큰느타리의 수출시 유통 기한 연장을 목적으로 수확시 품질 등급, 대와 자실체 사이를 잘라낸 손질 처리 유무, 그리고 관행 OPP 봉지에 끈묶음한 포장 방법을 개선시켜 트레이용기에 넣은 후 밀봉처리시 효과를 구명하고자 하였다. 수확시 품질 등급은 수확전 재배사의 온도를 9~11˚C 낮추어 적응시킨 버섯을 특품으로, 관행 13~15˚C로 적응시킨 버섯을 상품으로 설정하였다. 선별한 특품과 상품 버섯을 이용하여 손질 및 포장방법으로 3처리구를 두었다. 첫째는 절단 손질 후 OPP 봉지에 넣어 끈묶음한 포장(Cut & OPP), 둘째는 손질하지 않고 OPP 봉지에 넣어 끈묶음한 포장(Uncut & OPP), 마지막으로 개선포장방 법으로 절단 손질한 후 트레이용기에 넣고 밀봉한 포장 (Cut & Tray)이었다. 포장 완료한 버섯 처리구를 0℃ 저장고에 42일간 보관하면서 포장 내부의 기체 조성, 품질 요인의 변화, 신선 품질에 대한 관능평가를 실시하였다. 특품과 상품의 버섯 모두 Cut & Tray, Cut & OPP, 그리고 Uncut & OPP 처리 순으로 전반적으로 신선도가 높게 유지되었다. 특품 버섯의 유통 수명은 Cut & Tray 처리의 경우 30일, Cut & OPP 처리의 경우 28일, Uncut & OPP 처리의 경우 21일이었고, 상품 버섯의 유통 수명은 Cut & Tray 처리시 22일, Cut & OPP 처리시 17일, 그리고 Uncut & OPP 처리시 14 일이었다. 신선 버섯의 품질에 영향을 미치는 요인은 갓과 대의 갈변과 부패 지수였다. 특히, 버섯 대의 아랫부분의 갈변과 그에 연관된 표피색 a*값과 b*값의 변화가 품질 저하의 주요인이었다.

본 연구는 체육교사로서 회의감의 근원적 문제를 찾는데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 이준호 체육교사를 연구 참여자로 선정하고 생애사 연구방법을 활용하였다. 그 결과, 1) ‘스테레오타입과 문화’, 2) ‘훈육의 변화’, 3) ‘혼란과 자책’, 4) ‘참교사가 아닌 보통교사’의 내용이 도출되었다. 그 결과, 이준호 교사를 괴롭혀온 회의감은 ‘변화의 아이러니’로 설명될 수 있었으며, 그것은 ‘비동시성의 동시성’이라는 근원적 배경에서 비롯된 것임을 확인시켜주었다. 결국, 학교 내 존재하는 ‘비동시성의 동시성’의 모순으로 인해 이준호 교사의 감정적 소진은 필연적 귀결이었으며 그것은 한편으로 그가 이 시대의 평범한 체 육교사임을 보여주고 한국사회 평범한 체육교사들의 삶과 고민을 이해하는데 도움을 주었다고 판단된다.

PURPOSES : This study aims to develop and evaluate computer vision-based algorithms that classify the road roughness index (IRI) of road specimens with known IRIs. The presented study develops and compares classifier-based and deep learning-based models that can effectively determine pavement roughness grades. METHODS : A set road specimen was developed for various IRIs by generating road profiles with matching standard deviations. In addition, five distinct features from road images, including mean, peak-to-peak, standard variation, and mean absolute deviation, were extracted to develop a classifier-based model. From parametric studies, a support vector machine (SVM) was selected. To further demonstrate that the model is more applicable to real-world problems, with a non-integer road grade, a deep-learning model was developed. The algorithm was proposed by modifying the MNIST database, and the model input parameters were determined to achieve higher precision. RESULTS : The results of the proposed algorithms indicated the potential of using computer vision-based models for classifying road surface roughness. When SVM was adopted, near 100% precision was achieved for the training data, and 98% for the test data. Although the model indicated accurate results, the model was classified based on integer IRIs, which is less practical. Alternatively, a deep-learning model, which can be applied to a non-integer road grade, indicated an accuracy of over 85%. CONCLUSIONS : In this study, both the classifier-based, and deep-learning-based models indicated high precision for estimating road surface roughness grades. However, because the proposed algorithm has only been verified against the road model with fixed integers, optimization and verification of the proposed algorithm need to be performed for a real road condition.

