / 중기 후반 / 후기)를 구성하였으며, 또한 산·수계와 같은 자연 지리적 요소와 지역 내 무덤의 분포양상을 함께 검토하여 모두 5개의 소지역권을 설정할 수 있었다. 이를 통해 지역 내 무덤의 구조적인 변화양상과 함께 단계별 전개과정을 통해 청동기시대 사회발전에 따른 지역사회 변화의 일면을 관찰해보고자 하였다. 검토결과, 지역 내 무덤(군)은 자연 지리적 이점을 바탕으로 시간의 흐름에 따라 군집의 규모가 점차 확대되는 가운데 내부적으로는 중심무덤과 주변무덤의 배치 및 구조에 따라 차별화 현상이 확인되고 있다. 그리고 각 속성들 중 묘역의 규모(대형→소형>중형>대형), 매장주체부의 위치(지하→지하·지상), 개석 의 형태(단차개석→다중개석), 관·곽의 축조방식(단일석재사용→석재혼용), 시상의 형태(단판석→다판·할 석), 유물의 부장(다종→일종부장, 적색마연호 : 관내 모두→관내 단벽 / 석검 : 관내 모두→관내 중앙, 관내 부장多→관외부장多)에 있어서 일정한 변화의 흐름을 확인하였다. 다만 변화의 방향이 시간성을 바탕으로한 일률적인 모습이 아니라 지역 내 사회 발전에 따라 집단(지역) 나름의 다양한 수용 및 정착과정으로 인해 각기 다른 형태로 표출되는 것을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 송국리 문화를 매개로 한 집단과 울산·경주·포항을 중심으로 한 검단리 문화를 경험한 집단의 지역 내 정착 과정은 이들 서로 간의 문화가 다양한 환경 및 사회적 요인을 바탕으로 한 선별적 필요성에 따라 수 용되면서 경주를 비롯한 일부 지역에서는 송국리형 묘역+검단리형 장법과 같은 형태의 결합형 구조가 등장하게 된다. 이러한 각 집단 상호간의 노력이 다양하게 유지·발전하면서 보다 점진적인 형태로 사회통합의 과정을 이루고 있다.

The paper presents the damage estimation of bridge structures in Daegu city based on the scenario-based earthquakes. Since the fragility curves for domestic bridge strucures are limited, the Hazus methodology is employed to derive the fragility curves and estimate the damage. A total of four earthuquake scenarios near Daegu city are assumed and structure damage is investigated for 81 bridge structures. The seismic fragility function and damage level of each bridge had adopted from the analytical method in HAZUS and then, the damage probability using seismic fragility function for each bridge was evaluated. It was concluded that the seismic damage to bridges was higher when the magnitude of the earthquake was large or nearer to the epicenter.

As the urban population continues to increase, cities grow through the expansion of high-rise and high-density residential areas, which demand good living environments to improve citizens’ quality of life. This study is based on the apartment type proposed by Moon Soo-young(2011) in accordance with the layout pattern of green spaces in three apartment complexes located in Dalseo-gu, Daegu Metropolitan City. The purpose of this research is to discover the causes of the high nutritional rate and successful planting method, as well as to suggest a plan to improve the planting structure(general complex, built apartment). According to the study results, the green area ratio of the study was the highest with 44.7% of the total area, followed by Wolbahil state(center type) with 30.3%, and the Bible Jeongnam Town(type of arrangement around buildings) with 27.3%. Shared facility centers were placed outside the apartment buildings in common with the type of arrangement around the buildings and the type of centering arrangement, and the coverage rate in the apartment complexes increased. There are many underground parking lots in the vicinity of the buildings; the center type of the buildings and the parking lots for the disabled are located underground. In general, residents use the underground parking lot, and the ground greenery ratio is higher than other types. Through the analysis of the facilities in the complex according to the type, we found the cause of high green ratio and good planting method and suggested an improvement plan for the general and constructed apartments. In the general apartment complex improvement plan, it is possible to increase the green area by minimizing the single-story buildings such as the shared facilities center and arranging these facilities in the apartments. The number of entrances is reduced due to the connectivity between underground parking lots. Reducing the area of the road within the complex can reduce the number of green spaces. It is important that water pipes are laid mainly under broad-leaved trees and that the plant structure is multi-layered. In order to estimate the construction of the apartment, we propose a method to construct the green space in three dimensions by using methods such as wall greening and rooftop greening. It is possible to utilize enough spaces to waste through the plant materials. In the plant structure, a cluster planting was arranged and the shrubs and plants were placed in the complex.

