We investigated the influence of germination and high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment conditions on the conversion of functional compounds and antioxidant activity in adzuki bean. The adzuki bean germinated at 25°C for three- or six-days, and was later subjected to HHP at 0.1, 50, 100, or 150 MPa for 24 h. The highest polyphenol content (5.36 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g) and flavonoid content (0.91 mg catechin equivalents (CE)/g) were observed after germination for six days and HHP treatment at 100 MPa for 24 h, respectively. The total phenolic acid contents increased with increasing applied pressure from 88.86 to 208.26 μg/g (100MPa, 24h). Phenolic acids are divided into two categories; those that exhibit increased content upon HHP treatment, and those that exhibit decreased content. The increasing phenolic acids were gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, (+)-catechin, ρ-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, heperidin, salicylic acid, protocatechuic acid, cinnamic acid, naringenin. The total anthocyanin content decreased with increasing applied pressure from 22.42 mg/100 g to 6.28 mg/100 g (150 MPa, 24 h). The highest ABTS radical scavenging activity (8.02 mg eq AA/g) and DPPH radical scavenging activity (1.22 eq Trolox/g) were observed after germination for six days and HHP treatment at 100MPa for 24h, respectively. These results suggested that the combination of HHP and germination can lead to improved functionality in adzuki bean.

The purpose of this study was to utilize the stem of Opuntia ficus-indica and to optimize the extraction conditions and standardize extract process for water soluble dietary fiber and solid. Extraction process was optimized by applying various conditions such as pH, ethanol concentration, extracting temperature and time. Maximum extraction yield for water soluble dietary fiber and solid were obtained using 100% water, indicating that ethanol hampered extraction. Also, extraction was unstable with higher heat, longer extraction time, and low acidic conditions. Maximum extraction of water soluble dietary fiber (27.92%) and solid (5.6 g) were obtained at 50°C, pH7, and 7 hr extraction time. Extract had antioxidant capacity at 1105.98 mg vitamin C equivalents (VCE) on ABTS assay and 118.10 mg VCE on DPPH assay.

Glabridin (from licorice) and carnosic acid (from rosemary) are natural phenolic compounds which show the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Nevertheless, the use of licorice and rosemary extracts in food matrix is highly limited due to the low water solubility and poor chemical stability of active constituents of both extracts. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the functionality and stability of O/W emulsions containing glabridin and carnosic acid for improving their efficiency for food application. To manufacture the O/W emulsions (10% oil, w/w), licorice and rosemary extracts were dispersed, respectively, in soy bean oil (3%, w/w) and then emulsified with various emulsifiers (decaglyceryl luarate, decaglyceryl monooleate, whey protein isolate and casein) using a high pressure homogenizer (10,000psi for 3 times). Particle size and ζ-potential of emulsions were then measured during the storage for 4weeks at room temperature. UV stability, antioxidant & antimicrobial activity were also tested. The size of oil droplets and the ζ-potential values remained within the margin of error during the 4weeks of storage. Core materials in extracts, glabridin and carnosic acid, incorporated into emulsion system were kept less damaged by UV rays than those dissolved in oil only. Antioxidant activity of emulsion systems remained significantly higher than that of oil system during storage period and also depended on the emulsifier type an increase in interfacial area in emulsion system might increase antioxidant activity of core materials dissolved in oil. The result obtained from the study could be beneficial for food industry interested in utilizing licorice and rosemary extracts.