연구자는 2025년 고교학점제 전면 도입을 앞두고 진로 탐색 역량 및 자기 주도적 학습역량 함양을 위한 중학교 한문과 교육과정과 고등학교 한문과 교육과정과의 연계성을 강화해야 한다고 생각한다. 특히, 한문과가 고교학점제 기반 진로 맞춤형 선택중심 교육과정에서 선택될 수 있도록 하기 위해서는 중학교 자유학년제에서 학생 진로 맞춤형 한문과 교육과정 토대를 마련하고, 중학생 수준에 맞는 한문과 교육과정의 집중 운영과 수업 및 평가 내실화를 통한 한문 학습의 질 제고가 필요하다. 또한, 자유학년제와 고교학점제의 공통 목표는 학생들의 미래 핵심역량 신장에 있다. 이 같은 목표를 달성하기 위해서는 중학교 한문과 교육과정을 자유학년제 비전에 맞게 수정⋅보완하고, 중학생의 진로 성숙도를 제고하여 고교학점제로 확대⋅이행될 수 있도록 학생의 관심사, 학교 여건 등을 고려하여 다양하게 재구성해야 한다. 따라서 이 연구에서는 자유학년제 주제선택 활동 관련 선행연구와 자유학년제 관련 한문과 수업 동향을 분석하여 진로 탐색을 위한 자유학년제 한문교과형 주제선택 활동을 구안하고 수업에 적용 해보고자 한다. 그리고 선행연구 분석을 토대로 구안한 진로 탐색을 위한 한문교과형 주제선택 활동 사례를 분석하여 앞으로 자유학년제에서의 한문 수업을 진로활동과 연계하여 효과적으로 운영하는 데 시사점을 제공하고자 한다.

The purpose of this study is to explore inter-grade dividing criteria of the 2015 grade group elementary English textbooks. Elementary English textbooks consist of two grade groups: the 3rd and 4th grade group and the 5th and 6th grade group. L2 Syntactic Complexity Analyzer(L2SCA) is utilized to investigate the dividing criteria of the communicative functions implemented in these textbooks. Subjects of the analysis were the listening dialogues for their structural sequencing of 3rd to 4th graders and 5th to 6th graders separately within their own grade groups. Data were processed and analyzed using SPSS 25.0 and independent sample t tests for inter-grade textbooks for 14 L2SCA statistical indices. The findings are: 6 indices out of the 14 L2SCA statistical indices turn out to be critical for dividing the 2015 grade group elementary English textbooks. The 6 indices are mean clause length, mean sentence length, mean t-unit length, mean complex noun phrasal number per phrase and per t-unit and mean number of verb phrases per t-unit. Based on the findings, it is suggested that a standardized criteria derived from these 6 indices can be provided as an inter-grade dividing criteria of the 2015 grade group elementary English textbooks.

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study is to enhance the reliability of artificial intelligence for a noise-based pavement condition rating system (to a target performance of 95 %). METHODS : By comparing four types of pattern recognition artificial intelligence, this work acquires high-quality learning data and optimizes data learning through analysis of error characteristics. RESULTS : The system reliability improved up to 97 % (82 % in a prior study). In addition, 100 % was achieved for the E(F) condition grade, which has a direct impact on maintenance decision making. CONCLUSIONS : KNN-DTW (K-nearest neighbor dynamic time warping) is judged to be the most suitable type of artificial intelligence for a noise-based pavement condition rating system; a 4-grade system is the most suitable for classifying pavement condition.