Daegu City has the most number of heat waves every year in the last 10 years among 7 metropolitan cities in Korea. As the slang, such as ‘Daefrica(Daegu + Africa)’ shown, Daegu City is recognized as a high temperature region in the summer. The purpose of this study is to understand the perception of urban green space as a mediator for heat wave mitigation for Daegu citizens. First, about 93.3% of the respondents perceived what the heat was. The most frequent cause of the increase in the number of heat waves was the increase in energy use (34.9%), ‘indiscriminate development’ (24.9%), ‘automobile and traffic increase’ (17.9%), ‘greenery reduction’ (12.6% ) were the most common cause. Second, 87.1% of respondents had positive perception about the mitigation effect on the effect of urban green space as a medium to mitigate the heat. In addition, 26.7% of respondents answered that they are very effective in mitigating the effect of the heat of urban greenery, and 95.1% of them responded more than ‘normal’. Third, as a result of examining the priorities of short and long-term heat-related policies, the short term was the highest (37.5%) in responding to ‘electricity tariff realization’ because of the high dependence on air conditioners. In contrast to the short-term perspective, the long-term policy for mitigating the heat wave was overwhelmingly supported by ‘expansion of urban green areas’ (50.7%). This is a result of confirming Daegu citizens’ consciousness which is highly evaluating the effect of urban green space as a medium for mitigating the heat. Fourth, the importance and performance of ‘urban green space type’ for mitigation of the heat wave were examined. The type of urban green space belonging to the phenomena maintenance area (quadrant Ⅰ), which both had high importance and performance, was classified as ‘neighborhood park’. In addition, it was surveyed as ‘Ssamji(mini) Park’ as the type of urban greenery in the concentrated improvement area (quadrant Ⅱ) where the importance is high but the performance is low. We believe that the value of urban green areas for mitigating the heat waves has been fully recognized through the recognition of Daegu citizens. We hope that the results of this study will be used as basic data for future Daegu city heat and urban greening policy.

The aim of this study was to investigate status of safety accidents of school foodservice cooks in Daegu and to analyze the factors affecting the occurrence of the accidents in order to seek effective ways for preventing safety accidents in school foodservice. The survey showed that the most frequent safety accidents were ‘bruises’, followed by ‘burns’, ‘contact with harmful substances such as disinfectants’, ‘fall-off ’ and ‘sprains’. The mental fatigue perception of the respondents was generally lower than the physical fatigue perception. The means of the perception levels of work intensity, cooking environment of the foodservice place, and safety-related behaviors, and consciousness were 3.15, 2.99, and 4.06 out of 5 points, respectively. In addition, the annual average of the number of participating in the accident prevention training per person was 17.34 times, that is, the respondents received the training at least once a month on average. A multiple regression analysis was conducted to investigate the variables affecting the occurrence of safety accidents that happened to foodservice cooks. It revealed that the work intensity perception and the cooking environment perception influenced the frequency of safety accidents.

본 연구는 우적크기분포의 통계적 특성과 변동성을 알아보기 위하여, 2011-2012년 대구지역 2차원광학우적계 자료를 분석하여 Marshall and Palmer(1948)의 우적크기분포 특성과 비교하였다. 우적크기분포의 특성변수로 강우강도(R), 레이더 반사도(Z), 보편특성수농도(N0'), 보편특성직경(Dm')을 계산하였다. 또한 스케일링 법칙을 사용하여 우적크기분포의 정규화 여부를 확인하였다. 분석 결과, 대구지역의 우적크기분포는 평균적으로 log10N0' =2.37, Dm' =1.04 mm이며 형태 인자의 경우 c =2.37, μ =0.39를 가졌다. 대구지역의 우적크기분포를 Marshall and Palmer의 우적크기분포로 가정하여 계산한 결과, 평균적으로 log10N0' =2.27, Dm' =0.9 mm, c =1, μ =1를 가졌다. 이 차이로부터 대구지역 우적크기분포는 Marshall and Palmer(1948)의 우적크기분포보다 통계적으로 더 높은 액체수함량을 가짐을 알 수 있다. 우적크기분포의 형태를 비교한 결과, 대구지역 우적크기분포는 위로 볼록한 모양이었다. Z > 45 dBZ를 기준으로 우적크기분포 형태에 변화가 있었다. 35 dBZ ≤ Z > 45 dBZ에서 대구지역 우적크기분포 특성은 해양성 기후대와 유사하였으나 Z > 45 dBZ에서는 Marshall and Palmer의 우적크기분포 특성과 유사하였다.