Natural dye extracted from Salicornia bigelovii was applied to silk fabrics by dip dyeing process. The dyeing properties and the functionalities of the silk fabrics were determined. Factors affecting the dyeing properties such as dyestuff concentration, temperature, time and pH were studied. The colorimetric parameters L*, a*, b*, and H, V/C values were measured to select the optimal mordanting conditions. The colorfastnesses of the dyed and mordanted fabrics were estimated for practical use; in addition, the antibacterial property, ultraviolet protection properties were evaluated. The dyeabilities of silk increased depending on the increasing dye concentration, dyeing time, and dyeing temperature. And optimum dyeing results were achieved when dyeing with 300% (o.w.f.) of dye concentration at 90℃ for 100 minutes and at pH 3. The dyed silk fabrics without mordants produced yellow (Y) color and showed yellow (Y) or green yellow (GY) colors depending on the mordants type. The light fastness of dyed and Al mordanted silk fabrics were found to be excellent, and the drycleaning and rubbing fastness were good. The dyed silk fabrics showed no antibacterial property, but Al and Cu mordanted silk fabrics showed 99.9% reduction rate. The ultraviolet protection properties of the dyed silk fabric was improved. And the ultraviolet protection properties of mordanted samples showed very good ultraviolet protection properties.

The Maillard reaction is a complex reaction that occurs between carbonyl and amine groups during food pro-cessing and storage. In addition, it produces a large number of Maillard reaction products (MRPs), which have an importantrole in determining food characteristics including aroma, color, flavor, and texture. Importantly, recent studies have beenconducted that the Maillard reaction products and their ferments with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) induced specific biologicalcharacteristics including antimicrobial, antioxidative, and antihypertensive activities as well as improved their physiologicalfeatures such as the heat stability and emulsifying properties. Therefore, we described on new insights for enhanced physi-ologic and biologic functions of MRPs through LAB fermentation.

This study aimed to identify the effects of sports participation motives, the involvement in choosing sportswear, and the satisfaction with/perceived importance of sportswear functionality, on customers' repurchase intentions. A total of 185 survey questionnaires were analyzed after surveying 200 female undergraduates in their 20s. The research results are as follows. First, the participation motives for sports were categorized as follows. A factor analysis conducted on 13 questions yielded 4 factors. Factor 1 included consideration about socializing and pleasure, factor 2 privileged ostentation, factor 3 was concerned with enhancing health, and factor 4 was about maintaining appearance. Second, the various effects of different sports participation motives, of the satisfaction with functionality, and of the involvement in buying sportswear on customers' repurchase intentions were analyzed. The intention to repurchase sportswear was considered as a dependent variable, while the motives for participating in sports, the satisfaction with functionality, and the level of involvement were treated as independent variables. A multiple regression analysis using these variables showed that the satisfaction with functionality and involvement in choosing sportswear had a significant impact on the intention to repurchase sportswear. Third, looking at how different participation motives for sports affected the importance of sportswear functionality, the motives related to socializing and pleasure and ostentation, the sub-factors in sports participation motives, significantly increased the importance of comfort. Motives related to enhancing health and maintaining appearance, on the other hand, were found to affect the importance of sports performance. Fourth, a MANOVA was performed to examine the difference in the importance of functionality between those consumers highly involved in sportswear-buying and those less involved. Those with a high level of involvement were found to prioritize sports performance over comfort. Those with a low level of involvement were shown to place a greater emphasis on comfort.

This research has analyzed the functional effect on creativity and community sense of children by playing games. The games have positive effects on various fields with social and cultural category. Categorized by discipline effect, learning effect, family effect, remedy effect, prevention and diagnosis effect, the functionality of playing games each has a positive role to improve creativity, imagination, independence, openness and adventure of children and to inspire consciousness of membership and interaction, parts of community sense of children. The research about functionality of the games will contribute to develop new programs not only for children but also for other various subjects and provide a chance to study a positivity of using games.