본 연구는 한우의 성별에 따른 소분할 부위별 pH, 일반성분 및 육색을 조사하고자 한우 15두(암소 5두, 수소 5두 및 거세우 5두)를 도축한 다음 등급 판정을 한 후 39개 소분할 부위를 발골하여 육질 특성을 분석하였다. 소분할 부위별 pH는 5.52~6.25를 나타내었으며, 대체로 거세우에서 암소와 수소에 비해 높은 값을 나타내었다. 수분, 지방, 단백질 함량은 소분할 부위와 성별에 따른 유의적인 차이를 나타내었다(p<0.05). 수소와 거세우의 앞사태 부위에서 가장 높은 수분함량을 나타내었다(p<0.05). 지방함량은 거세우의 차돌박이 부위에서 가장 높았으며 다음으로 암소의 업진살, 암소, 수소 거세우의 본갈비 순이었다. 콜라겐함량은 암소와 거세우는 부위에 따른 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않았다(p>0.05). 암소와 거세우의 차돌박이 부위는 높은 명도 값을 나타내었으며, 암소와 수소의 차돌박이 부위는 낮은 적색도 값을 나타내었다(p<0.05). 황색도는 암소, 수소 및 거세우의 차돌박이 부위에서 가장 높은 값을 나타내었다(p<0.05). 색도는 암소, 수소 및 거세우는 홍두깨살 부위에서 가장 높았으며, 암소와 거세우는 업진안살에서 가장 낮은 값을 나타내었다(p<0.05). 2등급 한우고기의 수분함량은 수소가 높고, 지방함량은 암소가 높으며, 거세우는 높은 pH 값과 낮은 명도 값을 나타내었다.

This study was conducted to evaluate the overall dietary habits and nutritional status of 294 elementary school students located in Gwangju using the NUTRILITE nutrition quotient (NQ). The NQ score of the subjects was 59.5 out of 100, which corresponds to the level requiring “monitoring”. Compared to the 64.4 score of students in the 5th and 6th grades of six metropolitan cities, the scores of the present subjects were lower. The NQ components were 57.4 for balance factors, 52.4 for moderation factors, 55.0 for diversification factors, 57.6 for practice factors, and 80.1 for environmental factors. Regarding the characteristics according to the NQ level, the score (61.5 in 7 times/wk vs. 55.3 in 1-2 or none times/wk) tended to be higher in subjects who frequently eat with their families (p<0.001). In conclusion, nutrition education should be provided to students to increase the frequency of meals with their families, to develop a habit of exercising regularly, and reduce the consumption of ramen, cookies, and processed drinks that are frequently consumed. These results can be used as basic data to develop nutrition education programs to improve the dietary habits and nutritional status of students in Gwangju.

Carcass grade primarily depends on marbling of intramuscular fat, which is associated with the texture and tenderness of beef. Accordingly, various economical molecular tests for high intramuscular fat in beef have been attempted. Especially, Hanwoo (Korean Cattle) intramuscular fat has higher levels of monounsaturated fatty acids than that in the beef of other cattle. Intramuscular fats are associated with levels of lipid metabolic genes in the liver transcriptome. Therefore, hepatic triglyceride synthesis can considerably increase intramuscular fat. To investigate the relationship between hepatic lipogenesis and carcass grade, we analyzed 52 Hanwoo liver samples from domestic farms, and evaluated lipid levels and transcript levels of glucose and lipid metabolism-related genes according to carcass grade. Oil-Red-O staining revealed fatty livers in high carcass grades. Moreover, we found significantly higher levels of mRNA for lipogenesis, glycolysis, and triglyceride synthesis genes in high carcass grade livers. Importantly, progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (Pgrmc1) levels were significantly lower in high carcass grade livers. As Pgrmc1 suppression is correlated with induction of de novo lipogenesis (DNL) and glycolysis genes, it has a diagnostic impact for high carcass grades. These results could be used for genetic improvements in carcass grades of cattle. More importantly, as Pgrmc1 can be detected in blood peripheral nucleated cells, it also has value for rapid blood diagnosis.