The purpose of this study is to present the basic data of species composition and characteristics of agricultural ecosystem by surveying and analysing the flora distributed in farmland, Daegu Metropolitan City. The numbers of flora were summarized as 207 taxa including 52 families, 157 genera, 188 species, 17 varieties and 2 forms. Among the cultivated plants, Cryptotaenia japonica, Pimpinella brachycarpa, Petasites japonicus and so forth were wild. The naturalized plants were 44 taxa including Fallopia dumetorum, Chenopodium album, Thlaspi arvense, Verbesina alternifolia, Festuca myuros and so forth. Plants that expected to spread nationwide were 11 taxa including Amaranthus patulus, Lepidium virginicum, Xanthium canadense, Bromus unioloides and so forth. The NI and UI were about 21.3% and 13.7%. The invasive alien plants were 3 taxa including Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Aster pilosus and Lactuca scariola. The C4 plant were 21 taxa including Commelina communis, Cymbopogon tortilis var. goeringii, Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii, Cyperus amruicus and so forth.

Despite the importance of city parks and the changes in perception and involvement of users, park management budgets are constantly being contracted. Accordingly, the problems on maintenance control of neighborhood parks are now being realized, and studies on management improvement are required. This study is focused on the operation conditions and user satisfaction of the neighborhood parks in Daegu. Based on the analysis, efficient park management measures are suggested and baseline data are provided for subsequent studies. Targeting the neighborhood parks that the primary local government of Daegu is directly managing, the maintenance management costs were compared for a period of five years, and the average budget per unit area was calculated based on the completed neighborhood parks. Eight neighborhood parks were selected, including Dalseo-gu, whose average budget per unit area is the highest, and Buk-gu, where it is the lowest. Further, field and user attitude surveys were carried out. From the results of the field survey, the administrative status on neighborhood parks of Dalseo-gu and Buk-gu showed a satisfactory level, beyond the average one. The management score on neighborhood parks of Dalseo-gu appeared higher than that in Buk-gu. According to the results of the attitude survey, which targeted the users of these parks, the main users utilizing the neighborhood parks were nearby residents, and their share of responses indicating that they go to the park on foot was the highest, 74.6%. Regarding the importance and satisfaction on the elements that compose the parks, classified in 7 point-scaled criteria, the favorable answers were those over 5 points. According to the levels of user satisfaction calculated based on this method, Buk-gu ranked higher than Dalseo-gu. Based on the expected level of service and the evaluation of how they are perceived, through an IPA analysis, the park facilities were divided into to four areas. As a result, it emerged that continuous interest and intensive management of the properties would be required.

When the Japanese Empire demolished the fortress of Daegu Eupseong, the rivers that flowed into Daegu City were covered over. At present, most of the rivers in the urban area, such as Dalseo-cheon, Beomeo-cheon, Daemyung-cheon, Daegu-cheon, and Icheon-cheon, are concealed under concrete. These submerged rivers are old waterways with historical features, and there is a need to track and restore these waterways to improve the environment and landscape, and restore the ecology of the city. This study constitutes basic research on restoring the old waterway of Dalseo-cheon (which formerly comprised part of the moat of Daegu Castle) by creating an artificial stream in the area. The purpose of the study is to investigate citizens’ opinions on the introduction of such a stream, as well as on recreational and functional spaces that could be created alongside it. As a result of the study, we found that awareness of the covered waterways in Daegu City was low, but citizens generally considered it necessary to recover the old waterways, improve the residential environment, mitigate the urban heat island, strengthen the sense of place, build a water-circulation system, and improve the aesthetics of the landscape. In addition, the respondents stated that they would prefer a natural-type stream in front of a park, and would like various facilities that could improve the water-landscape function, as well as the stream’s ecological and water-friendly functions. The introduction of new waterways in the city center of Daegu will help to create a riverside and historical park, while maintaining a balance in regard to the conservation and development of historical and traditional cities, thereby transforming the city into a differentiated city.