기능성원리는 ‘특허와의 충돌방지’ 및 ‘자유경쟁의 부당한 제한방지’라는 두 가지 정책목표에 바탕을 두고 등장한 것으로서, 이 원리에 의하면 기능을 특허가 아닌 상표에 의해 보호하는 것은 금지된다는 것이므로, 입체적 형상이 기능적인(functional)것으로 판단되면 설사 그것이 식별력이 있어서 상표로서 역할을 할 수 있다고 하더라도 상표로 보호받을 수 없게 된다. 따라서 기능성원리는 지적재산권법 체계에서 상품의 기능적인 특성(functional features)과 관련하여 특허와 상표에 의한 보호영역의 한계를 설정하는 원리로 작용한다고 할 수 있다. 이와 같은 기능성원리는 미국에서 등장하여, 독일, 영국, 프랑스 등 유럽 여러 나라와 일본의 입법을 거쳐 우리나라 상표법에도 1997년 입체상표의 도입과 함께 규정되기에 이르렀다. 이에 비하여 우리의 부정경쟁방지법에는 상표법과 같은 명문의 규정이 없으나, 부정경쟁방지법이 규정하고 있는 혼동초래 부정경쟁행위의 경우는 표지(標􃶛)에 화체된 신용을 보호하고 이러한 신용에 무임승차(free-ride)하려는 부정한 경쟁행위를 방지하고자하는 점에서 상표법과 그 기본원리가 같음을 고려할 때, 여기에도 기능성원리가 상표법에서와 동일하게 적용되어야 할 것이다. 기능성원리를 논함에 있어서 가장 중요한 사항은‘기능성(functionality)’의 판단기준을 정립하는 것인데, 이러한 작업은 기능성원리가 추구하는 정책목표에 기초를 둠이 가장 바람직할 것이다. 이러한 견지에서 보면, 우선‘, 특허와 의충돌 방지 ’정책목표와 관련하여서는“, 만일상품의형상이상품의 사용 또는 목적에 필수불가결한 경우(essential to the use or purpose of the product)”그 형상은 기능적(functional)이라고 할 수 있다. 다음으로, ‘자유경쟁의 부당한 제한방지’정책목표와 관련하여서는, “상품의 형상의 배타적인 사용이 경쟁자로 하여금 경쟁을 함에 있어서 명성과 관련되지 않은 중대한 불이익(significant non-reputation-related disadvantage)을 받게 하는 경우”그 형상은 기능적이라고 할 수 있다. 그리고 위의 두 가지 정책목표는 모두 기능성원리의 핵심을 이루는 것이므로, 이러한 정책목표에 기초한 위 두 가지 판단기준 역시 각각 독립적, 병렬적으로 적용되어야 한다.

The pine needles can be used for four seasons in normal living and it can be taken friendly everywhere as it is distributed over 50% in Korea. The pine needles consist of vitamins, protein, minerals, essential oil and enzyme related to antimicrobial activity. It has effect like high blood pressure, neuralgia and hanged over by terpene, glucokinin, rutin, apigenic acid and tannin. Also the extract of them can be used for dyeing of fabrics. However, the extract components and effects of them are not well known yet. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the volatile components of the pine needles extract and functionality. The pine needles extract was dyed into various fabrics(nylon, silk, wool and soybean) and mordanted with Al, Cu, Cr, Fe and Sn. The extracted aroma compounds were compared by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The major volatile compounds of pine needles verified by using SPME were alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, beta-phellandrene, caryophyllene, ethanon, benzen. A total of 15 compounds were identified by using the SPME fibers. In the UV-visible spectra, the maximum absorption of wavelength of the pine needles ethanol extract appeared at 460, 630nm for chlorophyll component and at 237, 281nm for tannin component with the pine needles distilled water extract. Most of sample showed high antibacterial effect in none mordant but wool fabric showed high antibacterial effect in mordants. The result of UV block test showed a superior ability of blocking ultraviolet ray infiltration in all sample.

In vitro physiological functions such as jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) urease inhibitory activity and retarding effect of glucose/bile acid of Aloe vera gel concentrated by the optimized DIS (Dewatering Impregnation & Soaking) process conditions were examined. Urease inhibitory activity of DIS aloes ranged from 84.6 to 94.4%, which was similar to or higher than 86.3% of fresh aloe. Also, urease inhibitory activity of DIS aloes was maintained at initial levels after heat treatment (90oC, 10 min.) and drying treatment (freeze or hot air drying). Urease inhibition pattern from Lineweaver-Burk plot indicated general non-competitive inhibition, and inhibition constants (KIE and KIES) of DIS aloes were 41-149 and 87-163 μL/mL, respectively. DIS(glucose) and DIS (polyethylene glycol) exhibited the highest retarding effect of glucose and bile acid. Their retarding effects were about 1.6 and 1.8 folds higher than that of fresh aloe after 0.5 and 1 hr of the dialysis, respectively. Conclusively, the above in vitro physiological functions of Aloe vera gel concentrated by DIS process suggested that aloe products treated with DIS would have the potential benefits for protection against Helicobacter pylori and reduction of blood glucose and cholesterol levels.