In this study, the effect of tempering on the stretch-flangeability is investigated in 980 MPa grade dual-phase steel consisting of ferrite and martensite phases. During tempering at 300 oC, the strength of ferrite increases due to the pinning of dislocations by carbon atoms released from martensite, while martensite is softened as a consequence of a reduction in its carbon super-saturation. This strength variation results in a considerable increase in yield strength of the steel, without loss of tensile strength. The hole expansion test shows that steel tempered for 20 min (T20 steel) exhibits a higher hole expansion ratio than that of steel without tempering (T0 steel). In T0 steel, severe plastic localization in ferrite causes easy pore formation at the ferrite-martensite interface and subsequent brittle crack propagation through the highly deformed ferrite area during hole expansion testing; this propagation is mainly attributed to the large difference in hardness between ferrite and martensite. When the difference in hardness is not so large (T20 steel), on the other hand, tempered martensite can be considerably deformed together with ferrite, thereby delaying pore formation and hindering crack propagation by crack blunting. Eventually, these different deformation and fracture behaviors contribute to the superior stretch-flangeability of T20 steel.

The purpose of this study was to compare the earth science curriculums of South Korea and North Korea. Aspects such as the content of the curriculums and the timing of learning were analyzed, in order to provide basic data that can be used to design a revised and integrated Korean curriculum. The objects of this study were South Korean Science textbooks from grades 5-9, and the high school Unity of Science and Earth Science I and II textbooks. Additionally, from North Korea, the junior middle school Natural Science 1 and 2 textbooks and the senior middle school Chosun Geography 2 and Geography 1 textbooks were analyzed. The results of this study obtained through an analysis that used the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS 2019) grade 8 earth science assessment framework were as follows. First, South Korea needs to adopt iterative learning. Repetitive learning, which is effective for understanding what is being learned, is applied to only 1 by 8th grade. Second, South Korea needs to adjust the time when certain content is learned. This is because there is a disparity between when content is learned in comparison to North Korea, and the timing of learning of about 50% of the TIMSS standards have not been followed. Third, it is necessary to reflect the content present within the TIMSS that have not been learned. This can be a way to increase the nations’ educational competitiveness in the international community. This paper proposed a comparative analysis of South korean and North Korean approaches to the earth science curriculum and conducted practical research to facilitate the construction of an integrated curriculum.

This study was conducted to suggest the new grassland grade system on evaluating the grassland status. The grassland status has been evaluated based on the forage yield (good, fair and poor) by municipal authorities. The grassland grades by current system were 19 good, 11 fair and 11 poor among the 41 grassland farms from 6 provinces. This evaluation result differed greatly from the result of actual measurement of forage yields which showed all poor. The big difference was resulted from failing the reflection of the various characteristics, such as different seasonal growth and harvest frequency. Furthermore, the lack of consistent examining date and method added the inaccuracy of current grassland grade system. The new grassland grade system based on the grassland vegetation ratio (grass, weed and bare soil) was initially designed into 6-grade system (1st; 100~80%, 2nd; 79~60%, 3rd; 59~40%, 4th; 39~20%; 5th; 19~1% and 6th; 0% on the basis of grasses proportion), but later was changed into 4-grade system (1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th grades are 70% or more, 50% or more, 50% or less, and 0% of forage proportion, respectively) after reflecting the opinion of grassland farms and municipal authorities. Re-evaluation on the grassland status using the 4-grade system resulted in the total 80% consisted of 2nd, 3rd and 4th grade which means most grasslands needs the partial reseeding or the rehabilitation of entire grassland. Pictures and schematic diagrams depicting the 4-grade system were presented to improve the objectivity of evaluation. The optimal time for assessing grassland status is fall when plant height 20~30 cm. Conclusively, the 4-grade system is an efficient method for all non-professionals including grassland farms or municipal authorities in assessing the grassland status. To apply this system to the field, the institutional arrangements such as amendment of grassland act should take place in advance.