The objective of this study is to investigate patent trends of Daegu city which tries to introduce environment friendly energy and to develop new technology or new industry sprung from technology convergence on smart decentralized energy technology and other technologies. After applying network analysis to corresponding groups of technology or industry convergence, strategy for future energy convergence industry is provided. Patent data applied in Daegu city area are used to obtain research goal. The technology which contains several IPC codes (IPC Co-occurrence) is considered as a convergence technology. Path finder network analysis is used for visualizing and grouping by using IPC codes. The analysis results categorized 13 groups in energy convergence industry and reclassified them into 3 cluster groups (Smart Energy Product Production Technology Group, Smart Energy Convergence Supply Technology Group, Smart Energy Indirect Application Technology Group) considering the technical characteristics and policy direction. Also, energy industry has evolved rapidly by technological convergence with other industries. Especially, it has been converged with IT industry, and there is a trend that energy industry will be converged with service industry and manufacturing industry such as textile, automobile parts, mechanics, and logistics by employing infrastructure as well as network. Based on the research results on core patent technology, convergence technology and inter-industry analysis, the direction of core technology research and development as well as evolution on decentralized energy industry is identified. By using research design and methodology in this study, the trend of convergence technology is investigated based on objective data (patent data). Above all, we can easily confirm the core technology in the local industry by analyzing the industrial competitiveness in the macro level. Based on this, we can identify convergence industry and technology by performing the technological convergence analysis in the micro level. 1

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the changes in perception concerning nutrition labeling and students' availability of processed foods and is to investigate parents' awareness of nutrition labeling through the 'Education program on safety management of children's dietary life' conducting directly to the fifth grade elementary school students (4,105 persons) by the nutrition teacher in each school. The part that checked when purchasing processed food before and after the students' education, the name of manufacturer (p<0.05), raw material and content (p<0.001), food additives (p<0.001), nutritive components (p<0.05) etc. were significantly improved. An idea about nutrition labeling has increased after the education, the question items in 'it is reliable' (p<0.001), 'satisfied' (p<0.01) were significantly increased particularly. In spite of one time education, it showed positive changes such as it can be possible to get desired nutrition information. Thus, although it was one time training conducted in the situation that can not be carried out formal education due to school environment, a variety of practical education of children's dietary life is required targeting comprehensive senior students, the education is considered to be conducted for children as well as parents.

최근 몇몇 연구들은 지역 간 교육격차를 설명하는 원인의 하나로 인구이동에 주목하고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 대도시내에서 학업성취도의 지역적 차이와 학령인구 이동과의 관련성을 파악하고, 인구이동이 어떻게 지역의 인구구성, 교육환경, 주택시장에서의 변화와 연결될 수 있는지를 논의하는 것이다. 대구를 사례로 분석을 수행하였고, 주요 분석 내용은 다음과 같다. 첫째,학교급에 상관없이 지역 간 학업성취도의 차이가 나타났으며, 영어와 수학 과목에서 두드러졌다. 둘째, 학업성취도는 공간적 군집경향을 보였으며, 이러한 경향은 학교급이 올라가면서 보다 뚜렷해졌다. 셋째, 초등학교 저학년(8～10세)의 순이동률이 학업성취도와 가장 높은 정적인 상관관계를 보였고, 정적인 상관관계는 초등학교 고학년(11～13세)까지만 나타났다. 넷째, 학업성취도와 학령인구 이동은 양방향적 관계를 보이며, 인구이동은 지역의 인구구성을 변화시킬 뿐만 아니라, 교육서비스와 주택에 대한 수요를 증가시켜 지역의 변화를 가져올 수 있다. 이러한 변화는 선별성이 강화된 새로운 인구이동을 유발한다. 즉 교육격차와 인구이동은 순환누적 과정을 보인다.