We used the linteus and oak-mushroom fungus that were a functionality mushroom, and We developed Korean cookies. Study of Korean cookies development used functionality mushroom mycelium culture rice. The optimal Proper water for culture rice were on 4 hours ideal. The optimal temperature for oak-mushroom mycelial growth of 25℃. The grain inoculum-source was the best in the oak-mushroom. And the lipid inoculum-source was the best in the linteus . Crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber appeared high at general component analysis results culture rice. but difference didn’t happen in crude ash. This culture rice of mushroom fungus contained glucose, sucrose in free sugar of the analysis results. Glucoses appeared high 10-50 degree compare with control at culture rice. This culture rice of mushroom fungus contained oxalic acid, tartaric acid, malic acid in total organic acid of the analysis results. Total organic acid appeared high compare with control at culture rice. K was detected highest during mineral element. Total mineral element content appeared high at linteus (411.86mg%) and oak-mushroom(410.10mg%) culture rice than control(220.80mg%). As a result of having measured chromaticity of culture rice, a L value and a(red color) value appeared high except red rice. Also, b(yellow color) value appeared high at linteus black rice than control. Sensuality evaluation results of the Korean cookies which used culture rice showed for the preference that control was higher.

목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 편마비 아동에게 수중에서 시행하는 대칭운동이 상지기능에 미치는 영향을 알아보는데 있다. 연구방법 : 연구의 대상자는 뇌병변으로 인한 좌측편마비 진단을 받은 8세 아동이었다. 본 연구는 개별사례 실험 연구방법 중 반전연구(ABA)를 사용하였으며, 각각 8회기의 기초선 과정, 치료기간, 그리고 치료 후 관찰기간 동안 상지기능을 평가하였다. 상지기능의 평가는 Bruininks-Oseretsky 운동기능 발달검사 소항목인 동전 옮기기와 Grooved 페그보드 검사를 통하여 이루어졌다. 또한 팔뻗기 과제에 대한 동작분석은 치료기간 전과 후에 각각 측정되었다. 대상자는 치료선 과정과 치료 후 관찰기간에는 일반적인 물리치료 및 작업치료를 받았으며, 치료기간에는 이에 더하여 40분간의 수중 대칭운동을 추가로 시행하였다. 결과 : 동전 옮기기와 페그보드 검사로 평가된 상지기능은 기초선과정보다 치료기간 동안에 향상되었으며, 이는 치료 후 관찰기간에도 지속적으로 유지되었다. 팔뻗기 과제에 대한 동작분석 결과 치료기간 후에 과제 완료시 체간의 굴곡 보상이 감소되었으며 견관절의 굴곡과 주관절의 신전이 움직임이 증가되었다. 또한 견관절과 주관절의 움직임 형태가 안정적으로 변하였다. 결론 : 수중 대칭운동은 편마비 아동의 상지 기능 및 움직임의 향상에 긍정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 향후에는 많은 대상자들을 포함하고 장기간 시행된 연구가 계속적으로 이어져야 할 것이다.

본 연구는 제주 초지의 경제적 가치를 평가하여 보전의 타당성 및 정책지원 방안을 제시하기 위해 수행하였다. 경제적 가치를 추정함에 있어 환경적 가치, 사회문화적 가치로 나누어 평가하였으며 환경적 가치는 대체법을 이용하였고 사회문화적 가치평가는 일반적으로 많이 이용되고 있는 CVM 평가법을 적용하였으며 각종 Bias(편의)를 해결하기 위해 가상 상황을 설정하여 질문하는 이단계 이선선택법을 적용하였다. 제주초지의 다원적 기능은 토양침식방지, 홍수방지, 축산