This study was conducted to evaluate feed value of imported hays and examine current situation of species and hay grade. To evaluate the quality of the imported hay, 133 pieces including 9 species of roughage types were collected at the national hay importers, the TMR companies and livestock farms from 2016 to 2018. The quality grades of imported hay were 3~4 and most imported hay were considered to had low. The ADF, Ash, TDN and DDM in feed composition of alfalfa by quality grades presented significant differences(p<0.05). The quality grade on alfalfa was not similar to the actual quality grades calculated through feed composition. The feed composition of grasses by quality degrees presented significant differences in all contents except DM and CP (p<0.05). As the distributed grasses of the unmarked quality grade was low quality and accounted for 49%, it is urgent to present quality standards based on feed composition. As these results, the grades of imported hays were lower than the marked quality grades. Therefore, the imported roughage’s(hay) price that considered to only quality grades on the marked imported roughages(hay) package can cause a loss to the livestock farms as economic damage. An institutional arrangement should be established to review the quality grades of imported hay.

This study examined how teaching and learning activities in primary English textbooks include the components of creativity and character building. Three third and fourth grade level textbooks based on the 2015 revised curriculum were analyzed in order to find the proportions of the components of creativity and character building, and the types of learning activities that embody those components were analyzed by examining the teachers’ guides. The analysis revealed that all of the textbooks examined included diverse components that were intented to increase creativity, among which components stimulating divergent thinking and originality were a high proportion, while convergent thinking and dispositional aspects appeared less frequently. Among character building components, care-forgiveness and responsibility were two of the more popular components, while honesty and moral judgment were few and far between. From these findings, this study suggests that the components of creativity and character building should be more evenly distributed across textbook activities since they should be of equal importance in education.

본 연구는 직경분포에 근거한 잣나무 임분수확표(지위지수 14)를 활용하여 등급별 목재 생산량을 분석하기 위해 수행되었다. 잣나무 임분수확표는 국립산림과학원에서 개발된 직경분포 함수를 이용하여 직경급별 본수를 예측하였으며, 목재 생산량은 말구직경 을 기준으로 3개 등급으로 구분하였다. 연구결과 잣나무 임분수확표를 활용한 원목생산량은 임령이 증가할수록 1등급 생산량이 증가하였고, 1등급(재장 3.6m) 원목은 40년부터 생산 가능한 것으로 분석되었다. 임분단위 원목의 생산량은 직경급별 생산되는 등급별 원목 개수와 직경급별 본수에 따라 생산량에서 차이를 보였다. 임령에 따른 등급별 원목의 이용재적은 원목 생산량에 비례하였 고, 2등급 이용재적비율은 30년과 40년일 때 전체 임분 이용재적의 60% 이상을 차지하였으며, 임령이 증가할수록 1등급 이용재적비율 이 높아짐에 따라 감소하였다. 임분단위 이용재적은 임령이 증가할수록 1등급과 2등급(재장 3.6m) 이용재적은 증가하였고 3등급은 감소하였다. 임분단위 이용재적비율은 3등급의 경우 20년일 때 85% 이상 차지하였고, 2등급은 40년일 때 74% 이상 차지하였으며, 1등급 이용재적이 증가하는 50년 이후 부터 감소하였다.

본 연구의 목적은 지리교육 영역에서 심상지도의 실제적 활용 방안을 제시하는데 있다. 2015 개정 사회과 교육과정에서 심상지도 그리기와 관련된 성취기준이 새로이 추가되었으나, 심상지도를 실제 수업에 활용하는 방안에 대한 연구는 많지 않다. 이에 본 연구는 초등 사회교과 4학년 <지역의 위치와 특성> 단원을 사례로 자신의 지역에 대한 심상지도를 활용한 초등 사회교과 수업을 고안해 보았다. 특히 추리 스토리텔링에 기반하여 그 교육적 효과를 더욱 높이고자 하였으며, 해당 단원의 내용 요소를 스토리에 포함하기 위해, 스토리에 포함될 주요 내용으로 지도요소, 장소정보, 중심인물 정보를 제시하였다. 심상지도 그리기 수업을 통해 2015 개정 사회과 교육과정에서 강조하는 문제해결력, 창의적 사고력 등의 핵심역량을 함양할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.