This study conducted a survey to analyze awareness, preferences, and the current state of consuming environmentally friendly organic food while eating-out in 435 adults aged 20 and above in Daegu, Korea. Most subjects (95%) showed awareness of environmentally friendly organic food, and 88.5% of subjects answered environmentally friendly organic food is ‘needed’. The percentage of eating out for families was 58.9%, and 49.0% of subjects said they eat out one to three times per month on average. In addition, subjects preferred a price range between 10,000 and 20,000 won per person when eating out, and they mostly favored Korean restaurants when ordering environmentally friendly organic food. Analysis of awareness of environmentally friendly organic food showed that among ‘health’ factors, ‘environmental’ factors, ‘social’ factors, and ‘dietary essential’ factors, ‘health’ factors showed the highest percentage for awareness. A survey on preferred foods by gender showed that both genders preferred vegetables the most. The results show that subjects in their 20s and 30s favored vegetables and fruits while subjects in their 40s preferred vegetables and grain animal products. Analysis of preferred types of environmentally friendly organic foods showed that men preferred polished rice while women preferred brown rice. Subjects in their 20s and 30s preferred strawberries, whereas those in their 40s preferred cherry tomatoes and those in their 50s and above favored tomatoes (p<0.001). Among root and tuber crops (63.4%), sweet potato was the most preferred. Among fruits, subjects preferred apples while among special crops, they most preferred oyster mushrooms; both genders preferred Korean beef. The most preferred livestock product of subjects in their 20s was pork, whereas subjects in their 30s preferred Korean beef. Subjects in their 40s preferred Korean beef and pork in the same proportions, whereas subjects in their 50s and above favored eggs the most.

본 연구는 국토교통부 건축행정시스템에서 제공하는 '세움터' 자료를 활용하여 대구시 달서구의 녹화가능한 옥상면적을 분석하였다.달서구의 전체 건축물은 총 62,741개소이며, 건축물 옥상의 전체면적은 10.8㎢로 나타났다. 1980년 이후에 사용승인된 철근콘크리트 구조의 평지붕 건축물로 한정할 경우 옥상면적은 4.7㎢로 나타났으며, 여기에 녹화가능 옥상면적 비율을 적용하면 달서구 전체면적의 약 5%에 해당하는 3.2㎢의 면적에 옥상녹화가 가능하다는 결과를 얻을 수 있다. 이는 옥상녹화를 통해 토지매입비용 없이 근린생활권 근린공원 약 300여 개소 이상을 조성할 수 있음을 보여주는 의미 있는 결과라 하겠다. 건물유형별 옥상녹화 가용면적은 주거시설이 68%로 가장 높았으며, 판매시설, 교육시설, 공공시설, 업무시설, 의료시설이 그 뒤를 이었다. 이러한 결과는 옥상녹화 활성화를 위해 주거시설 건축물에 대한 옥상녹화지원의 확대가 필요함을 의미한다.

The purpose of this study is to look into the weight-lightening phenomenon of the roof structure of some Hanok(韓屋), the Korean traditional houses found from the survey on the distribution and actual state of urban traditional houses existing in the whole region of Jung-gu, Daegu, Korea. As a result of judging from the pre-test of building registers for the research area, approximately 5,000 wood structure houses were found. A field data survey based on these findings showed that there are 1,752 Hanok houses. And the further classification of the Korean traditional houses by roof structure type shows that about 35% of them underwent weight lightening. While this kind of light-weight Hanok is different from the concept of traditional Hanok, they also show the survival method of Hanok that reflects the economical and technological phases of that period. It is expected that deeper understanding on the urban traditional houses will be possible through carrying out in-depth researches on techniques of the light-weight roof structure of the urban traditional houses that are supposed to have functioned as dwellings as commercial products.

본 연구의 목적은 대도시 생활권 숲길이 갖고 있는 접근의 편의성에 비추어 인근 지역의 주민과 원거리 방문자의 숲길에 대한 방문동기와 만족의 차이를 파악함으로써 대도시 생활권 숲길을 효율적으로 관리할 수 있도록 이용자 측면에서의 기초자료를 제공함에 있다. 대구숲길을 이용하는 이용객을 대상으로 설문분석한 결과, 대구숲길 이용자는 휴양, 치유 방문목적으로 숲길을 이용하고자 하는 동기가 가장 높은 편이며, 이용자 집단 간의 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 또한 만족도와 관련하여 대구숲길 이용자는 전반적으로 숲길 이용에 만족하는 것으로 나타났으며, 마찬가지로 집단간의 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 다만, 숲길 시설과 관련하여 30분 이내 인근 생활권 이용자는 다른 집단에 비하여 유의한 차이로 불만족하는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 숲길 인근 지역주민에게 적합한 휴양, 치유 목적의 잘 정돈된 시설과 프로그램을 정비하는 것이 우선적으로 고려되고 추진되어야 할 것으로 정책상 제안되었다.

This study selected 10 species commonly emerging in Busan and Daegu showing distinct green structure distributions, and distribution differences were mapped and analyzed according to city of origin. As for G-IS (Green-Inhabiting Species) of both cities, there were six species, including V. mandarinia, V. ducalis, V. crabro flavofasciata, Vl. koreensis koreensis, Pa. indica, and P. snelleni, which mostly inhabited urban source green and satellite green structures. As for GU-IS (Green & Urban-Inhabiting Species), there were two species, V. simillima simillima and V. analis parallela, which nested at diverse sites and showed greater preference for green structures. On the other hand, U-IPS (Urban-Inhabiting Preference Species) consisted of two species, V. velutina nigrithorax and P. rothneyi koreanus, which nested at almost all sites, including urban and urban green areas, and were found to adapt well to an urban environment based on their far higher rate of urban nesting as compared to GU-IS species. In comparing emergence rates among the four urban GU-IS and U-IPS species in Busan and Daegu, regular distribution was mostly observed within the city of Busan, which is well equipped with a green network, whereas Daegu, which lacks green structure connectivity, showed its greatest distribution of species nearby urban green areas. Also this study shows that in Daegu with longer distance between green, U-IPS emerged up to far site beyond green areas as compared to Busan, which has short distances between green areas.

본 연구의 목적은 온실설계 시 야간복사열 손실량 예측을 위한 천공온도를 산정하는데 필요한 적절한 계산식을 제시하는 것이다. 대구지역의 운량에 따른 야간천공온도를야간복사계를 이용하여 측정하고 기존의 식들을 이용하여 계산하였다. 천공온도를 계산하기 위한 최적의 식을찾아내기 위하여 측정값과 계산값을 비교하였다. 운량의 크기에 따라 대기온도와 천공온도의 차이가 달랐으며 운량이 감소함에 따라 온도차는 점차 증가하였다. 맑은 날이구름 낀 날과 비온 날에 비해 약 10∼20배 정도의 더 높은온도차를 나타내었으며 온도차가 큰 맑은 날이 복사냉각이크다는것을확인할수있었다. 맑은날에대하여계산된천공온도와 측정된 천공온도와의 상관성을 분석한 결과Bliss식과 Clark and Allen 식이 다른 식들에 비해 상관성이비교적더높은것으로나타났다. 구름낀날에대해계산된천공온도와 측정온도와의 상관성을 분석한 결과 Fuentes식이 가장 잘맞는 것으로 나타났다. 구름낀날의천공온도를 산정할 수 있는 새로운 식을 제안하였다.

Over the last century, drainage systems have become an integral component of agriculture. Climate observations and experiments using General circulation models suggest an intensification of the hydrologic cycle due to climate change. This study presents hydrologic simulations assessing the potential impact of climate change on subsurface drainage in Daegu, Republic of Korea. Historical and Long Ashton Research Station weather generator perturbed future climate data from 15 general circulation models for a field in Daegu were ran into a water management simulation model, DRAINMOD. The trends and variability in rainfall and Soil Excess Water () were assessed from 1960 to 2100. Rainfall amount and intensity were predicted to increase in the future. The predicted annual subsurface drainage flow varied from -35 to 40 % of the baseline value while the varied from -50 to 100%. The expected increases in subsurface drainage outflow require that more attention be given to soil and water conservation practices.